Skip to main content

Modulations of Gait in Normal Aging and in Parkinson’s Disease

  • Chapter
Sensorimotor Impairment in the Elderly

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((ASID,volume 75))

  • 166 Accesses

Abstract

Studying age-related sensorimotor impairments can give us a better understanding of the mechanisms of human aging. This field of study is of great interest for two reasons. First, for application purposes, a better knowledge of impairments, the conditions under which they occur, and possible ways of delaying them may help elderly persons to become more autonomous. Second, for theoretical purposes, the study of human aging can lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms which compensate for biological degradations and cope with external demands. Aging is the product of both maturational and environmental processes, and studies on aging must determine how the intricate interrelationships between these processes evolve. Unlike developmental research on children, studies on aging immediately pose the problem of pathology. Aging is accompanied by ever increasing vulnerability which makes elderly subjects more likely to contract diseases and less able to resist. Moreover, certain age-related diseases (that is, ones which rarely occur before the sixth decade) make it difficult to separate normal old-aged individuals from the pathological elderly.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Barbeau, A., & Roy, M. (1976). Six years results of treatment with levodopa and benserazide in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology, 26, 399–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benecke, R., Rothwell, J.C., Dick, J.P.R., Day, B.L., & Marsden, C.D. (1987). Disturbance of sequential movements in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Brain, 110, 361–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benton, A. (1977). Interactive effects of age and brain disease on reaction time. Archives of Neurology, 34, 369–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bessou, P., Dupui, P., Montoya, R., & Pages, B. (1989). Simultaneous recording of longitudinal displacements of both feet during human walking. Journal of Physiology, 83, 102–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birren, J.E. (1970). Toward an experimental psychology of aging. American Psychologist, 25, 124–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birren, J.E., Woods, A.M., & Williams, M.V. (1980). Behavioral slowing with age: causes, organization and consequences. In L.W. Poon (Ed.), Aging in the 1980’s (pp.293– 308). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blin, O., Ferrandez, & Serratrice, G. (1990). Quantitative analysis of gait in Parkinson patients: increased variability of stride length. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 98, 91–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blin, O., Ferrandez, A.M., Pailhous, J., & Serratrice, G. (1991). Dopa-sensitive and Dopa- resistant gait parameters in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 103, 51–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnet, A.M., Loria, Y., Saint-Hilaire, M.H., Lhermitte, F., & Agid, Y. (1987). Does long-term aggravation of Parkinson’s disease result from nondopaminergic lesions? Neurology, 37, 1539–1542.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowes, S.G., Clark, P.K., Leeman, A.L., O’Neill, C.J.A., Weller, C. Nicholson, P.W., Deshmukh, A.A., Dobbs, S.M., & Dobbs, R.J. (1990). Determinants of gait in the elderly parkinsonian on maintenance levodopa/carbidopa therapy. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 30, 13–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowes, S.G., Clark, P.K., O’Neill, C.J.A., Leeman, A.L., Weller, C., Nicholson, P.W., Deshmukh, A.A., Dobbs, S.M., & Dobbs, R.J. (1991) Objective outcome criteria in trials of anti-Parkinsonian therapy in the elderly: sensitivity and reliability of measures of brady- and hypokinesia. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 31, 295–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cerella, J., Poon, L.W. & Williams, D.M. (1980). Age and the complexity hypothesis. In L.W. Poon (Ed.), Aging in the 1980’s (pp. 235–243). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheney, W., &Kincaird, D. (1985). Numerical mathematics and computing (2nd ed.). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Clarkson, P.M. (1978). The relationship of age and level of physical activity with the fractionated components of patellar reflex time. Journal of Gerontology, 33, 650–656.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, H., Benecke, R., Carnehl, J., Hohne, S., & Meincke, H.M. (1983). Pathophysiological aspects of human locomotion. In J.E. Desmedt (Ed.), Motor control mechanisms in health and disease (pp. 717–726). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curcio, C.A., Buell, Z.J., & Coleman, P.D. (1982). Morphology of the aging central nervous system: not all downhill. In F.J. Pirozzolo & G.J. Maletta (Eds.), The aging motor system (pp. 7–35). New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esteguy, E., Bonnet, A.M., Kefalos, J., Lhermitten F., & Qgid, Y. (1985). Le test à la L- Dopa dans la maladie de Parkinson, Revue Neurologique, 141, 413–415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrandez, A.M., & Blin, O. (1991). A comparison between the effect of intentional modulations and the action of L-Dopa on gait in Parkinson’s disease. Behavioural Brain Research, 45, 177–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrandez, A.M., Pailhous, J., & Serratrice, G. (1988). Locomotion in the elderly. In B. Amblard, A. Berthoz, & F. Clarac (Eds.), Development, adaptation and modulation of posture and locomotion (pp. 115–124). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrandez, A.M., Pailhous, J., & Durup, M. (1990) Slowness in elderly gait. Experimental Aging Research, 16, 79–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forssberg, H., Johnels, B, & Steg, G. (1984). Is parkinsonian gait caused by a regression to an immature walking pattern? Advances in Neurology, 40, 375–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grillner, S. (1981). Control of locomotion in bipeds, tetrapods and fish. In V. Brooks (Ed.), Handbook of Physiology - The Nervous System VI (pp. 1179–1236). Baltimore: Waverly Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hageman, P.A., & Blanke, D.J. (1986). Comparison of gait of young women and elderly women. Physical Therapy, 66, 1382–1397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hefti, F. & Melamed, E. (1980). Trends in Neurosciences, 3, 229–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hefti, F., & Melamed, E. (1981). L-Dopa’s action in Parkinson’disease (Marsden and Jenner): reply from Hefti and Melamed. Trends in Neurosciences, 4, 150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoehn, M.M., & Yahr, M.D. (1967). Parkinsonism: onset, progression and mortality. Neurology, 17, 427–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, J.R., Bowes, S.G., Leeman, A.L., O’Neill, C.J.A., Deshmukh, A.A., Nicholson, P.W., Dobbs, S.M., & Dobbs, R.J. (1990). Parkinsonian abnormality of foot strike: a phenomenon of ageing and/or one responsive to levodopa therapy? British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 29, 179–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Imms, F.J., & Edholm, O.G. (1981). Studies of gait and mobility in the elderly. Age and Ageing, 10, 147–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jänicke,B., Coper, H., & Shulze, G. (1988). Adaptivity as a paradigm for age-dependent changes exemplified by motor behavior. In J.J. Joseph (Ed.), Central determinants of age-related declines in motor function (pp. 97–107). New York: The new York Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenshalo, D. (1977). Age changes in touch, vibration, temperature, kinesthesis and pain sensitivity. In J. Birren & K. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the Psychology of Aging (pp. 562–579). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenshalo, D. (1979). Changes in the vestibular and somesthetic systems as a function of age. In J. Ordy & K. Brizzee (Eds.), Sensory systems and communications in the elderly. New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klawans, H.L. (1986). Individual manifestations of Parkinson’s disease after ten years or more years of levodopa. Movement Disorders, 1, 187–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klawans, H.L., & Cohen, M.M. (1970). Diseases of the extrapyramidal system. Disease a Month (January), 1–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klawans, H.L., & Tanner, C.M. (1984). Movement disorder in the elderly. In M.L. Albert (Ed.), Clinical neurology of aging (pp. 97–113). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kline, D., Schieber, F. & Coyne, A. (1983). Age, the eye and the visual channels: contrast sensitivity and response speed. Journal of Gerontology, 38, 211–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knutsson, E. (1972). An analysis of Parkinsonian gait. Brain, 95, 475–486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knutsson, E., & Martenson, A. (1971). Quantitative effects of L-Dopa on different types of movements and muscle tone in Parkinson patients. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medecine, 3, 121–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kokmen, E., Bossemeyer, R., & Williams, W. (1978). Quantitative evaluation of joint motion sensation in an aging population. Journal of Gerontology, 33, 62–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koller, W.C., Glatt, B., Vetere-Overfield, B., & Hassanein, R. (1989). Falls and Parkinson’s disease. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 12, 98–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Komiya, Y. (1980). Slowing with age of the rate of slow axonal flow in bifurcating axons of rat dorsal root ganglion cells. Brain Research, 183, 477–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kugler, P.N., & Turvey, M.T. (1987). Information, natural law and the self-assembly of rhythmic movement. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larish, D.D., & Stelmach, G.E. (1982). Preprogramming, programming, and reprogramming of aimed hand movements as a function of age. Journal of Motor Behavior, 14, 322–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsson, L. (1982). Aging in mammalian skeletal muscle. In F.J. Pirozzolo & G.J. Maletta (Eds.), The aging motor system (pp. 60–97). New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lexell, J., & Downham, D. (1992). What is the effect of ageing on type 2 muscle fibres? Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 107, 250–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, C.D., & Jenner, P. (1981). L-Dopa’s action in Parkinson’s disease. Trends in Neuroscience, 4, 148–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J.P. (1967). The basal ganglia and posture. London, Pitman.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClellan, J.H., & Parks, T.W. (1973). A unified approach to the design of optimum FIR linear phase digital filters. IEEE Trans. on Circuit Theory, CT-20, 697–701.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mesulam, M.M. (1985). Principles of Behavioral Neurology. Davies, Philadelphie.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, M.P., Kory, R.C., & Clarkson, B.H. (1989). Walking patterns in healthy old men. Journal of Gerontology, 24, 169–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, M.P., Sepic, S.B., Gardner, G.M., & Downs, W.J. (1978). Walking patterns of men with Parkinsonism. American Journal of Physical Medicine, 57, 278–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pillon, B.B., Dubois, G., Cusimano, G., Bonnet, A.M., Lhermitte, F., & Agid, Y. (1989). Does cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease result from nondopaminregic lesions. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 52, 201–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rafal, R.D., Inhoff, A.W., Friedman, J.H., & Bernstein, E. (1987). Programming and execution of sequential movements in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Pshchiatry, 50, 1267–1273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, D., & Chan, C.W.Y. (1988). Motor planning is impaired in Parkison’s disease and psychomotor retardation in depressive illness. Brain, 110, 761–776.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salthouse, T. (1985) A theory of cognitive aging. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publisher.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheibel, A.B. (1979). Aging in human motor control systems. Aging, 10, 297–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekuler, R. & Hutman, C. (1980). Human aging and spatial vision. Science, 209, 1255–56.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Spirduso, W. & Clifford, P. (1978). Replication of age and physical activity effects on reaction and movement time. Journal of Gerontology, 33, 26–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spielberg, P.I. (1940). Walking patterns of old people: cyclographic analysis. In N.Y. Bernstein (Ed.), Investigations on the biodynamics of walking, running and jumping, Part II (pp. 72–76). Moscow: Central Scientific Institute of Physical Culture.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steg, G., Ingvarsson, P., Johnels, B., Valls, M., & Thorselius, M. (1989). Objective measurement of motor disability in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 126, 67–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stelmach, G., Goggin, N.L. & Garcia-Colera, A. (1987). Movement specification time with age. Experimental Aging Research, 13 (1) 39–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stelmach, G. & Sirica, A. (1986). Aging and proprioception. Age, 9, 99–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stelmach, G.E., Teasdale, N., Phillips, J., & Worringham, C.J. (1989). Variability of force production in Parkinson’s disease. Experimental Brain Research, 76, 165–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stelmach, G.E., Worringham, C.J., & Strand, E.A. (1986). Movement preparation in Parkinson’s disease. The use of advance information. Brain, 109, 1179–1194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, G.M. (1990). Parkinson’s disease. London: Chapman and Hall Medical.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, G.M., Franklyn, S.E., Imms, F.J., & Prestidge, S.P. (1983). Quantitative assessments of gait and mobility in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neural Transmission, Suppl. 19, 202–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale, N., Stelmach, G., & Breunig, A. (1991). Postural sway characteristics of the elderly under normal and altered visual and support surface conditions. Journal of Gerontology, Biological Sciences, 46, B238–B244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thelen, E. (1983). Learning to walk is still an “old” problem: a reply to Zelazo (1983). Journal of Motor Behavior, 15 (2), 139–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinrich, M.K., Koch, F., Garcia, F., & Angel, R. (1988). Axial versus distal motor impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology, 38, 540–545.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welford, A.T. (1958). Ageing and human skill London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welford, A.T. (1977). Motor performance. In J.E. Birren & K.W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 450–496). New york: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welford, A.T. (1981). Signal, noise, performance and age. Human Factors, 23, 97–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, H.G. (1990). Aging and eye-hand coordination. In C. Bard, M. Fleury, & L. Hay (Eds.), Development of eye-hand coordination across the life span (pp.326–357). Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yahr, M.D. (1990). Principles of medical treatment. In G.M. Stern (Ed.), Parkinson’s disease. London: Chapman and Hall Medical.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann, P., Sprengermeyer, R., Fimm, B., & Wallesch, C.W. (1992). Cognitive slowing in decision tasks in early and advanced Parkinson’s disease. Brain and Cognition, 18, 60–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ferrandez, A.M. (1993). Modulations of Gait in Normal Aging and in Parkinson’s Disease. In: Stelmach, G.E., Hömberg, V. (eds) Sensorimotor Impairment in the Elderly. NATO ASI Series, vol 75. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1976-4_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1976-4_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4872-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-1976-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics