Abstract
Moorland pools originally are shallow, often hydrologically isolated, soft-water bodies, with a low productivity. Some thousands of moorland pools originated from the late Pleistocene onwards in the heathland landscape in The Netherlands and adjacent areas, where soils have a poor buffering capacity. As the pools are largely fed by atmospheric precipitation, they are very vulnerable to changes in the environment, e.g. eutrophication and acidification.
Moorland pools are exposed to very high rates of wet atmospheric deposition: 44–50 mmol m−2 yr−1 sulphate and 84–103 mmol m−2 yr−1 ammonium. Mass budgets indicate that 20–70%of the input of sulphate by precipitation is reduced, 40–100%of the ammonium input escapes to the air or sediments, apparently due to nitrification, and 90–100% of incoming nitrate disappears. The production of alkalinity ranges from 12 to 52 meq m−2 yr−1. The efficiency of these processes augments with pH-values of surface water increasing from 4.1 to 5.4. The accumulation of reduced sulphur compounds in the sediments is a threat in extremely dry summers, when desiccation causes oxydation of these compounds, resulting in very low pH values (≤3.7).
Acidification by acid atmospheric deposition and eutrophication by agricultural acidification are the main threats to the moorland pool ecosystems and affect the species composition of assemblages of aquatic macrophytes, desmids, diatoms, macrofauna, fishes and amphibians, as has been shown by comparison of old and recent records on their distribution and paleolimnological methods. Afforestation exacerbates acidification and also reduces wind dynamics. Particularly the decrease of isoetids and desmids by both processes indicate the biological impoverishment of the pools.
Reductions of (potential) acid atmospheric deposition to less than 40 mmol m−2 yr and of ammonia to less than 30 mmol m−2 yr are necessary for recovery of the moorland pools. Methods for the addition of buffering material to a number of moorland pools, to counteract acidification until these deposition rates have lowered sufficiently, are given, as well as other methods for restoring the biological quality of moorland pools.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Arts, G.H.P., 1987. Geschiedenis van de verzuring van zwak gebufferde wateren in Nederland onder invloed van atmosferische depositie. Laboratorium voor Aquatische Oecologie, Katholieke Universiteit, Nijmegen, 51 pp.
Arts, G.H.P., 1990. Deterioration of Atlantic soft-water systems and their flora, a historical account. Ph.D. Thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, 197 pp.
Arts, G.H.P. & R.F.M. Buskens, 1989. Aanvoer van venvreemd water: een noodzaak? In J.G.M. Roelofs (ed.), Aanvoer van gebiedsvreemd water. Vakgroep Aquatische Oecologie en Biogeologie, Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, Nijmegen: 100–110.
Arts, G.H.P. & C. den Hartog, 1990. Phytogeographical aspects of the West-European soft-water macrophyte flora. Acta bot. Neerl. 39: 369–378.
Arts, G.H.P., J.G.M. Roelofs & M.J.H. de Lyon, 1990a. Differential tolerances among soft-water macrophyte species to acidification. Can. J. Bot. 68: 2127–2134.
Arts, G.H.P., J.H.H. Schaminée & P.J.J. van den Munckhof,1988. Human impact on origin, deterioration and maintenance of Littorelletalia-communities. In M. Zaliberová (ed.), Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Synanthropic Flora and Vegetation, Martin, Czechoslovakia, 22–27 August, 1988: 11–18.
Arts, G.H.P., A.J. de Haan, M.B. Siebum & G.M. Verheggen,1989. Extent and historical development of the decline of Dutch soft waters. Proc. K. Ned. Akad. Wet., Ser. C 92: 281–295.
Arts, G.H.P., G. van der Velde, J.G.M. Roelofs & C.A.M. van Swaay, 1990b. Successional changes in the soft-water macrophyte vegetation of (sub)atlantic, sandy, lowland regions during this century. Freshwat. Biol. 24: 287–294.
Asman, W.A.H., B. Drukker & A.J. Janssen, 1988. Modelled historical concentrations and depositions of ammonia and ammonium in Europe. Atmosph. Envir. 22: 725–735.
Bakker, T.W.M., I.I.Y. Castel, F.H. Everts & N.P.J. de Vries, 1986. Het Dwingelderveld, een Drents heidelandschap. Pudoc, Wageningen, 198 pp.
Bannink, M.H., L.W. Dekker, J.M.H. Hendrickx & H.C. van Ommen, 1989. Wegzijging van water uit hooggelegen vennen: een gevoeligheidsanalyse. H2O 22: 456–459, 464.
Beijerinck, W., 1924. Het Lheebroeker Zand. De Levende Natuur 29: 97–102.
Beijerinck, W., 1926. Over verspreiding en periodiciteit van de zoetwaterwieren in Drenthsche heideplassen. Verh. K. Akad. Wet. 25(2): 1–211.
Beijerinck, W., 1931. Over Eurycercus glacialis Lillj. en andere arctische levensvormen in de plassen der ’Dwingeloo’sche Heide.De Levende Natuur 36: 238–248.
Bekhuis, J., R. Bijlsma, A. van Dijk, F. Hustings, R. Lensink & F. Saris (eds), 1987. Atlas van de Nederlandse vogels. SOVON, Arnhem, 595 pp.
Bellemakers, M.J.S. & H. van Dam. Improvement of breeding success of the moor frog (Rana arvalis) by liming of acid moorland pools and the consequences of liming for water chemistry and diatoms. Envir. Poll. (in press).
Brett, M.T., 1989. Zooplankton communities and acidification processes (a review). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 44: 387–414.
Brock, T.C.M., 1988. De invloed van waterplanten op hun omgeving. In F.J.H.L. Bloemendaal & J.G.M. Roelofs (eds), Waterplanten en waterkwaliteit. Koninklijke Nederlandse Natuurhistorische Vereniging, Utrecht: 27–41.
Broertjes, J.P., 1977. Het ontstaan van de Brabantse vennen. Bijdr. Stud. Brab. Heem 16: 19–25.
Brundin, L., 1949. Chironomiden und andere Bodentiere der südschwedischen Urgebirgsseen. Freshwater Institute, Drottningholm, 914 pp.
Buskens, R.F.M., 1987. The chironomid assemblages in shallow lentic waters differing in acidity, buffering capacity and trophic level in The Netherlands. Entomologica Scandinavica, Suppl. 29: 217–224.
Buskens, R.F.M., 1989. Beuven: herstel van een ecosysteem. Vakgroep Aquatische Oecologie en Biogeologie, Katholieke Universiteit, Nijmegen, 154 pp.
Cals, M.J.R. & J.G.M. Roelofs, 1990. Prae-advies effectgerichte maatregelen tegen verzuring en eutrofiëring in oppervlaktewateren. Vakgroep Aquatische Oecologie en Biogeologie, Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, Nijmegen, 30 pp.
Cals, M.J.R., J.G.M. Roelofs, M.J.S. Bellemakers, M.M. Maessen, M.C.C. de Graaf & P.J.M. Verbeek, 1990. Monitoring van effectgerichte maatregelen tegen verzuring en eutrofiëring in oppervlaktewateren en heideen schraallanden. Vakgroep Aquatische Oecologie en Biogeologie, Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, Nijmegen, 57 pp.
Charles, D.F., R.W. Battarbee, I. Renberg, H. van Dam & J.P. Smol, 1989. Paleoecological analysis of lake acidification trends in North America and Europe using diatoms and chrysophytes. In S.A. Norton, S.E. Lindberg & A.L. Page (eds), Soils, aquatic processes, and lake acidification. Springer, New York: 207–276.
Clymo, R.S. & P.M. Hayward, 1982. The ecology of Sphagnum. In A.J.E. Smith (ed.), Bryophyte ecology. Chapman & Hall, London: 229–289.
Coesel, P.F.M., 1975. The relevance of desmids in the biological typology and evaluation of fresh waters. Hydrobiol. Bull. 9: 93–101.
Coesel, P.F.M., 1983. The significance of desmids as indicators of the trophic status of freshwaters. Schweiz. Z. Hydrol. 45: 388–393.
Coesel, P.F.M. & H.D.W. Smit, 1977. Jukwieren in Drente, vroeger en nu. Veranderingen in de desmidiaceeënflora van enige Drentse vennen gedurende de laatste 50 jaar. De Levende Natuur 80: 34–44.
Coesel, P.F.M., R. Kwakkestein & A. Verschoor, 1978. Oligotrophication and eutrophication tendencies in some Dutch moorland pools, as reflected in their desmid flora. Hydrobiologia 61: 21–31.
Corbett, K. (ed.), 1989. The conservation of European reptiles and amphibians. Helm, London, 274 pp.
Dederen, L.H.T., R.S.E.W. Leuven, S.E. Wendelaar Bonga & F.G.F. Oyen, 1986. Biology of the acid-tolerant fish species Umbra pygmaea. J. Fish Biol. 28: 307–326.
De Gans, W., 1982. Location, age and origin of pingo remnants in the Drentsche Aa valley area (The Netherlands). Geol. Mijnb. 61: 147–158.
De Lyon, M.J.H. & J.G.M. Roelofs, 1986. Waterplanten in relatie tot waterkwaliteit en bodemgesteldheid. II. Laboratorium voor Aquatische Oecologie, Katholieke Universiteit, Nijmegen, 126 pp.
De Vries, B.J., 1984. Diatom assemblies in some moorland pools in the Drenthian district (The Netherlands). Hydrobiol. Bull. 18: 3–10.
Diamond, A.W., 1989. Impacts of acid rain on aquatic birds. Envir. Monit. Assessm. 12: 245–254.
Dickman, M.D., H. van Dam, B. van Geel, A.G. Klink & A. van der Wijk, 1987. Acidification of a Dutch moorland pool a palaeolimnological study. Arch. Hydrobiol. 109: 377–408.
Dresscher, T.G.N., F. de Graaf, A.A. de Groot, J. Heimans, G.P.H. van Heusden, J.T. Koster, W. Meyer, M.F. Mörzer Bruyns, H.J.W. Schimmel, A.P.C. de Vos, H.F. de Vries & A. van der Werff, 1952. De Gerritsflesch bij Kootwijk. Hydrobiologische Vereniging, Amsterdam, 22 pp.
Erisman, J.W., F.A.A.M. de Leeuw & R.M. van Aalst, 1989. Deposition of the most acidifying components in The Netherlands during the period 1980–1986. Atmosph. Envir. 23: 1051–1062.
Feijtel, T.C., Y. Salingar, C.A. Hordijk, J.P.R.A. Sweerts, N. van Breemen & T.E. Cappenberg, 1989. Sulfur cycling in a Dutch moorland pool under elevated atmospheric S-deposition. Wat. Air Soil Poll. 44: 215–234.
Flower, R.J. & R.W. Battarbee, 1983. Diatom evidence for recent acidification of two Scottish lochs. Nature 305: 130–133.
Garrison, P.J. & W.J. Rose, 1990. Increasing the pH of acidic lakes by augmenting the ground-water input: an alternative to liming. Conference Abstracts. International Conference on Acidic Deposition, its Nature and Impacts, Glasgow, 16–21 September, 1990. Royal Society of Edinburgh, Edinburgh: 605.
Geelen, J.F.M., 1969. Vergelijkend planktononderzoek in twee Hatertse Vennen. Ph.D. Thesis, Katholieke Universiteit, Nijmegen, 112 pp.
Geelen, J.F.M. & R.S.E.W. Leuven, 1986. Impact of acidification on phytoplankton and zooplankton communities. Experientia 42: 486–494.
Hanssen, J.E., U. Pedersen, J. Schaug, H. Dovland, J.M. Pacyna, A. Semb & J.E. Skjelmoen., 1990. Summary report from the Chemical Co-ordinating Centre for the fourth phase of EMEP. Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Lillestrøm, 149 pp.
Higler, L.W.G., 1993. Nutrient-poor freshwater wetlands. Hydrobiologia 265: 195–201.
Hoogenraad, H.R., 1935. Studien über die sphagnicolen Rhizopoden der niederländischen Fauna. Arch. Protistenk. 84: 1–100.
Kersting, K. & P. Kouwenhoven, 1989. Annual and diel oxygen regime in two polder ditches. Hydrobiol. Bull. 23: 111–123.
Klink, A., 1986. De geschiedenis van de verzuring in Nederland: een palaeolimnologische studie naar de invloed van verzuring op levensgemeenschappen in enige zwak gebufferde wateren. Hydrobiologisch Adviesbureau Klink, Wageningen, 43 pp.
Kok, C.J., H.W.G. Meesters & A.J. Kempers, 1990. Decomposition rate, chemical composition and nutrient recycling of Nymphaea alba L. floating leaf blade detritus as influenced by pH, alkalinity and aluminium in laboratory experiments. Aquat. Bot. 37: 215–227.
Kok, C.J. & B.J. van de Laar, 1991. Influence of pH and buffering capacity on the decomposition of Nymphaea alba L. detritus in laboratory experiments: a possible explanation for the inhibition at low alkalinity. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 24: 2689–2692.
Krause-Dellin, D. & C. Steinberg, 1986. Cladoceran remains as indicators of lake acidification. Hydrobiologia 129–134: 129–134.
Lammens, E.H.R.R., 1987. De rol van de brasem in het Nederlandse oppervlaktewater. De Levende Natuur 88: 238–242.
Leeflang, K.W.H., 1938. De chemische samenstelling van den neerslag in Nederland. Chem. Weekbl. 35: 658–664.
Leentvaar, P., 1958. Hydrobiologie van de Bergvennen. Kruipnieuws (Twente-nr.): 21–28.
Leentvaar, P., 1967. Observations in guanotrophic environments. Hydrobiologia 29: 441–489.
Leuven, R.S.E.W., F.G.F. Oyen & J.F.M. Geelen, 1984. De Oost-Amerikaanse hondvis. Natura 81: 271–275.
Leuven, R.S.E.W., 1988. Impact of acidification on aquatic ecosystems in The Netherlands with emphasis on structural and functional changes. Ph.D. Thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, 181 pp.
Leuven, R.S.E.W. & F.G.F. Oyen, 1987. Impact of acidification and eutrophication on the distribution of fish species in shallow and lentic soft waters of The Netherlands: an historical perspective. J. Fish Biol. 31: 753–774.
Leuven, R.S.E.W. & W. Wolfs, 1988. Effects of water acidification on the decomposition of Juncus bulbosus L. Aquat. Bot. 31: 57–81.
Leuven, R.S.E.W., C. den Hartog, M.M.C. Christiaans & W.H.C. Heijligers, 1986a. Effects of water acidification on the distribution pattern and the reproductive success of amphibians. Experientia 42: 495–503.
Leuven, R.S.E.W., G. van der Velde, J.A.M. Vanhemelrijk & R.L.E. Eeken, 1986b. Impact of acidification on the distribution of aquatic insects in lentic soft waters. Proceedings 3rd European Congress of Entomology. Dutch Entomological Society, Amsterdam: 103–106.
Leuven, R.S.E.W., J.A. van der Velden, J.A.M. Vanhemelrijk & G. van der Velde, 1987. Impact of acidification on chironomid communities in poorly buffered waters in The Netherlands. Entomol. Scand., Suppl. 29: 269–280.
Leuven, R.S.E.W., H.L.M. Kersten, J.A.A.R. Schuurkes, J.G.M. Roelofs & G.H.P. Arts, 1986c. Evidence for recent acidification of lentic soft waters in The Netherlands. Wat. Air Soil Poll. 30: 387–392.
Lijklema, L., 1980. Interaction of orthophosphate with iron (III) and aluminum hydroxides. Environ. Sci. Technol. 14: 537–541.
Moller Pillot, H.K.M. & R.F.M. Buskens, 1990. De larven der Nederlandse Chironomidae (Diptera). Deel C. Autoekologie en verspreiding. Nederl. Faunist. Meded. 1C: 1–87.
Nature Policy Plan, 1989. SDU, ’s-Gravenhage, 179 pp.
Notenboom-Ram, E., 1981. Verspreiding en ecologie van de Branchiopoda in Nederland. Rijksinstituut voor Natuurbeheer, Leersum, 95 pp.
Økland, J. & K.A. Økland, 1986. The effects of acid deposition on benthic animals in lakes and streams. Experientia 42: 471–486.
Paffen, B.G.P. & J.G.M. Roelofs, 1991. Impact of carbon dioxide and ammonium on the growth of submerged Sphagnum cuspidatum. Aquat. Bot. 40: 61–71.
Posthumus, N.W., 1911. Keurboek van Oosterwijk. Versl. Med. Ver. Uitg. Bronnen Oud-Vaderl. Recht 6(2): 174–202.
Redeke, H.C., 1948. Hydrobiologie van Nederland: de zoete wateren. De Boer, Amsterdam, 580 pp.
Redeke, H.C. & A.P.C. de Vos, 1932. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Fauna niederländischer oligotropher Gewässer. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. Hydrogr. 28: 1–45.
Reuss, J.O., D.W. Johnson, 1986. Acid deposition and the acidification of soils and waters. Springer, New York, 119 pp.
Rijksinstituut voor Natuurbeheer, 1979. Natuurbeheer in Nederland: levensgemeenschappen. Pudoc, Wageningen, 392 pp.
Roelofs, J.G.M., 1983. Impact of acidification and eutrophication on macrophyte communities in soft waters in The Netherlands. I. Field observations. Aquat. Bot. 17: 139–155.
Roelofs, J.G.M. & F.J.H.L. Bloemendaal, 1988. Trofie. In F.J.H.L. Bloemendaal & J.G.M. Roelofs (eds), Water-planten en waterkwaliteit. Koninklijke Nederlandse Natuurhistorische vereniging, Utrecht: 113–126.
Roelofs, J.G.M., J.A.A.R. Schuurkes & A.J.M. Smits, 1984. Impact of acidification and eutrophication on macrophyte communities in soft waters in The Netherlands. II. Experimental studies. Aquat. Bot. 18: 389–411.
Rooth, J., 1989. Lijst van internationaal belangrijke wetlands in Nederland. In A.L. Spaans (ed.), Wetlands en watervogels. Pudoc, Wageningen: 95–106.
Saber, P.A. & W.A. Dunson, 1978. Toxicity of bog water to embryonic and larval anuran amphibians. J. exp. Zool. 204: 33–42.
Saether, O.A., 1979. Chironomid communities as water quality indicators. Holarct. Ecol. 2: 65–74.
Sawhney, B.L., 1972. Selective sorption and fixation of cations by clay minerals: a review. Clays Clay Miner. 20: 93–100.
Schaminée, J.H.J., G.H.P. Arts & V. Westhoff, 1990. Plantengemeenschappen van Nederland. 6. Littorelletea. Rijksinstituut voor Natuurbeheer, Leersum, 44 pp.
Schimmel, H.J.W. & J. ter Hoeve, 1952. Bodemgesteldheid en waterhuishouding van de ’Gerritsflesch’ bij Kootwijk. Tijdschr. K. Ned. Aardrijksk. Gen. 69: 16–28.
Schindler, D.W., 1987. Detecting ecosystem responses to anthropogenic stress. Can. J. Fish, aquat. Sci. 44 (Suppl. 1): 6–25.
Schindler, D.W., 1988. Confusion over the origin of alkalinity in lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 33: 1637–1640.
Schoof-van Pelt, M.M., 1973. Littorelletea: a study of the vegetation of some amphiphytic communities of Western Europe. Ph.D. Thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, 216 pp.
Schuurkes, J.A.A.R. & C.J. Kok, 1988. In vitro studies on sulphate reduction and acidification in sediments of shallow soft water lakes. Freshwat. Biol. 19: 417–426.
Schuurkes, J.A.A.R. & P. Starmans, 1987. Effecten van verzuring op het voorkomen van watervogels in kalkarme oppervlaktewateren. Vogeljaar 35: 57–64.
Schuurkes, J.A.A.R., J. Jansen & M. Maessen, 1988a. Water acidification by addition of ammonium sulphate in sediment-water columns and in natural waters. Arch. Hydrobiol. 112:495–516.
Schuurkes, J.A.A.R., A.J. Kempers & C.J. Kok, 1988b. Aspects of biochemical sulphur conversions in sediments of a shallow soft water lake. J. freshwat. Ecol. 4: 369–381.
Schuurkes, J.A.A.R., C.J. Kok & C. den Hartog, 1986. Ammonium and nitrate uptake by aquatic plants from poorly buffered and acidified waters. Aquat. Bot. 24: 131–146.
Schuurkes, J.A.A.R., M.M.J. Maenen & J.G.M. Roelofs, 1988c. Chemical characteristics of precipitation in NH3-affected areas. Atmosph. Envir. 22: 1689–1698.
Schuurkes, J.A.A.R., M.A. Elbers, J.J.F. Gudden & J.G.M. Roelofs, 1987. Effects of simulated ammonium sulphate and sulphuric acid rain on acidification, water quality and flora of small-scale soft water systems. Aquat. Bot. 28: 199–226.
Strijbosch, H., 1976. Een vergelijkend syntaxonomische en synoecologische studie in de Overasseltse en Hatertse Vennen bij Nijmegen. Ph.D. Thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, 335 pp.
Strijbosch, H., 1979. Habitat selection of amphibians during their aquatic phase. Oikos 33: 363–372.
Sutcliffe, D.W. & T.R. Carrick, 1973. Studies on mountain streams in the English Lake District. I. pH, calcium and the distribution of invertebrates in the River Duddon. Freshwat. Biol. 3: 437–462.
Suykerbuyk, R.E.M. & R.M.M. Roijackers, 1988. Typologie van Nederlandse zoete en brakke oppervlaktewateren op basis van het fytoplanktonbestand. In R.M.M. Roijackers (ed.), Hydrobiologisch onderzoek in Nederland: fundamentele en toepassingsgerichte aspekten. Hydrobiologische Vereniging, Amsterdam: 105–116.
Sykora, K.V., 1979. The effects of the severe drought of 1976 on the vegetation of some moorland pools in The Netherlands. Biol. Conserv. 16: 145–162.
Ter Braak, C.J.F. & H. van Dam, 1989. Inferring pH from diatoms: a comparison of old and new calibration methods. Hydrobiologia 178: 209–223.
Tutin, T.G., V.H. Heywood, N.A. Burges, D.M. Moore, D.H. Valentine, S.M. Walters & D.A. Webb, 1964–1980. Flora Europaea, Vols 1–5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Vahle, H.C., 1990. Grundlagen zum Schutz der Vegetation oligotropher Stillgewässer in Nordwestdeutschland. Natursch. Landschaftspf. Nieders. 22: 1–159.
Van Dam, H., 1987. Monitoring of chemistry, macrophytes, and diatoms in acidifying moorland pools. Research Institute for Nature Management, Leersum, 91 pp.
Van Dam, H., 1988. Acidification of three moorland pools 18 in The Netherlands by acid precipitation and extreme drought periods over seven decades. Freshwat. Biol. 20: 157–176.
Van Dam, H. & H. Kooyman-van Blokland, 1978. Man-made changes in some Dutch moorland pools, as reflected by historical and recent data about diatoms and macrophytes. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 63: 587–607.
Van Dam, H. & A. Mertens, 1990. Lange-termijnonderzoek naar verzuring van vennen. De Levende Natuur 91: 184–192.
Van Dam, H., G. Suurmond & C.J.F. ter Braak, 1981. Impact of acidification on diatoms and chemistry of Dutch moorland pools. Hydrobiologia 83: 425–459.
Van Dam, H., B. van Geel, A. van der Wijk & M.D. Dickman, 1988a. Beheer van vennen in historisch perspectief. De Levende Natuur 89: 66–73.
Van Dam, H., B. van Geel, A. van der Wijk, J.F.M. Geelen, R. van der Heijden & M.D. Dickman, 1988b. Palaeolimnological and documented evidence for alkalization and acidification of two moorland pools (The Netherlands). Review Palaeobot. Palynol. 55: 273–316.
Van den Bergh, L.M.J., 1985. Het voorkomen van de Taigarietgans Anserfabalis fabalis in Nederland. Limosa 58: 17–22.
Van der Voo, E.E. & P. Leentvaar, 1959. Het Teeselinkven. De Levende Natuur 62: 128–135.
Van Dijk, J., F. de Graaf, W. Graafland, A.A. de Groot, J. Heimans, J.T. Koster, A.P.C. de Vos, H.F. de Vries, A. van der Werff & V. Westhoff, 1960. Hydrobiologie van de Oisterwijkse Vennen. Hydrobiologische Vereniging, Amsterdam, 90 pp.
Van Dobben, H.F., J. Mulder, H. van Dam & H. Houweling, 1993. The impact of atmospheric deposition on the biogeochemistry of moorland pools and the surrounding terrestrial environment. Pudoc, Wageningen, 232 pp.
Vangenechten, J.H.D., F. Bosmans & H. Deckers, 1981. Effects of short-term changes in rain water supply on the ionic composition of acid moorland pools in the Campine of Antwerp (Belgium). Hydrobiologia 76: 149–159.
Verdonschot, P.F.M., 1990. Ecologische karakterisering van oppervlaktewateren in Overijssel. Rijksinstituut voor Natuurbeheer, Leersum/Provincie Overijssel, Zwolle, 301 pp.
Weber, M., 1919. Beschouwingen over de fauna van Nederland. Bijdr. Dierk. 21: 175–193.
Weddigen, U. & U. Geissler, 1980. Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Algenflora zweier Berliner Naturschutzgebiete (Pechund Barssee) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Desmidiaceen. Nova Hedwigia 33: 95–144.
Weinreich, J.A. & C.J.M. Musters, 1989. Toestand van de natuur: veranderingen in de Nederlandse natuur. SDU, ’s-Gravenhage, 241 pp.
Westhoff, V., 1979. Bedrohung und Erhaltung seltener Pflanzengesellschaften in den Niederlanden. In O. Willmans & R. Tüxen, Werden und Vergehen von Pflanzengesellschaften. Cramer, Vaduz: 285–313.
Westhoff, V. & A.J. den Held, 1969. Plantengemeenschappen in Nederland. Thieme, Zutphen, 324 pp.
Westhoff, V., P.A. Bakker, C.G. van Leeuwen, E.E. van der Voo & I.S. Zonneveld, 1973. Wilde planten, flora en vegetatie in onze natuurgebieden. III. De hogere gronden. Vereniging tot Behoud van Natuurmonumenten in Nederland, Amsterdam, 359 pp.
Wigley, T.M.L., 1989. Effects of changing climate on the frequency of extreme events. Climate Monitor 17: 44–55.
Wortelboer, F.G., 1990. A model on the competition between two macrophyte species in acidifying shallow soft-water lakes in The Netherlands. Hydrobiol. Bull. 24: 91–107.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this paper
Cite this paper
van Dam, H., Buskens, R.F.M. (1993). Ecology and management of moorland pools: balancing acidification and eutrophication. In: Best, E.P.H., Bakker, J.P. (eds) Netherlands-Wetlands. Developments in Hydrobiology, vol 88. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2042-5_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2042-5_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4904-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-2042-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive