Abstract
As early as 1922 Rudolfs reported that carbon dioxide was an attractant for mosquitoes, and that carbon dioxide produced by breathing was an important factor in attracting mosquitoes to their hosts. Since then there have been differences of opinion as to whether carbon dioxide activates or orientates mosquitoes to hosts (Brown, 1951; Brown et al., 1951; Daykin et al., 1965; Hocking, 1963; Kahn & Maibach, 1966; Willis, 1947, etc.). Field trials by Gillies & Wilkes (1969, 1970, 1972, 1974) support the idea that carbon dioxide is an attractant. It is now generally accepted that carbon dioxide is, in concert with other olfactory cues, an attractant to virtually all haematophagous flies. In most of the West African species they studied, carbon dioxide was a middle range factor in host orientation, activating and attracting mosquitoes from about 15–30 m, but the actual distance depended on the species (Gillies & Wilkes, 1969). Ornithophagic species, however, appeared to be little attracted by carbon dioxide (Gillies & Wilkes, 1972). In later trials Gillies & Wilkes (1974), using ramp traps, found that whereas birds attracted Anopheles melas and Culex thalassius from at least 7 m, carbon dioxide (50 ml/min) attracted these ornithophagic species from up to only 4 m. But in Uganda Henderson et al. (1972) caught large numbers of ornithophagic mosquitoes in CDC light-traps when they were supplemented by dry ice, seemingly indicating that carbon dioxide was an important attractant. Different types of animals release different amounts of carbon dioxide. Roberts (1972) cited some interesting unpublished data supplied by P. W. Moe and H. F. Tyrrell on the rate of carbon dioxide produced by cattle. Fasted dairy cows produced an average of 1617 litres/24 hr, while lactating cows produced 5005 litres, ‘beef heifers’ growing slowly 1727 litres and those on ‘full feed’ 2639 litres carbon dioxide/24 hr. In contrast five small chickens released about 72 litres/ 24 hr (Gillies & Wilkes, 1974).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Acree, F., Turner, R. B., Gouck, H. K., Beroza, M. & Smith, N. (1968). L-lactic acid: A mosquito attractant isolated from humans. Science, N.Y, 161, 1346–7.
Acuff, V. R. (1976). Trap biases influencing mosquito collecting. Mosquito News, 36, 173–6.
Addison, L. D., Watson, B. G. & Webber, L. A. (1979). An apparatus for the use of CO2 gas with a CDC light trap. Mosquito News, 39, 803.
Agee, H. R. & Patterson, R. S. (1983). Spectral sensitivity of stable, face, and horn flies and behavioral responses of stable flies to visual traps (Diptera: Muscidae). Env. Ent., 12, 1823–8.
Allan, S. A., Surgeoner, G. A., Helson, B. C. & Pengelly, D. H. (1981). Seasonal activity of Mansonia perturbans adults (Diptera: Culicidae) in southwestern. Ontario. Can. Ent., 113, 133–9.
Anslow, R. O., Thompson, W. H., Thompson, P. H., DeFoliart, G. R., Papadopoulus, O. & Hanson, R. P. (1969). Isolation of Bunyamwera-group viruses from Wisconsin mosquitoes. Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 18, 599–608.
Artsob, H., Spence, L., Surgeoner, G., Th’ng, C., Lampotang, V., Grant, L. & McCreadie, J. (1983). Studies on a focus of California group virus activity in southern Ontario. Mosquito News, 43, 449–55.
Bailey, S. F., Eliason, D. A. & Hoffman, B. L. (1965). Flight and dispersal of the mosquito Culex tarsalis Coquillett in the Sacramento valley of California. Hilgardia, 37, 73–113.
Bailly-Choumara, H. (1973a). Étude préliminaire d’une récolte d’Anopheles labranchiae par piège CDC réalisée dans la région de Larache, Maroc. Bull. Wld Hlth Org., 49, 49–55.
Bailly-Choumara, H. (1973b). Étude comparative de différentes techniques de récolté de moustiques adultes (Diptera, Culicidae) faîte au Maroc, en zone rurale. Bull. Soc. Sci. nat. phys. Maroc, 53, 135–87.
Baldwin, W. F. & Chant, G. D. (1975). Seasonal succession of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Chalk River area. Can. Ent., 107, 947–52.
Baldwin, W. F. & Gross, H. P. (1972). Fluctuations in numbers of adult black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Deep River, Ontario. Can. Ent., 104, 1465–70.
Ball, S. G. & Luff, M. L. (1981). Attractiveness of Manitoba traps to the headfly, Hydrotaea irritans (Fallen) (Diptera: Muscidae): the effects of short-term weather fluctuations, carbon dioxide and target temperature and size. Bull. ent. Res., 71, 599–606.
Bargren, W. C. & Nibley, C. (1956). ‘Comparative Attractiveness of Colored Lights of Equal Intensity to Specific Species of Mosquitoes’. Research Report of Third Army Area Medical Laboratory, SU 3004, Fort McPherson, 40 pp. (mimeographed).
Barr, A. R., Smith, T. A. & Boreham, M. M. (1960). Light intensity and the attraction of mosquitoes to light traps. J. econ. Ent., 53, 876–80.
Barr, A. R., Smith, T. A., Boreham, M. M. & White, K. E. (1963). Evaluation of some factors affecting the efficiency of light traps in collecting mosquitoes. J. econ. Ent., 56, 123–7.
Bartnett, R. E. & Stephenson, R. G. (1968). Effect of mechanical barrier mesh size on light trap collections in Harris county, Texas. Mosquito News, 28, 108.
Barynin, J. A. M. & Wilson, M. J. G. (1972). Outdoor experiments on smell. Atmos. Environ.,6, 197–207.
Bast, T. F. (1960). An automatic interval collector for the New Jersey light trap. Proc. New Jers. Mosq. Exterm. Ass., 47, 95–104.
Bast, T. F. & Rehn, J. W. H. (1963). Vertical distribution of mosquitoes as indicated by light trap collections in two environments. Proc. New Jers. Mosq. Exterm. Ass., 50, 219–29.
Bast, T. F., Rehn, J. W. H. & Stockwell, W. E. (1964). Density of mosquitoes at two elevations. Proc. New Jers. Mosq. Exterm. Ass., 51, 146–52.
Bates, M. (1944). Notes on the construction and use of stable traps for mosquito studies. J. natn. Malar. Soc., 3, 135–45.
Bellamy, R. E. & Reeves, W. C. (1952). A portable mosquito bait-trap. Mosquito News, 12, 256–8.
Belton, P. (1967). Trapping mosquitoes with sound. Proc. Calif Mosq. Contr. Ass., 35, 98.
Belton, P. & Costello, R. A. (1979). Flight sounds of the females of some mosquitoes of western Canada. Entomologia exp. appl., 26, 105–14.
Belton, P. & Galloway, M. M. (1966). Light-trap collections of mosquitoes near Belleville, Ontario in 1965. Proc. ent. Soc., Ontario, 96, 90–6.
Belton, P. & Kempster, R. H. (1963). Some factors affecting the catches of Lepidoptera in light traps. Can. Ent., 95, 832–7.
Belton, P. & Pucat, A. (1967). A comparison of different lights in traps for Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Can. Ent., 99, 267–72.
Bidlingmayer, W. L. (1964). The effect of moonlight on the flight activity of mosquitoes. Ecology, 45, 87–94.
Bidlingmayer, W. L. (1967). A comparison of trapping methods for adult mosquitoes: species response and environmental influence. J. med. Entomol., 4, 200–20.
Bidlingmayer, W. L. & Schoof, H. F. (1957). The dispersal characteristics of the salt-marsh mosquito, Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) near Savannah, Georgia. Mosquito News,17, 202–12.
Blackeslee, T. E., Axtell, R. & Johnston, L. (1959). Aedes vexans and Culex salinarius light trap collections at five elevations. Mosquito News, 19, 283.
Blume, R. R., Miller, J. A., Eschle, J. L., Matter, J. J. & Pickens, M. O. (1972). Trapping tabanids with modified Malaise traps baited with CO2. Mosquito News, 32, 90–5.
Bond, H. A., Craig, G. B. & Fay, R. W. (1970). Field mating and movement of Aedes aegypti. Mosquito News, 30, 394–402.
Boobar, L. R., Sardelis, M. R., Nelson, J. H. & Brown, W. M. (1987). A new type of collapsible insect-surveillance light trap for sampling Diptera. Med. vet. Ent., 1, 215–18.
Bowden, J. (1973). The influence of moonlight on catches of insects in light-traps in Africa. Part I. The moon and moonlight. Bull. ent. Res., 63, 113–28.
Bowden, J. (1981). The relationship between light-and suction-trap catches of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), and the adjustment of light-trap catches to allow for variation in moonlight. Bull. ent. Res.,71, 621–9.
Bowden, J. (1982). An analysis of factors affecting catches of insects in light-traps. Bull. ent. Res., 72, 535–56.
Bowden, J. (1984). Latitudinal and seasonal changes of nocturnal illumination with a hypothesis about their effect on catches of insects in light-traps. Bull. ent. Res., 74, 279–8.
Bowden, J. & Church, B. M. (1973). The influence of moonlight on catches of insects in light-traps in Africa. Part II. The effect of moon phase on light-trap catches. Bull. ent. Res., 63, 129–42.
Bowden, J. & Morris, M. G. (1975). The influence of moonlight on catches of insects in light-traps in Africa. III. The effective radius of a mercury-vapour light-trap and the analysis of catches using effective radius. Bull. ent. Res., 65, 303–48.
Bowen, M. F. (1991). The sensory physiology of host-seeking behavior in mosquitoes. A. Rev. Ent., 36, 139–58.
Brach, E. J. & Trimble, R. M. (1985). Effect of adhesive on the spectral reflectance of insect traps. Can. Ent., 117, 1565–8.
Bradley, G. H. (1943). Determination of densities of Anopheles quadrimaculatus on the wing. Proc. New Jers. Mosq. Exterm. Ass., 30, 22–7.
Bradley, G. H. & McNeel, T. E. (1935). Mosquito collections in Florida with the New Jersey light trap. J. econ. Ent., 28, 780–6.
Bradley, G. H. & Travis, B. V. (1943). Time-saving methods for handling mosquito light-trap collections. J. econ. Ent., 36, 51–3.
Breeland, S. G. (1974). Population patterns of Anopheles albimanus and their significance to malaria abatement. Bull. Wld Hlth Org., 50, 307–15.
Brett, G. A. (1938). On the relative attractiveness to Aedes aegypti of certain coloured cloths. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 32, 113–24.
Breyev, K. A. (1958). On the use of ultra-violet light-traps for determining the specific composition and numbers of mosquito populations. Parazit. Sb. 18, 219–38. (In Russian, English summary)
Breyev, K. A. (1963). The effect of various light sources on the numbers and species of blood-sucking mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) collected in light traps. Ent. Obozr., 42, 280–303 (In Russian, English summary). Ent. Rev., Wash., 42, 155–68.
Brockway, P. B., Eliason, D. A. & Bailey, S. F. (1962). A wind directional trap for mosquitoes. Mosquito News, 22, 404–5.
Brody, M. S. (1977). Annual Report: Aedes aegypti. New Orleans Mosquito Control Board, pp. 13–15.
Broom, A. K., Wright, A. E., Mackenzie, J. S., Lindsay, M. D. & Robinson, D. (1989). Isolation of Murray Valley encephalitis and Ross River viruses from Aedes normanensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in western Australia. J. med. Entomol., 26, 100–3.
Brown, A. W. A. (1951). Studies on the responses of the female Aedes mosquito. Part IV. Field experiments on Canadian species. Bull. ent. Res., 42, 575–82.
Brown, A. W. A. (1954). Studies on the responses of the female Aedes mosquito. Part VI. The attractiveness of coloured cloths to Canadian species. Bull. ent. Res., 45, 67–78.
Brown, A. W. A., Sarkaria, D. S. & Thompson, R. P. (1951). Studies on the responses of the female Aedes mosquito. Part I. The search for attractant vapours. Bull. ent. Res., 42, 105–14.
Browne, S. M. & Bennett, G. F. (1981). Response of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to visual stimuli. J. med. Entomol., 18, 502–21.
Brust, R. A. (1980). Dispersal behaviour of adult Aedes sticticus and Aedes vexans (Diptera: Culicidae) in Manitoba. Can. Ent., 112, 31–42.
Bryan, J. H. (1986). Vectors of Wuchereria bancrofti in the Sepik provinces of Papua New Guinea. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 80, 123–31.
Buckley, D. J. & Stewart, W. W. A. (1970). A light-activated switch for controlling battery-operated light traps. Can. Ent., 102, 911–12.
Buei, K., Nakajima, S., Itô, S., Nakamura, H., Yoshida, M., Fujito, S. & Kunita, N. (1986). Ecological studies on the overwintering of mosquitoes, especially of Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, in Osaka prefecture. 1. Notes on the dry ice-and emergence-trapping in spring at terraced rice field areas, 1967–1975. Jap. J. sanit. Zool., 37, 333–40. (In Japanese, English summary).
Burgess, L. & Haufe, W. O. (1960). Stratification of some prairie and forest mosquitoes in the lower air. Mosquito News, 20, 341–6.
Burkhardt, D. (1977). On the vision of insects. J. comp. Physiol., 120, 33–50.
Calisher, C. H., Lazuick, J. S., Justines, G., Francy, D. B., Monath, T. P., Gutierrez, V. E., Sabattini, M. S., Bowen, G. S. & Jakob, W. L. (1981). Viruses isolated from Aedeomyia squamipennis mosquitoes collected in Panama, Ecuador and Argentina: establishment of the Gamboa serogroup. Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 30, 219–23.
Callahan, P. S. (1965a). Far infra-red emission and detection by night-flying moths. Nature, Lond., 207, 1172–3.
Callahan, P. S. (1965b). Are arthropods infrared and microwave detectors? Proc. N. cent. Brch. Am. Ass. econ. Ent., 20, 20–31.
Carestia, R. R. & Homer, K. O. (1968). Analysis of comparative effects of selected CO2 flow rates on mosquitoes using CDC light traps. Mosquito News, 28, 408–11.
Carestia, R. R. & Savage, L. B. (1967). Effectiveness of carbon dioxide as a mosquito attractant in the CDC miniature light trap. Mosquito News, 27, 90–2.
Carnevale, P. (1974). Variations saisonnières d’une population d’Anopheles nili (Theo.), 1904 en République Populaire du Congo. Cah. ORSTOM, sér. Entomol. méd. Parasit., 12, 165–74.
Carnevale, P. & Boreham, P. F. L. (1978). Études des preferences trophique d’Anopheles nili (Theo.), 1904. Cah. ORSTOM, sér. Entomol. méd. Parasit., 16, 17–22.
Carnevale, P. & Le Pont, F. (1973). Epidemiologie du paludism humain en République Populaire du Congo. II. Utilisation des pièges lumineux ‘C.D.C: comme moyen d’échantillonnage des populations anophèliennes. Cah. ORSTONM, sér. Entomol. méd. Parasit., 11, 263–73.
Chamberlain, R. W., Sudia, W. D., Coleman, P. H. & Beadle, L. D. (1964). Vector studies in the St. Louis encephalitis epidemic, Tampa Bay area, Florida, 1962. Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 13, 456–61.
Chandler, J. A., Boreham, P. F. L., Highton, R. B. & Hill, M. N. (1975a). A study of the host selection patterns of the mosquitoes of the Kisumu area of Kenya. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 69, 415–25.
Chandler, J. A., Highton, R. B. & Hill, M. N. (1975b). Mosquitoes of the Kano Plain, Kenya. I. Results of indoor collections in irrigated and nonirrigated areas using human bait and light traps. J. med. Entomol., 12, 504–10.
Chandler, J. A., Highton, R. B. & Boreham, P. F. L. (1976a). Studies on some ornithophilic mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Kano Plain, Kenya. Bull. ent. Res., 66, 133–43.
Chandler, J. A., Highton, R. B. & Hill, M. N. (1976b). Mosquitoes of the Kano Plain, Kenya. II. Results of outdoor collections in irrigated and nonirrigated areas using human and animal bait and light traps. J. med. Entomol., 13, 202–7.
Chaniotis, B. N. & Anderson, J. R. (1968). Age structure, population dynamics and vector potential of Phlebotomus in northern California. Part II. Field population dynamics and natural flagellate infections in parous females. J. med. Entomol., 5, 273–92.
Clements, A. N. (1963). The Physiology of Mosquitoes. Pergamon Press, London, ix + 393 pp.
Collett, G. C., Graham, J. E. & Bradley, I. E. (1964). Relationship of mosquito light trap collection data to larval survey data in Salt Lake county. Mosquito News, 24, 160–2.
Cope, S. E. & Hazelrigg, J. E. (1989). Evaluations of trapping methods, biting behavior, and parity rates for mosquitoes Harbor lake, Wilmington, California, U.S.A. Bull. Soc. vect. Ecol., 14, 277–81.
Corbet, P. S. (1961). Entomological studies from a high tower in Mpanga forest, Uganda. VI. Nocturnal flight activity of Culicidae and Tabanidae as indicated by light-traps. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 113, 301–14.
Corbet, P. S. (1964). Nocturnal flight activity of sylvan Culicidae and Tabanidae (Diptera) as indicated by light traps: a further study. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A), 39, 53–67.
Corbet, P. S. (1966). Diel patterns of mosquito activity in a high arctic locality; Hazan Camp, Ellesmere Island, N.W.T. Can. Ent., 98, 1238–52.
Corbet, P. S. & Danks, H. V. (1973). Seasonal emergence and activity of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in a high arctic locality. Can. Ent., 105, 837–72.
Corbet, P. S. & Haddow, A. J. (1961). Observations on nocturnal flight activity in some African Culicidae (Diptera). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A), 36, 113–18.
Cornet, M. & Chateau, R. (1971). Intérêt du gaz carbonique dans les enquêtes sur les vecteurs sylvatiques du virus amaril. Cah. ORSTOM, sér. Entomol. méd. Parasit., 9, 301–5.
Coupland, J. B. (1991). ‘The ecology of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Scottish highlands in relation to control’. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, University of Aberdeen, 133 pp.
Coz, J., Hamon, J., Vervent, G. & Sales, S. (1971). Contribution à l’étude du piège lumineux ‘C.D.C. miniature light trap’ comme moyen d’échantillonnage des populations anophèliennes dans le Sud-Ouest de la Haute-Volta. Cah. ORSTOM, sér. Entomol. méd. Parasit., 9, 417–30.
Davis, E. E. (1984). Regulation of sensitivity in the peripheral chemoreceptor system for host-seeking behaviour by a haemolymph-borne factor in Aedes aegypti. J. insect Physiol., 30, 179–83.
Daykin, P. N., Kellogg, F. E. & Wright, R. H. (1965). Host-finding and repulsion of Aedes aegypti. Can. Ent., 97, 239–63.
DeFoliart, G. R. (1972). A modified dry ice-baited trap for collecting hematophagous Diptera. J. med. Entomol., 9, 107–8.
DeFoliart, G. R. & Morris, C. D. (1967). A dry ice-baited-trap for the collection and field storage of hematophagous Diptera. J. med. Entomol., 4, 360–2.
DeFoliart, G. R., Rao, M. R. & Morris, C. D. (1967). Seasonal succession of blood-sucking Diptera in Wisconsin during 1965. J. med. Entomol., 4, 363–73.
Dethier, V. G. (1963). The Physiology of Insect Senses. Methuen & Co., London, ix + 266 pp.
De Waal, D. J. & Hewitt, P. H. (1979). ‘A circular approach to cyclical data’. Dept. Math., Stat. Univ. Orange Free State, Technical Rept., No. 45, 7 pp.
Dow, R. P., Reeves, W. C. & Bellamy, R. E. (1965). Dispersal of female Culex tarsalis into a larvicided area. Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 14, 656–70.
Driggers, D. P., O’Connor, R. J., Kardatzke, J. T., Stup, J. L. & Schiefer, B. S. (1980). The U.S. army miniature solid state mosquito light trap. Mosquito News, 40, 172–8.
Easton, E. R., Coker, R. S. & Ballinger, R. (1986). Occurrence and seasonal incidence of mosquitoes on Indian reservations in Iowa, Nebraska and South Dakota during 1983. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 2, 190–5.
Edman, J. D. & Lea, A. O. (1972). Sexual behaviour of mosquitoes. 2. Large-scale rear-ing and mating of Culex for field experiments. Ann. ent. Soc. Am., 65, 267–9.
Elston, R. & Apperson, C. (1977). A light-activated on-off switch for the C.D.C. light trap. J. med. Entomol., 14, 254–5.
Emmons, R. W., Milby, M. M., Walsh, J. D., Reeves, W. C., Bayer, E. V., Hui, L. T., Woodie, J. D. & Murray, R. A. (1986). Surveillance for arthropod-borne viral activity and disease in California during 1985. Proc. Calif. Mosq. & Vect. Contr. Ass., 54, 1–8.
Eskafi, F. M. (1980). A flashlight trap. Can. Ent., 112, 223.
Fay, R. W. (1968). A trap based on visual responses of adult mosquitoes. Mosquito News, 28, 1–7.
Fay, R. W. & Prince, W. H. (1970). A modified visual trap for Aedes aegypti. Mosquito News, 30, 20–3.
Floor, T. G. & Grothaus, R. H. (1971). Conversion of the New Jersey light trap for collecting live mosquitoes in Da Nang, Vietnam. Mosquito News, 31, 221–2.
Foley, D. H. & Bryan, J. H. (1991). Anopheles annulipes Walker (Diptera: Culicidae) at Griffith, New South Wales. 2. Biology and behaviour of two sibling species. J. Aust. ent. Soc., 30, 113–18.
Fontenille, D. & Rakotoarivony, I. (1988). Reappearance of Anopheles funestus as a malaria vector in the Antananarivo region, Madagascar. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 82, 611–5.
Forattini, O. P., Gomes, A. de C., Natal, D., Kakitani, I. & Marucci, D. (1987). Pref-erências alimentares de mosquitoes Culicidae no Vale do Ribeira, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Rev. Saide Públ.,21, 171–87.
Fox, I. (1958). The mosquitoes of the international airport, isla verde, Puerto Rico, as shown by light traps. Mosquito News, 18, 117–24.
Fox, I. & Capriles, J. M. (1952). Light trap studies on mosquitoes and Culicoides in western Puerto Rico. Mosquito News, 13, 165–6.
Fraissignes, B., Chippaux, A. & Mouchet, J. (1968). Captures de moustiques par des pièges lumineux associés à une source de gaz carbonique. Méd. trop., 28, 215–21.
Frank, J. H. (1985). Use of an artificial bromeliad to show the importance of color values in restricting colonization of bromeliads by Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. J Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 1, 28–32.
Freier, J. E. & Francy, D. B. (1991). A duplex cone trap for the collection of adult Aedes albopictus. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 7, 73–9.
French, F. E. & Kline, D. L. (1989). 1-octen-3-ol, an effective attractant for Tabanidae (Diptera). J. med. Entomol.,26, 459–61.
Frommer, R. L., Schiefer, B. A. & Vavra, R. W. (1976). Comparative effects of CO2 flow rates using modified CDC light traps on trapping adult black flies (Simuliidae; Diptera). Mosquito News, 36, 355–8.
Frost, S. W. (1952). Light traps for insect collection, survey and control. Bull. agric. Exp. Stn Pennsylvania, 550, 32 pp.
Frost, S. W. (1964). Killing agents and containers for use with insect light traps. Ent. News, 75, 163–6.
Garcia, R., des Rochers, B. S. & Voigt, W. G. (1988). A bait/carbon dioxide trap for the collection of the western tree hole mosquito Aedes sierrensis. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 4, 85–8.
Garcia, R., Colwell, A. E., Voigt, W. G. & Woodward, D. L. (1989). Fay-Prince trap baited with CO2 for monitoring adult abundance of Aedes sierrensis (Diptera: Culicidae) J. med. Entomol., 26, 327–31.
Garrett-Jones, C. & Magayuka, S. (1975). Studies on the natural incidence of Plasmodium and Wuchereria infections in Anopheles in rural East Africa: I - Assessment of densities by trapping hungry female Anopheles gambiae Giles; species A. WHO/MAL 75.851 & WHONBC 75.541 17 pp. (mimeographed).
Gaydecki, P. A. (1984). ‘A quantification of the behaviourial dynamics of certain Lepi-doptera in response to light’. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Cranfield Institute of Tech-nology, Ecological Physics Research Group, Bedford, England, 157 pp.
Gibb, P. A., Anderson, T. J. C. & Dye, C. (1988). Are nulliparous sandflies light-shy? Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 82, 342–3.
Giglioli, M. E. C. (1979). Aedes aegypti programs in the Caribbean and emergency measures against the dengue pandemic of 1977–78; a critical review. Dengue in the Caribbean, pp. 133–152. Proceedings of a Workshop, Montego Bay Jamaica (8–11 May 1978). Pan-Am. Hlth Org. sci. Publ. No. 375, 186 pp.
Gillies, M. T. (1969). The ramp-trap, an unbaited device for flight studies of mosquitoes. Mosquito News, 29, 189–93.
Gillies, M. T. (1980). The role of carbon dioxide in host-finding by mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae): a review. Bull. ent. Res., 70, 525–32.
Gillies, M. T. & Snow, W. F. (1967). A CO2-baited sticky trap for mosquitoes. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 61, 20.
Gillies, M. T. & Wilkes, T. J. (1969). A comparison of the range of attraction of animal baits and of carbon dioxide for some West African mosquitoes. Bull. ent. Res.,59, 441–56.
Gillies, M. T. & Wilkes, T. J. (1970). The range of attraction of single baits for some West African mosquitoes. Bull. ent. Res.,60, 225–35.
Gillies, M. T. & Wilkes, T. J. (1972). The range of attraction of animal baits and carbon dioxide for mosquitoes. Studies in a freshwater area of West Africa. Bull. ent. Res.,61, 389–404.
Gillies, M. T. & Wilkes, T. J. (1974). The range of attraction of birds as baits for some West African mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae). Bull. ent. Res., 63, 573–81.
Gillies, M. T. & Wilkes, T. J. (1978). The effect of high fences on the dispersal of some West African mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Bull. ent. Res., 68, 401–8.
Ginsberg, H. S. (1986). Dispersal patterns of Aedes sollicitans (Diptera: Culicidae) at the east end of the fire island national seashore, New York, USA. J. med. Entomol., 23, 146–55.
Ginsberg, H. S. (1988) Survivorship of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) captured in CDC miniature light traps. Proc. Ann. Mtg New Jers. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 75, 86–92.
Githeko, A. K. (1992). ‘The behaviour and ecology of malaria vectors and malaria transmission in Kisumu district of Western Kenya.’ Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Liverpool, 188 pp.
Gjullin, C. M. (1947). Effect of clothing color on the rate of attack of Aedes mosquitoes. J. econ. Ent., 40, 326–7.
Gjullin, C. M. & Brandl, D. G. (1978). An automatic chemosterilizing insect light trap. J. med. Entomol., 14, 585–8.
Gjullin, C. M., Brandl, D. G. & O’Grady, J. J. (1973). The effect of colored lights and other factors on the numbers of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, C. tarsalis and Aedes sierrensis entering light traps. Mosquito News,33, 67–71.
Goldsmith, T. H. (1964). ‘The visual system in insects’, pp. 397–462. In The Physiology of Insecta, vol. 1 (edit. M. Rockstein). Academic Press, London, 640 pp.
Gomes, A. de C., Rabello, E. X. & Natal, D. (1985). Uma nova cãmara coletora para armadilha CDC-miniatura. Rev. Satide Públ., 19, 190–1.
Goodwin, M. H. (1942). Studies on artificial resting places of Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say. J. natn. Malar. Soc., 1, 93–9.
Gordon, S. W., Tammeriello, R. F., Linthicum, K. J., Wirtz, R. A. & Digoutte, J. P. (1991). Feeding patterns of mosquitoes collected in the Senegal river basin. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 7, 424–32.
Graham, P. (1969). A comparison of sampling methods for adult mosquito populations in central Alberta, Canada. Quaest. ent., 5, 217–61.
Graham, J. E. & Bradley, I. E. (1961). An evaluation of some techniques used to measure mosquito populations. Proc. Utah Acad. Sci. Arts & Letters, 39, 77–83.
Green, C. H. (1984). A comparison of phototactic responses to red and green light in Glossina morsitans morsitans and Musca domestica. Physiol. Ent., 16, 165–72.
Green, C. H. & Cosens, D. (1983). Spectral response of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans. J. insect. Physiol.,29, 795–800.
Green, C. H. & Flint, S. (1986). An analysis of colour effects in the performance of the F2 trap against Glossina pallidipes Austen and G. morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bull. ent. Res., 76, 409–18.
Grothaus, R. H. & Jackson, S. C. (1972). A new bottom-draft light trap for mosquito studies. Mosquito News, 32, 634–5.
Hacker, C. S., Scott, D. W. & Thompson, J. R. (1973a). Time series analysis of mosquito populations. J. med. Entomol., 10, 533–43.
Hacker, C. S., Scott, D. W. & Thompson, J. R. (1973b). A forecasting model for mosquito population densities. J. med. Entomol., 10, 544–51.
Hacker, C. S., Scott, D. W. & Thompson, J. R. (1975). A transfer function forecasting model for mosquito populations. Can. Ent., 107, 243–9.
Hall, D. R., Beevor, P. S., Cork, A., Nesbitt, B. F. & Vale, G. A. (1984). 1-octen-3-ol. A potent olfactory stimulant and attractant for tsetse isolated from cattle odour. Insect. Sci. Applic., 5, 335–9.
Hamon, J., Sales, S. & Gayral, P. (1969). ‘Evaluation de L’efficacité des Pièges Lumineux C.D.C. pour L’échantillonnage des Populations des Moustiques dans le Sud-ouest de la Haute-Volta, Afrique Occidentale. I. Evaluation des Pièges a L’interieur des Habitations.’ OCCGE Centre Muraz, Lab. ent., No. 18/Ent./69, 7 pp. (mimeographed).
Hanson, J. C. (1959). A new insect killing container for use with the American mosquito light trap. Calif. Vector Views, 6, 85–7.
Harcourt, D. G. & Cass, L. M. (1958). A controlled-interval light trap for microlepidoptera. Can. Ent., 90, 617–22.
Harden, F. W. & Poolson, B. J. (1969). Seasonal distribution of mosquitoes of Hancock county, Mississippi, 1964–1968. Mosquito News, 29, 407–14.
Harden, F. W., Poolson, B. J., Bennett, L.W. & Gaskin, R. C. (1970). Analysis of CO2 supplemented mosquito landing rate counts. Mosquito News, 30, 369–74.
Harwood, R. F. (1961). A mobile trap for studying the behaviour of flying blood-sucking insects. Mosquito News, 21, 35–9.
Haufe, W. O. & Burgess, L. (1960). Design and efficiency of mosquito traps based on visual response to patterns. Can. Ent., 92, 124–40.
Hayes, R. O., Bellamy, R. E., Reeves, W. C. & Willis, M. J. (1958). Comparison of four sampling methods for measurement of Culex tarsalis adult populations. Mosquito News, 18, 218–27.
Hayes, R. O., Francy, D. B., Lazuick, J. S., Smith, G. C. & Jones, R. H. (1976). Arbovirus surveillance in six states during 1972. Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 25, 463–76.
Headlee, T. J. (1922). The problem of evaluating mosquito density and the advantages to be realised from its solution. Proc. New Jers. Mosq. Exterm. Ass., 9, 48–56.
Headlee, T. J. (1934). Mosquito work in New Jersey for the year 1933. Proc. New Jers. Mosq. Exterm. Ass., 21, 8–37.
Headlee, T. J. (1937). Some facts underlying the attraction of mosquitoes to sources of radiant energy. J. econ. Ent., 30, 309–12.
Headlee, T. J. (1941). New Jersey mosquito problems. Proc. New Jers. Mosq. Exterm. Ass., 28, 7–12.
Hemmings, R. J. (1959). Observations on the operation of mosquito light traps with a cylindrical vertical screen. Mosquito News, 19, 101.
Henderson, B. E., McCrae, A. W. R., Kirya, B. G., Ssenkubuge, Y. & Sempala, S. D. K. (1972). Arborivus epizootics involving man, mosquitoes and vertebrates at Lunyo, Uganda. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., 66, 343–55
Hendricks, D. E. (1985). Portable electronic detector system used with inverted-cone sex pheromone traps to determine periodicity and moth captures. Env. Ent., 14, 199–204.
Herbert, E. W., Meyer, R. P. & Tubes, P. G. (1972). A comparison of mosquito catches with CDC light traps and CO2-baited traps in the republic of Vietnam. Mosquito News, 32, 212–14.
Hewitt, P. H., van der Linde, T. G. de van Pletzen, R., Kok, D. J., Fourie, S., Mostert, D. J. & Nel, A. (1982). Temporal fluctuations in the numbers of female mosquitoes trapped at a state in the western Orange Free State. J. ent. Soc. sthn. Afr., 45, 69–92.
Hii, J., Chin, K. F., MacDonald, M. & Vun, Y. S. (1986). The use of CDC light traps for malariometric entomology surveys in Sabah, Malaysia. Trop. Biomed., 3, 39–48.
Highton, R. B. (1981). ‘The evaluation of CDC light traps and human bait collections for sampling Anopheles arabiensis Patton’. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, University of Liverpool, 139 pp.
Hill, M. N. (1970). Japanese encephalitis in Sarawak: studies on adult mosquito populations. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 64, 489–96.
Hill, R. L. (1977). Lamps for light-trapping. N.Z. Entomol., 6, 314–15.
Hocking, B. (1963). The use of attractants and repellants in vector control. Bull. Wld Hlth Org., 29(Suppl.), 121–6.
Hollingsworth, J. P., Hartstack, A. W. & Lindquist, D. A. (1968). Influence of near-ultraviolet output of attractant lamps on catches of insects by light traps. J. econ. Ent., 61, 515–21.
Holub, R. E. (1983). Modification of New Jersey light trap for multiple sample collection. Mosquito News, 43, 241–2.
Horn, H. (1966). Measurement of ‘overlap’ in comparative ecological studies. Am. Nat., 100, 419–24.
Horsfall, W. R. (1943). Some responses of the malaria mosquito to light. Ann. ent. Soc. Am., 36, 41–5.
Horsfall, W. R. (1962). Trap for separating collections of insects by interval. J. econ. Ent., 55, 808–11.
Howard, J. J., Morris, C. D., Emord, D. E. & Grayson, M. A. (1988). Epizootiology of Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus in upstate New York, USA. VII. Virus surveillance 1978–85, description of 1983 outbreak, and series conclusions. J. med. Entomol., 25, 501–14.
Hoy, J. B. (1970). Trapping the stable fly by using CO2 or CO as attractants. J. econ. Ent., 63, 792–5.
Hu, S. M. K. & Grayston, J. T. (1962). Encephalitis on Taiwan. II. Mosquito collection and bionomic studies. Am. J. trop. Med., 11, 131–40.
Huffaker, C. B. & Back, R. C. (1943). A study of methods of sampling mosquito populations. J. econ. Ent., 36, 561–9.
Hurlbut, H. S. & Nibley, C. (1964). Virus isolations from mosquitoes in Okinawa J. med. Entomol., 1, 78–82.
Hurlbut, H. S. & Weitz, B. (1956). Some observations on the bionomics of the common mosquitoes of the Nile Delta. Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 5, 901–8.
Husbands, R. C. (1976). Light traps and the significance of collection data. Bull. Soc. vect. Ecol., 3, 17–26.
Husbands, R. C. & Reed, D. E. (1970). A comparison of larval mosquito species occurrence and light trap data. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 37, 101–8.
Hutchins, R. E. (1940). Insect activity at a light trap during various periods of the night. J. econ. Ent., 33, 654–7.
Iha, S. (1971). Feeding preference and seasonal distribution of mosquitoes in relation to the epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in Okinawa main island. Trop. Med., 12, 143–68. (In Japanese, English summary).
Ikeshoji, T. (1981). Acoustic attraction of male mosquitoes in a cage. Jap. J. sanit. Zool., 32, 7–15.
Ikeshoji, T. (1982). Attractive sounds for autochemosterilization of male mosquitoes. Jap. J. sanit. Zool., 33, 41–9.
Ikeshoji, T. (1985). Age structure and mating status of male mosquitoes responding to sound. Jap. J. sanit. Zool., 36, 95–101.
Ikeshoji, T. (1986). Distribution of the mosquitoes, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, in relation to disposition of sound traps in a paddy field. Jap. J. sanit. Zool.,37, 153–9.
Ikeshoji, T. & Ogawa, K. (1988). Field catching of mosquitoes with various types of sound traps. Jap. J. sanit. Zool., 39, 119–24.
Ikeshoji, T. & Yap, H. H. (1987). Monitoring and chemosterilization of a mosquito population, Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) by sound traps. Appl. Ent. Zool., 22, 474–81.
Ikeshoji, T. & Yap, H. H. (1990). Impact of the insecticide-treated sound traps on an Aedes albopictus population. Jap. J. sanit. Zool., 41, 213–17.
Ikeshoji, T., Sakakibara, M. & Reisen, W. K. (1985). Removal sampling of male mos-quitoes from field populations by sound-trapping. Jap. J. sanit. Zool.,36, 197–203.
Ikeshoji, T., Yamasaki, Y. & Yap, H. H. (1987). Attractancy of various waveform sounds in modulated intensities to male mosquitoes, Culex quinquefasciatus, in the field, Jap. J. sanit. Zool., 38, 249–52.
Ikeshoji, T., Langley, P. & Gomulski, L. (1990). Genetic control by trapping, pp. 159–72. In Appropriate Technology in Vector Control (edit. C. F. Curtis). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 233 pp.
Ikeuchi, M. (1967). Ecological studies on mosquitoes collected by light traps. Trop. Med., 9, 186–200.
Ikeuchi, M. (1970). Observations on the physiological age of Culex tritaeniorhynchus collected by light traps. Jap. J. sanit. Zool., 21, 209–12. (In Japanese, English summary).
Ishii, T. (1970). Seasonal abundance of mosquitoes in Kyoto prefecture in 1969. Ann. Rep Kyoto Pref. Inst. publ. Hlth, 15, 1–18 (In Japanese).
Ishii, T. (1971a). Seasonal prevalence of several species of mosquitoes caught in one light trap. Ann. Rep. Kyoto Pref. Inst. Publ. Hlth, 16, 51–4 (In Japanese, English summary).
Ishii, T. (1971b). Mosquito abundance surveyed with light trap: a comparison of operation for various numbers of nights a week (preliminary report). Ann. Rep. Kyoto Pref. Inst. publ. Hlth, 16, 55–62 (In Japanese, English summary).
Ishii, T. (1971c). Mosquito abundance surveyed with light trap: A comparison of operation for various numbers of nights a week (preliminary report). Ann. Rep. Kyoto Prefecture. Inst. Publ. Hlth, 16, 55–61.
Ismail, I. A. H., Pinichpongse, S., Chitprarop, V., Prasittisuk, C. & Schepens, J. (1982). Trials with CDC and Monks Wood light-traps for sampling malaria vectors in Thailand. WHONBC/82,864, 7 pp. (mimeographed).
Itô, S. (1964). Collection of mosquitoes by light traps at four stations of Nagasaki city. Endem. Dis. Bull. Nagasaki Univ., 6, 231–41.
Jaenson, T. G. T., Niklasson, B. & Henriksson, B. (1986). Seasonal activity of mosquitoes in an Ockelbo disease endemic area in central Sweden. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 2, 18–28.
Jewell, D. (1981). A security modification for the ‘American model’ mosquito light trap. Mosquito News,41, 183–4.
Johnson, B. K., Gichogo, A., Gitau, G., Patel, N., Ademba, G., Kirui, R., Highton, R. B. & Smith, D. A. (1981). Recovery of O’nyong-nyong virus from Anopheles funestus in western Kenya. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 75, 239–41.
Johnson, C. G. (1950). A suction trap for small airborne insects which automatically segregates the catch into successive hourly samples. Ann. appl. Biol., 37, 80–91.
Johnston, J. G., Weaver, J. W. & Sudia, W. D. (1973). Flashlight batteries as a power source for CDC miniature light traps. Mosquito News, 33, 190–4.
Jones, R. E., Barker-Hudson, P. & Kay, B. H. (1991). Comparison of dry ice baited light traps with human bait collections for surveillance of mosquitoes in northern Queensland, Australia. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 7, 387–94.
Jupp, P. G. & McIntosh, B. M. (1967). Ecological studies on Sindbis and West Nile viruses in South Africa. II.—Mosquito bionomics. S. Afr. J. med. Sci., 32, 15–33.
Jupp, P. G. & McIntosh, B. M. (1990). Aedes furcifer and other mosquitoes as vectors of chikungunya virus at Mica, northeastern Transvaal, South Africa. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 6, 415–20.
Jupp, P. G., McIntosh, B. M. & Anderson, D. (1976). Culex (Eumelanomyia) rubinotus Theobald as vector of Banzi. Germiston and Witwatersrand viruses. IV. Observations on the biology of C. rubinotus. J. med. Entomol., 12, 647–51.
Jupp, P. G., McIntosh, B. M. & Nevill, E. M. (1980). A survey of the mosquito and Culicoides faunas at two localities in the Karoo region of South Africa with some observations on bionomics. Onderstepoort J. vet. Res., 47, 1–6.
Kahn, M. C. & Maibach, H. I. (1966). Quantitation of effect of several stimuli on landing and probing by Aedes aegypti. J. econ. Ent., 59, 902–5.
Kahn, M. C. & Offenhauser, W. (1949). The first field tests of recorded mosquito sounds used for mosquito destruction. Am. J. trop. Med., 29, 811–25.
Kahn, M. C., Celestin, W. & Offenhauser, W. (1945). Recording of sounds produced by certain disease-carrying mosquitoes. Science, N. Y., 101, 335–6.
Kalmus, H. (1958). Responses of insects to polarized light in the presence of dark reflecting surfaces. Nature, Lond., 157, 512.
Kanda, T., Cheong, W. H., Loong, K. P., Lim, T. W., Ogawa, K., Chiang, G. L. & Sucharit, S. (1987). Collection of male mosquitoes from field populations by sound trapping. Trop. Biomed., 4, 161–6.
Kanda, T., Loong, K. P., Chiang, G. L., Cheong, W. H. & Lim, T. W. (1988). Field study on sound trapping and the development of trapping method for both sexes of Mansonia in Malaysia. Trop. Biomed., 5, 37–42.
Katô, M. (1955). Ecology of Mosquitoes. DDT Kyokai, Tokyo, 144 pp. (In Japanese).
Katô, M., Ishii, T., Watanabe, T. & Yoshida, S. (1966). A new dry ice trap for collecting mosquitoes. Jap. J. sanit. Zool., 17, 83–8.
Kelly, K. L. & Judd, D. B. (1955). ‘The ISCC-NBS method for designating colors and a dictionary of color names’. National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., Circular 553 with supplement (standard sample no. 2106: ISCC-NBS color-name charts illustrated with centroid colors).
Kerdpibule, V., Thongrungkiat, S. & Leemingsawat, S. (1989). Feasibility of wing beat sound trap for the control of mosquito vectors. Southeast Asian J. trop. Med. publ. Hlth, 20, 639–41.
Kimsey, R. B. & Chaniotis, B. N. (1984). A light trap for biting Nematocera in moist environments. Mosquito News,44, 408–12, and correction slip, J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., (1985) 1, 114.
King, E. W., Pless, C. D. & Reed, J. K. (1965). An automatic sample-changing device for light-trap collecting. J. econ. Ent., 58, 170–2.
Kitaoka, S. & Itô, K. (1964). Attractiveness of black light to biting midges and mosquitoes. Jap. J. sanit. Zool., 15, 208–9 (In Japanese, English summary).
Kline, D. L. & Wood, J. R. (1988). Natural and synthetic attractants for ceratopogonid biting midges, pp. 175–6. In Medical and Veterinary Dipterology. Proc. Int. Conf. November-December 1987 (edit. J. Olejníček). Cěské Budějovice, Czechoslovakia, Dum Techniky Čsvts České Budějovice, 305 pp.
Kline, D. L. & Wood, J. R. (1989). ‘Practical assessment and enhancement of some currently used adult surveillance techniques for Florida mosquitoes: Phase II’. Final Rept Fla Dept. Hlth RehabiL. Services., 29 pp., unpublished report.
Kline, D. L., Takken, W., Wood, J. R. & Carlson, D. A. (1990a). Field studies on the potential of butanone, carbon dioxide, honey extract, 1-octen-3-ol, lactic acid, and phenols as attractants for mosquitoes. Med. vet. Ent.,4, 383–91.
Kline, D. L., Wood, J. R. & Morris, C. D. (1990b). Evaluation of 1-octen-3-ol as an attractant for Coquillettidia perturbans, Mansonia spp. and Culex spp. associated with phosphate mining operations. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 6, 605–11.
Kline, D. L., Wood, J. R. & Cornell, J. A. (1991a). Interactive effects of 1-octen-3-ol and carbon dioxide on mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) surveillance and control. J. med. Entomol, 28, 254–8.
Kline, D. L., Dame, D. A. & Meisch, M. V. (1991b). Evaluation of 1-octen-3-ol and carbon dioxide as attractants for mosquitoes associated with irrigated ricefields in Arkansas. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 7, 165–9.
Kloter, K. O., Kaltenbach, J. R., Carmichael, G. T. & Bowman, D. D. (1983). An experimental evaluation of six different suction traps for attracting and capturing Aedes aegypti. Mosquito News, 43, 297–301.
Kodak Publications (1990). Handbook of Kodak Photographic Filters. Eastman Kodak Co., New York, 160 pp.
Kovrov, B. G. & Monchadskiy, A. S. (1963). The possibility of using polarized light to attract insects. Ent. Rev., Wash., 42, 25–28.
Kuiper, G. P. (1938). The magnitude of the sun, the stellar temperature scale, and bolo-metric corrections. Astrophys. J., 88, 429–71.
Kusakabe, Y. & Ikeshoji, T. (1990). Comparative attractancy of physical and chemical stimuli to aedine mosquitoes. Jap. J. sanit. Zool., 41, 219–25.
Lafferty, A. L. & Murphy, R. (1948). An automatic device for changing daily the collection receptacle on mechanical mosquito traps. Proc. New Jers. Mosq. Exterm. Ass., 35, 88–9.
Landry, S. V. & DeFoliart, G. R. (1986). Attraction of Aedes triseriatus to carbon dioxide. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 2, 355–7.
Lang, J. T. (1984). Intermittent light as a mosquito attractant in New Jersey light traps. Mosquito News, 44, 217–20.
LaSalle, M. W. & Dakin, M. E. (1982). Dispersal of Culex salinarius in southwestern Louisiana. Mosquito News, 42, 543–50.
Leake, C. J., Ussery, M. A., Nisalak, A., Hoke, C. H., Andre, R. G. & Burke, D. S. (1986). Virus isolations from mosquitoes collected during the 1982 Japanese encephalitis epidemic in northern Thailand. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 80, 831–7.
Le Duc, J. W., Suyemoto, W., Keefe, T. J., Burger, J. F., Eldridge, B. F. & Russell, P. K. (1975). Ecology of California encephalitis viruses on the Del Mar Va peninsular. I. Virus isolations from mosquitoes. Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 24, 118–23.
Leemingsawat, S. (1989). Field trials of different traps for malaria vectors and epidemiological investigations at a foot-hill basin in Kanchanaburi, Thailand. Jap. J. sanit. Zool., 40, 171–9.
Leemingsawat, S., Kerdpibule, V., Limswan, S., Sucharit, S., Ogawa, K.-I. & Kanda, T. (1988). Response of the female mosquitoes of Culex tritaeniorhynchus to sound traps of various wingbeat frequencies with hamsters and dry ice. Jap. J. sanit. Zool., 39, 67–70.
Lewis, L. A. & Teller, L. W. (1967). The use of fluorescent tubes in a modified New Jersey light trap. Proc. New Jers. Mosq. Exterm. Ass., 54, 163–70.
Lindsay, S. W., Wilkins, H. A., Zieler, H. A., Daly, R. J., Petrarca, V. & Byass, P. (1991). Ability of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes to transmit malaria during the dry and wet seasons in an area of irrigated rice cultivation in The Gambia. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 94, 313–24.
Lines, J. D., Curtis, C. F., Wilkes, T. J. & Njunwa, K. J. (1991). Monitoring human-bait mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Tanzania with light-traps hung beside mosquito nets. Bull. ent. Res., 81, 77–84.
Linley, J. R. & Evans, F. D. S. (1968). A simple device to aid time-lapse studies with insects. Ann. ent. Soc. Am., 61, 775–7.
Linthicum, K. J., Bailey, C. L., Davies, F. G. & Kairo, A. (1985). Observations on the dispersal and survival of a population of Aedes lineatopennis (Ludlow) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Kenya. Bull. ent. Res.,75, 661–70.
Lloyd, J. E. & Pennington, R. G. (1976). Mosquitoes collected in a CO2-baited CDC miniature light trap and a bovine-baited trap in Wyoming. Mosquito News, 36, 457–9.
Loomis, E. C. (1959a). Selective response of Aedes nigromaculis (Ludlow) to the Minnesota light trap. Mosquito News, 19, 260–3.
Loomis, E. C. (1959b). A method for more accurate determination of air volume displacement of light traps. J. econ. Ent., 52, 343–5.
Loomis, E. C. & Hanks, S. G. (1959). Light trap indices of mosquito abundance: a comparison of operation for four and seven nights a week. Mosquito News, 19, 168–71.
Love, G. J., Platt, R. B. & Goodwin, M. H. (1963). Observations on the spatial distribution of mosquitoes in south-western Georgia. Mosquito News, 23, 13–22.
MacCreary, D. (1941). Comparative density of mosquitoes at ground level and at an elevation of approximately one hundred feet. J. econ. Ent., 34, 174–9.
Magnarelli, L. A. (1975). Relative abundance and parity of mosquitoes collected in dryice baited and unbaited CDC miniature light traps. Mosquito News, 35, 350–3.
Magy, H. I., Work, T. H. & Thomas, C. V. (1976). A reassessment of Culex pipiens as a potential St Louis encephalitis vector in Imperial county. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 44, 41–5.
Main, A. J., Tonn, R. J., Randall, E. J. & Anderson, K. S. (1966). Mosquito densities at heights of five and twenty-five feet in southeastern Massachusetts. Mosquito News, 26, 243–8.
Main, A. J., Brown, S. E. & Wallis, R. C. (1979). Arbovirus surveillance in Connecticut, II. California serogroup. Mosquito News, 39, 552–9.
Malainual, A., Chansang, C., Thavara, U. & Phan-Urai, P. (1987). Time intervals and location of biting and flying activities of JE vectors. Bull. Dept. Med. Sci., 29, 103–11 (In Thai, English summary)
Mangum, C. L. & Callahan, P. S. (1968). Attraction of near-infrared radiation to Aedes aegypti. J. econ. Ent., 61, 36–7.
Matsumoto, B. M. & Maxfield, H. K. (1985). A comparison of female Culiseta melanura captured in New Jersey and CDC light traps in southern Massachusetts. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 1, 90–2.
Maxim, H. S. (1901). ‘Mosquitoes and Musical Notes.’ The Times (London), Letter to Editor, 28th October, p. 11.
Maxwell, C. A., Curtis, C. F., Haji, H., Kisumku, S., Thalib, A. I. & Yahya, S. A. (1990). Control of bancroftian filariasis by integrating therapy with vector control using polystyrene beads in wet pit latrines. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 84, 709–14.
McDonald, G. (1980). Population studies of Culex annulirostris Skuse and other mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) at Mildura in the Murray Valley of southern Australia. J. Aust. ent. Soc., 19, 37–40.
McDonald, J. L. (1970). A simple, inexpensive alcohol light trap for collecting Culicoides. Mosquito News, 30, 652–4.
McDonald, J. L. & Savage, L. B. (1973). Seasonal abundance of mosquito larval counts and adult light trap catches in Okinawa. Mosquito News, 33, 105–7.
McDonald, J. L., Granger, J. & Olton, G. S. (1974). A mosquito light-trap stabilizer. Mosquito News, 34, 234.
McDonald, W. A., Naseir, A., Fulmer, A. C. & Ryan, J. M. (1964). DDVP as a killing agent in New Jersey light trap. Mosquito News, 24, 225.
McGeachie, W. J. (1987). ‘The effect of air temperature, wind vectors and nocturnal illumination on the behaviour of moths at mercury vapour light traps’. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Cranfield Institute of Technology, Ecological Physics Research Group, Bedford, England, 81 pp.
McGeachie, W. J. (1988). A remote sensing method for the estimation of light-trap efficiency. Bull. ent. Res., 78, 379–85.
McGeachie, W. J. (1989). The effects of moonlight illuminance, temperature and wind-speed on light-trap catches of moths. Bull. ent. Res., 79, 185–92.
McIver, S. B. (1982). Review article: Sensillae of mosquitoes. J. med. Entomol., 19, 489–535.
McIver, S. B. & McElligott, P. E. (1989). Effects of release rates on the range of attraction of carbon dioxide to some southwestern Ontario mosquito species. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 5, 6–9.
McKeever, S. (1977). Observations of Corethrella feeding on tree frogs (Hyla). Mosquito News, 37, 522–3.
McKeever, S. & Hartberg, W. K. (1980). An effective method for trapping adult female Corethrella (Diptera: Chaoboridae). Mosquito News, 40, 111–12.
McLaughlin, R. E. & Focks, D. A. (1990). Effects of cattle density on New Jersey light trap mosquito captures in the rice/cattle agroecosystem of southwestern Louisiana. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 6, 283–6.
Meyer, R. P. (1985). The ‘walk-in’ type red box for sampling adult mosquitoes. Proc. New Jers. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 72, 104–5.
Meyer, R. P. (1991). Urbanization and the efficiency of carbon dioxide and gravid traps for sampling Culex quinquefasciatus. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 7, 467–70.
Meyer, R. P., Washino, R. K., McKenzie, T. L. & Fukushima, C. K. (1984). Comparison of three methods for collecting adult mosquitoes associated with rice field irrigated pasture habitats in northern California. Mosquito News, 44, 315–20.
Meyer, R. P., Reisen, W. K., Eberle, M. W., Milby, M. M., Martinez, V. M. & Hill, B. R. (1985). A time segregated sampling device for determining nightly host-seeking patterns. Proc. Calif. Mosq. & Vect. Contr. Ass.,52, 162–6.
Meyer, R. P., Reisen, W. K., Eberle, M. E., Milby, M. M. & Reeves, W. C. (1986). The nightly host-seeking rhythms of several culicine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the southern san Joaquin valley of California. Proc. Calif. Mosq. & Vect. Contr. Ass., 54, 136.
Meyer, R. P., Reisen, W. K. & Milby, M. M. (1991). Influence of vegetation on carbon dioxide trap effectiveness for sampling mosquitoes in the Sierra Nevada foothills of Kern county, California. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 7, 471–5.
Meyer, E. G. (1959). Mosquito collections by light traps at various heights above ground. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Ass., 27, 61–3.
Mian, L. S., Mulla, M. S., Axelrod, H., Chaney, J. D. & Dhillon, M. S. (1990). Studies on the bioecological aspects of adult mosquitoes in the Prado Basin of southern California. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 6, 64–71.
Milby, M. M. & Reeves, W. C. (1986). Changes in the relative abundance of Aedes nigromaculis, Aedes melanimon and Culex tarsalis in the central valley of California. Proc. Conf. Calif. Mosq. & Vect. Contr. Ass., 54, 96–100.
Milby, M. M. & Reeves, W. C. (1989). Comparison of New Jersey light-traps and CO2baited traps in urban and rural areas. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Vect. Contr. Ass., 57, 73–9.
Milby, M. M., Kauffman, E. E. & Harvey, J. F. (1978). Conversion of CDC light trap indices to New Jersey light trap indices for several species of Californian mosquitoes. Proc. Calif. Mosq. & Vect. Contr. Ass.,46, 58–60.
Miller, T. A., Stryker, R. G., Wilkinson, R. N. & Esah, S. (1969). Notes on the use of CO2-baited CDC miniature light traps for mosquito surveillance in Thailand. Mosquito News, 29, 688–9.
Miller, T. A., Stryker, R. G., Wilkinson, R. N. & Esah, S. (1970). The influence of moonlight and other environmental factors on the abundance of certain mosquito species in light-trap collections in Thailand. J. med. Entomol., 7, 555–61.
Miller, T. A., Stryker, R. G., Wilkinson, R. N. & Esah, S. (1977). The influence of time and frequency of collection on the abundance of certain mosquito species in light-trap collections in Thailand. J. med. Entomol., 14, 60–3.
Mitchell, C. J. & Chen, P. S. (1973). Ecological studies on the mosquito vectors of Japanese encephalitis. Bull. Wld Hlth Org., 49, 287–92.
Mitchell, C. J., Monath, T. P., Sabattini, M. S., Christensen, H. A., Darsie, R. F., Jakob, W. L. & Daffner, J. F. (1987). Host-feeding patterns of Argentine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected during and after an epizootic of Western Equine Encephalitis. J. med. Entomol., 24, 260–7.
Mitchell, L. (1982). Time-segregated mosquito collections with a CDC miniature light trap. Mosquito News, 42, 12–18.
Mitchell, L. & Rockett, C. L. (1979). Vertical stratification preferences of adult female mosquitoes in a sylvan habitat (Diptera: Culicidae). Great Lakes Ent., 12, 219–23.
Mogi, M., Kawai, S., Oda, T., Nishigaki, J., Suenaga, O., Itô, S., Miyaga, I., Wada, Y. & Omori, N. (1970). Ecology of vector mosquitoes of Japanese encephalitis, especially of Culex tritaeniorhynchus. 3. Seasonal changes in the time of being attracted to dry ice in the females of Culex tritaeniorhynchus. Trop. Med., 12, 122–7.
Moore, A., Miller, J. R., Tabashnik, B. E. & Gage, S. H. (1986). Automated identification of flying insects by analysis of wingbeat frequencies. J. econ. Ent., 79, 1703–6.
Morista, M. (1959). Measuring of interspecific association and similarity between communities. Mem. Fac. Sci. Kyushu Univ., Ser. E. Biol., 3, 65–80.
Morris, C. D. & DeFoliart, G. R. (1969). A comparison of mosquito catches with miniature light traps and CO2-baited traps. Mosquito News, 29, 424–6.
Morris, C. D., Zimmerman, R. H. & Magnarelli, L. A. (1976). The bionomics of Culiseta melanura and Culex morsitans dyari in Central New York State (Diptera: Culicidae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am., 69, 101–5.
Morris, C. D., Zimmerman, R. H. & Edman, J. D. (1980). Epizootiology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in upstate New York, USA. II. Population dynamics and vector potential of Culiseta melanura (Diptera: Culicidae) in relation to distance from breeding site. J. med. Entomol., 17, 453–65.
Mulhem, T. D. (1934). A new development in mosquito traps. Proc. New Jers. Mosq. Exterm. Ass., 21, 137–140.
Mulhem, T. D. (1942). New Jersey Mechanical Trap for Mosquito Surveys. New Jers. Agric. Exp. Stn Circ., 421, 8 pp.
Mulhern, T. D. (1948). A measuring instrument for determining accurately the displacement of air and consequently the mechanical efficiency of the New Jersey mosquito trap. Proc. New Jers. Mosq. Exterm. Ass., 35, 90–4.
Mulhern, T. D. (1953a). Better results with mosquito light traps through standardizing mechanical performance. Mosquito News, 13, 130–3.
Mulhern, T. D. (1953b). The use of mechanical traps in measuring mosquito populations. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 21, 64–6.
Mulligan, F. S. & Schaefer, C. H. (1982). A physical barrier for controlling mosquitoes which breed in urban storm drains. Mosquito News, 42, 360–5.
Munsell (1966). Munsell Book of Color: Glossy Finish Collection. Munsell Color Co. Inc., Baltimore, Maryland.
Murphey, F. J. & Darsie, R. F. (1962). A mechanical aspirator for collecting adult mosquitoes. Proc. New Jers. Mosq. Exterm. Ass., 49, 115–17.
Nagel, R. H. & Granovsky, P. A. (1947). A turntable light trap for taking insects over regulated periods. J. econ. Ent., 40, 583–6.
Nasci, R. S. & Edman, J. D. (1981). Vertical and temporal flight activity of the mosquito Culiseta melanura (Diptera: Culicidae) in southwestern Massachusetts. J. med. Entomol., 18, 501–4.
Natuhara, Y., Takagi, M., Maruyama, K. & Sugiyama, A. (1991). Monitoring Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) abundance in cow sheds by in situ counting. J. med. Entomol., 28, 551–2.
Nayar, J. K. (1982). Wyeomyia mitchelli: Observations on dispersal, survival, nutrition, insemination and ovarian development in a Florida population. Mosquito News, 42, 416–27.
Nelson, R. L. (1966). Newer collecting methods for vectors of arboviruses. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 33, 65–6.
Nelson, R. L., Milby, M. M., Reeves, W. C. & Fine, P. E. (1978). Estimates of survival, population size, and emergence of Culex tarsalis at an isolated site. Ann. ent. Soc. Am., 71, 801–8.
Newhouse, V. F., Chamberlain, R. W. Johnston, J. G. & Sudia, W. D. (1966). Use of dry ice to increase mosquito catches of the CDC miniature light trap. Mosquito News, 26, 30–5.
Nielsen, E. T. & Nielsen, A. T. (1953). Field observations on the habits of Aedes taeniorhynchus. Ecology, 34, 141–56.
Nielsen, S. A., Siewertz-Poulsen, K. E. & Nielsen, B. O. (1980). A time-sorting insect light-trap. Ent. Meddr., 48, 29–32.
Novak, D. (1966). Note to the laboratory tests with the sounds of mosquitoes. Archs roum. Path. exp. Microbiol., 25, 849–52.
Odetoyinbo, J. A. (1969). Preliminary investigation on the use of a light-trap for sampling malaria vectors in The Gambia. Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 40, 547–60.
Olson, J. G., Reeves, W. C., Emmons, R. W. & Milby, M. M. (1979). Correlation of Culex tarsalis population indices with the incidence of St. Louis encephalitis and western equine encephalomyelitis in California. Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 28, 335–43.
Olson, J. G., Atmosoedjono, S., Lee, V. H. & Ksiazek, T. G. (1983). Correlation between population indices of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. gelidus (Diptera: Culicidae) and rainfall in Kapuk, Indonesia. J. med. Entomol., 20, 108–9.
Olson, J. K., Elbel, R. E. & Smart, K. I. (1968). Mosquito collections by CDC miniature light traps and livestock-baited stable traps at Callao, Utah. Mosquito News, 28, 512–16.
Omori, N., Wada, Y., Kawai, S., Itô, S., Oda, T., Suenaga, O., Nishigaki, J., Hayashi, K. & Mifune, K. (1965). Preliminary notes on the collection of hibernated females of Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Nagasaki Endem. Dis. Bull. Nagasaki Univ., 7, 147–53.
Onishi, A. (1959). Influence of moonlight on mosquito collection with the light trap. Shikoku Acta med., 15, 1993–8 (In Japanese, English summary).
Pajot, F.-X., Le Pont, F. & Molez, J.-F. (1977). Utilisation des pièges lumineux “C.D.C. miniature light trap” comme moyen d’énchantillonnage des populations anophèlienes dans une village du littoral de la Guyane françiase. Cah. ORSTOM,sér. Entomol. méd. Parasit., 15, 233–40.
Parker, M., Anderson, A. L. & Staff, M. (1986). An automatic carbon dioxide delivery system for mosquito light trap surveys. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 2, 236–8.
Parsons, R. E., Dondero, T. J. & Hooi, C. W. (1974). Comparison of CDC miniature light traps and human biting collections for mosquito catches during malaria vector surveys in peninsular Malaysia. Mosquito News, 34, 211–13.
Parsons, R. E., Champion, E. & Wilson, F. (1981). An inexpensive support rod for the CDC light trap collecting bag. Mosquito News, 41, 796–7.
Payne, T. L., Birch, M. C. & Kennedy, C. E. J. (1986). Mechanisms in Insect Olfaction. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 364 pp.
Peloquin, J. J. & Olson, J. K. (1986). Effects of sound on swarming male Psorophora columbiae. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 2, 507–10.
Pennnington, N. E. (1967). Comparison of DDVP and cyanide as killing agents in mosquito light traps. J. med. Entomol., 4, 518.
Peterson, D. S. & Brown, A. W. A. (1951). Studies on the responses of the female Aedes mosquito. Part III. The response of Aedes aegypti (L.) to a warm body and its radiation. Bull. ent. Res., 42, 535–41.
Pfuntner, A. R. (1979). A modified CO2-baited miniature surveillance trap. Bull. Soc. vect. Ecol., 4, 31–5.
Pfuntner, A. R., Reisen, W. K. & Dhillon, M. S. (1988). Vertical distribution and response of Culex mosquitoes to differing concentrations of carbon dioxide. Proc. Calif. Mosq. & Vect. Contr. Ass., 56, 69–74.
Philogene, B. J. (1982). Experiments with artificial light: necessity for properly identifying the source. Can. Ent., 114, 377–9.
Pickens, L. G. (1991). Colorimetric versus behavioral studies of face fly (Diptera: Muscidae) vision. Env. ent., 19, 1242–52.
Pickens, L. G., Carroll, J. F. & Azad, A. F. (1987). Electrophysiological studies of the spectral sensitivities of cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis, and oriental rat fleas, Xenopsylla cheopis to monochromatic light. Entomologia exp. appl.,45, 193–204.
Pincus, S. (1938). Mosquito control in greater New York. Proc. New Jers. Mosq. Exterm. Ass., 25, 115–21.
Pinkovsky, D. D. & Sutton, D. R. (1977). A comparison of carbon dioxide and light as attractants for CDC mosquito traps at Clarke Air Base, Philippine islands. Mosquito News., 37, 508–11.
Pippin, W. F. (1965). Notes on the operation of a light trap in central Luzon, Philippine islands. Mosquito News, 25, 183–7.
Pitkin, B. R. (1986). Spaeroceridae (Diptera) caught in light traps at Rothamsted experimental station, Herts., 1980–83. Ecol. Ent., 11, 309–17.
Platt, R. B., Love, G. J. & Williams, E. L. (1958). A positive correlation between relative humidity and the distribution and abundance of Aedes vexans. Ecology.,39, 167–9.
Porter, C. H. & Gojmerac, W. L. (1970). Temperature; its influence on light trap catches of Aedes vexans (Meigen). Mosquito News, 30, 54–6.
Pratt, H. D. (1944). Studies on the comparative attractiveness of 25-, 50- and 100-watt bulbs for Puerto Rican Anopheles. Mosquito News, 4, 17–18.
Pratt, H. D. (1948). Influence of the moon on light trap collections of Anopheles albi-manus in Puerto Rico. J. nain. Malar. Soc., 7, 212–20.
Preiss, F. J., Barefoot, H. L., Stryker, R. G. & Young, W. W. (1970). Effectiveness of DDVP as a killing agent in mosquito killing jars. Mosquito News, 30, 417–19.
Price, G. D., Smith, N. & Carlson, D. A. (1979). The attraction of female mosquitoes (Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say) to stored human emanations in conjuction with adjusted levels of relative humidity, temperature, and carbon dioxide. J. chem. Ecol., 5, 383–95.
Pritchard, A. E. & Pratt, H. D. (1944). I. A comparison of light trap and animal trap anopheline mosquito collections in Puerto Rico. II. A list of the mosquitoes of Puerto Rico. Publ. Hlth Rep. Wash., 59, 221–33.
Provost, M. W. (1957). The dispersal of Aedes taeniorhynchus. I. Preliminary studies. Mosquito News, 12, 174–90.
Provost, M. W. (1957). The dispersal of Aedes taeniorhynchus. II. The second experiment. Mosquito News, 17, 233–47.
Provost, M. W. (1958). ‘Mating and Swarming in Psorophora Mosquitoes.’ Proc. Int. Congr. Ent. Xth (1956), vol 2, 553–61.
Provost, M. W. (1959). The influence of moonlight on light-trap catches of mosquitoes. Ann. ent. Soc. Am., 52, 261–71.
Raymond, H. L. (1977). Action d’anhydride carbonique et de facteurs visuels sur les performance de pièges “Manitobia” modifiés en milleu montagnard, Entomologia exp. appl., 21, 121–9.
Ree, H. I., Chen, Y. K. & Chow, C. Y. (1969). Methods of sampling populations of the Japanese encephalitis vector mosquitoes—a preliminary report. Med. J. Malaya, 23, 293–5.
Ree, H. I., Self, L. S., Hong, H. K. & Lee, K. W. (1973). Mosquito light trap surveys in Korea 1969–1971. Southeast Asian J. trop. Med. publ. Hlth, 4, 382–6.
Reeves, W. C. (1951). Field studies on carbon dioxide as a possible host stimulant to mosquitoes. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med., 77, 64–6.
Reeves, W. C. (1953). Quantitative field studies on a carbon dioxide chemotropism of mosquitoes. Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 2, 325–31.
Reeves, W. C. (1968). A review of the development associated with the control of western equine and St. Louis encephalitis in California during 1967. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 36, 65–70.
Reeves, W. C. (1987). The discovery decade of arbovirus research in western north America, 1940–1949. Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 37 (Suppl.), 94S–100S.
Reeves, W. C. & Hammon, W. M. (1942). Mosquitoes and encephalitis in Yakima Valley, Washington. IV. A trap for collecting live mosquitoes. J. infect. Dis., 70, 275–7.
Reisen, W. K. & Pfuntner, A. R. (1987). Effectiveness of five methods for sampling adult Culex mosquitoes in rural and urban habitats in San Bernardino county, California. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 3, 601–6.
Reisen, W. K., Milby, M. M., Reeves, W. C., Meyer, R. P. & Bock, M. E. (1983a). Population ecology of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in a foothill environment in Kern county, California: Temporal changes in female relative abundance reproductive status, and survivorship. Ann. ent. Soc. Am., 76, 800–8.
Reisen, W. K., Milby, M. M., Meyer, R. P. & Reeves, W. C. (1983b). Population ecology of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in a foothill environment in Kern county, California: Temporal changes in male relative abundance and swarming behavior. Ann. ent. Soc. Am., 76, 809–15.
Reisen, W. K., Meyer, R. P., Martinez, V. M., Gonzalez, O., Spoehel, J. J. & Hazelrigg, J. E. (1988). Mosquito abundance in suburban communities in Orange and Los Angeles counties, California, 1987. Proc. Calif. Mosq. & Vect. Contr. Ass., 56, 75–85.
Reisen, W. K., Hardy, J. L., Reeves, W. C., Presser, S. B., Milby, M. M. & Meyer, R. P. (1990a). Persistence of mosquito-borne viruses in Kern county, California, 1983–1988. Am. J trop. Med. Hyg., 43, 419–37.
Reisen, W. K., Meyer, R. P., Tempelis, C. H. & Spoehel, J. J. (1990b). Mosquito abundance and bionomics in residential communities in Orange and Los Angeles counties, California. J. med. Entomol., 27, 356–67.
Reiter, P. (1983). A portable, battery-powered trap for collecting gravid Culex mosquitoes. Mosquito News, 43, 496–8.
Ribbands, C. R. (1945). Moonlight and house-haunting habits of female Anopheles in West Africa. Bull. ent. Res., 36, 395–415.
Roberts, F. C. & Conner, G. E. (1979). Use of a mathematical model to predict levels of adult Culex pipiens in Almeda county. Proc. Calif. Mosq. & Vect. Contr. Ass., 47, 114–15.
Roberts, R. H. (1965). A steer-baited trap for sampling insects affecting cattle. Mosquito News, 25, 281–5.
Roberts, R. H. (1972). Relative attractiveness of CO2 and a steer to Tabanidae, Culicidae and Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). Mosquito News, 32, 208–11.
Robinson, H. S. & Robinson, P. J. M. (1950). Some notes on the observed behaviour of Lepidoptera in flight in the vicinity of light-sources together with a description of a light-trap designed to take entomological samples. Entomologist’s Gaz., 1, 3–20.
Roeder, K. D. (1953). Insect Physiology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, xiv + 1100 pp.
Rohe, D. L. & Fall, R. P. (1979). A miniature battery powered CO2 baited light trap for mosquito borne encephalitis surveillance. Bull. Soc. vect. Ecol., 4, 24–7.
Ross, D. & Service, M. W. (1979). A modified Monks Wood light trap incorporating a flashing light. Mosquito News, 39, 610–16.
Roth, L. M. (1948). A study of mosquito behavior. An experimental laboratory study of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus). Am. Midi. Nat., 40, 265–352.
Rudolfs, W. (1922). Chemotropism of mosquitoes. Bull. New Jers. agric. Exp. Stn., No. 367, 4, 23 pp.
Rupp, H. R. & Jobbins, D. M. (1969). Equipment for mosquito surveys: two recent developments. Proc. New Jers. Mosq. Exterm. Ass., 56, 183–8.
Russell, R. C. (1985). The efficiency of various collection techniques for sampling Culex annulirostris in southern Australia. J. Am. Mosq. Contr., Ass., 1, 502–5.
Russell, R. C. (1986a). Seasonal abundance of mosquitoes in a native forest of the Murray valley of Victoria, 1979–1985. J. Aust. ent. Soc., 25, 235–40.
Russell, R. C. (1986b). Larval competition between the introduced vector of dengue fever in Australia, Aedes aegypti (L.), and a native container-breeding mosquito, Aedes notoscriptus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae). Aust. J. Zool., 34, 527–34.
Russell, R. C. (1986c). The mosquito fauna of Conjola state forest on the south coast of New South Wales. Part 1. Species composition and monthly prevalence. Gen. appl. Ent., 18, 53–64.
Russell, R. C. & Whelan, P. I. (1986). Seasonal prevalence of adult mosquitoes at Casuarina and Leanyer, Darwin. Aust. J. Ecol., 11, 9–105.
Sandoski, C. A., Meisch, M. V., Case, D. A. & Olson, J. K. (1983). Effects of collection and handling techniques on riceland mosquitoes used in laboratory and field insecticide susceptibility tests. Mosquito News, 43, 445–8.
Schlein, Y. & Gratz, N. G. (1972). Age determination of some flies and mosquitoes by daily growth layers of skeletal apodemes. Bull. Wld Hlth Org., 47, 71–6.
Schreck, C. E., Gouck, H. K. & Posey, K. H. (1970). An experimental plexiglass mosquito trap utilizing carbon dioxide. Mosquito News, 30, 641–5.
Schreck, C. E., Gouck, H. K. & Posey, K. H. (1972). The range of effectiveness and trapping efficiency of a plexiglass mosquito trap baited with carbon dioxide. Mosquito News, 32, 496–501.
Self, L. S., Shin, H. K., Kim, K. H., Lee, K. W., Chow, C. Y. & Hong, H. K. (1973). Ecological studies on Culex tritaeniorhynchus as a vector of Japanese encephalitis.Bull. Wld Hlth Org., 49, 41–7.
Self, L. S., Usman, S., Nelson, M. J., Saroso, J. S., Pant, C. P. & Fanara, D. M. (1976). Ecological studies on vectors of malaria, Japanese encephalitis and filariasis in rural areas of West Java. Bull. Penel. Keseh. Hlth Std. Indonesia, 4, 41–55.
Service, M. W. (1969). The use of traps in sampling mosquito populations. Entomologia exp. appl., 12, 403–12.
Service, M. W. (1970). A battery-operated light-trap for sampling mosquito populations, Bull. Wld Hlth Org., 43, 635–41.
Service, M. W. (1971). Flight periodicities and vertical distribution of Aedes cantans (Mg.), Ae. geniculatus (01.), Anopheles plumbeus Steph. and Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern England. Bull. ent. Res., 61, 639–51.
Service, M. W. (1976a). Mosquito Ecology. Field Sampling Methods. Applied Science Publishers, xii + 583 pp.
Service, M. W. (1976b). Contribution to the knowledge of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culi-cidae) of Gabon. Cah. ORSTOM, sér. Entomol. méd. Parasit., 14, 259–63.
Service, M. W. (1979). Light trap collections of ovipositing Simulium squamosum in Ghana. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., 73, 487–90.
Service, M. W. & Boorman, J. P. T. (1965). An appraisal of adult mosquito trapping tech-niques used in Nigeria, West Africa. Cah. ORSTOM, sér. Entomol. méd., 3 & 4, 27–33.
Service, M. W. & Highton, R. B. (1980). A chemical light trap for mosquitoes and other biting insects. J. med. Entomol., 17, 183–5.
Sexton, J. D., Hobbs, J. H., St. Jean, Y. & Jacques, J. R. (1986). Comparison of an experimental updraft ultraviolet light trap with the CDC miniature light trap and biting collections in sampling for Anopheles albimanus in Haiti. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 2, 168–73.
Shannon, C. E. & Weaver, W. (1963). The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Univ. Illinois Press, Urbana, 117 pp.
Shidrawi, G. R., Clarke, J. L. & Boulzaguet, J. R. (1973). ‘Assessment of the CDC miniature light trap for sampling malaria vectors in Garki district, northern Nigeria. World Health Organization. Technical Note, No. 11, MPD/TN/73.1, 44–9 (mimeographed).
Shipp, J. L. (1985). Evaluation of a portable CO2 generator for sampling black flies. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 1, 515–17.
Sholdt, L. L., Neri, P. & Seibert, D. J. (1974). Flashlight body and timer unit for powering CDC light traps. Mosquito News, 34, 237–8.
Siddorn, J. W. & Brown, E. S. (1971). A Robinson light trap modified for segregating samples at predetermined time intervals, with notes on the effect of moonlight on the periodicity of catching insects. J. app!. Ecol., 8, 69–75.
Silvain, J.-F. & Pajot, F.-X. (1981). Écologie d’Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) aquasalis Curry, 1932 en Guyane Française. 1. Dynamique des populations imaginales. Caractérisation des gîtes larvaires. Cah. ORSTOM, sér. Entomol. méd. Parasit., 19, 11–21.
Simpson, E. H. (1949). Measurement of diversity. Nature, Lond., 163, 688.
Sippell, W. L. & Brown, A. W. A. (1953). Studies on the responses of the female Aedes mosquito. Part V. The role of visual factors. Bull. ent. Res., 43, 567–74.
Siverly, R. E. & DeFoliart, G. R. (1968). Mosquito studies in Northern Wisconsin II. Light trapping studies. Mosquito News, 28, 162–7.
Slaff, M., Crans, W. J. & McCuiston, L. J. (1983). A comparison of three mosquito sampling techniques in northwestern New Jersey. Mosquito News, 43, 287–90.
Snow, W. F. (1970). The effect of a reduction in expired carbon dioxide on the attractive-ness of human subjects to mosquitoes. Bull. ent. Res., 60, 43–8.
Somboon, P., Choochote, W., Khamboonruang, C., Keha, P., Suwanphanit, P., Sukon-tasan, K. & Chaivong, P. (1989). Studies on the Japanese encephalitis vectors in Amphoe Muang, Chiang Mai, northern Thailand. Southeast Asian J. trop. Med. pub!, Hlth, 20, 9–17.
Srihongse, S., Grayson, M. A. & Bosler, E. M. (1979). California encephalitis complex virus isolations from mosquitoes collected in northeastern New York, 1976–1977. Mosquito News, 39, 73–6.
Srihongse, S., Woodhall, J. P., Grayson, M. A. & Weibel, R. (1980). Arboviruses in New York state: surveillance in arthropods and nonhuman vertebrates, 1972–1977. Mosquito News, 40, 269–76.
Standfast, H. A. (1965). A miniature light trap which automatically segregates the catch into hourly samples. Mosquito News, 25, 48–53.
Strickland, R. E. (1967). Ins suction trap for collecting segregated samples in a liquid. J. agric. Engng. Res., 12, 319–21.
Stryker, R. G. & Young, W. W. (1970). Effectiveness of carbon dioxide and L (+) lactic acid in mosquito light traps with and without light. Mosquito News, 30, 388–93.
Sudia, W. D. & Chamberlain, R. W. (1962). Battery-operated light trap, an improved model. Mosquito News, 22, 126–9.
Suleman, M., Reisen, W. K. & Aslamkhan, M. (1977). Observations on the time of attraction of some Pakistan mosquitoes to light traps. Mosquito News, 37, 531–3.
Sun, W. K. C. (1962). A study of the seasonal succession of some medically important insects in the Taipei area. Biol. Bull. Tunghai Univ., Taichung, Taiwan, 10, 1–19.
Sun, W. K. C. (1964). The seasonal succession of mosquitoes in Taiwan. J. med. Ento-mol., 1, 277–84.
Sutcliffe, J. F. (1986). Black fly host location: a review. Can. J. Zool., 64, 1041–53.
Sutcliffe, J. F. (1987). Distance orientation of biting flies to their hosts. Insect Sci. Applic., 8, 611–16.
Syms, P. R. & Goodman, L. J. (1987). The effect of flickering U-V light output on the attractiveness of an insect electrocutor trap to the house-fly. Musca domestica. Entomologia exp. appl., 43, 81–5.
Takeda, U., Kurihara, R., Suzuki, T., Sasa, M., Miura, A., Matsumoto, K. & Tanaka, H. (1962). Studies on a collection method of mosquitoes by dry ice and a mosquito net. Jap. J. sanft. Zool., 13, 31–5 (In Japanese, English summary).
Takken, W. & Kline, D. L. (1989). Carbon dioxide and 1-octen-3-ol as mosquito attractants. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 5, 311–16.
Tarry, D. W., Kirkwood, A. C. & Herbert, V. C. N. (1971). The response to ‘black-light’ radiation of some common flies of economic importance. Entomologia exp. appl., 14, 23–9.
Taylor, J., Padgham, D. E. & Perfect, T. J. (1982). A light-trap with upwardly directed illumination and temporal segregation of the catch. Bull. ent. Res., 72, 669–73.
Taylor, L. R. (1951). An improved suction trap for insects. Ann. appl. Biol., 38, 582–91.
Taylor, L. R. & Brown, E. S. (1972). Effects of light-trap design and illumination on samples of moths in the Kenya highlands. Bull. ent. Res., 62, 91–112.
Taylor, R. N., Hill, M. N., Stewart, D. C., Slatter, R. & Gichanga, M. (1981). A field evaluation of permethrin (OMS 1821) and NRDC 161 (OMS 1998) for residual control of mosquitoes. Mosquito News, 41, 423–34.
Taylor, R. T., Solis, M., Weathers, D. B. & Taylor, J. W. (1975). A prospective study of the effects of ultralow (ULV) aerial applications of malathion on epidemic Plasmodium falciparum malaria. II. Entomologic and operational aspects. Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 24, 188–93.
Thurman, D. C. & Thurman, E. B. (1955). Report of the initial operation of a light trap in northern Thailand. Mosquito News, 15, 218–24.
Townes, H. (1962). Design for a Malaise trap. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash., 64, 253–62.
Trpis, M. (1965). Some new observations on the construction of light traps for catching insects. Biologia, Bratisl., 20, 901–7 (In Slovak, German & Russian summaries).
Trueman, D. W. & McIver, S. B. (1981). Detecting time-scale temporal distributions of biting flies: A new trap design. Mosquito News, 41, 439–43.
Trueman, D. W. & McIver, S. B. (1984). Temporal patterns of host-seeking activity of mosquitoes in Algonquin park, Ontario. Can. J. Zool., 64, 731–7.
Tukey, J. W. (1977). Exploratory Data Analysis. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, xvi + 688 pp.
Turner, E. C. & Earp, U. F. (1968). A timing device for direct current New Jersey light traps. Mosquito News, 28, 75–6.
Upton, M. S. (1973a). Collecting lamps—a warning. Aust. ent. Soc. News Bull., 9, 17.
Upton, M. S. (1973b). Collecting lamps—a further note. Aust. ent. Soc. News Bull., 10, 57–8.
Vavra, R. W., Carestia, R. R., Frommer, R. L. & Gerberg, E. J. (1974a). Field evaluation of alternative light sources as mosquito attractants in the Panama Canal zone. Mosquito News, 34, 382–4.
Vavra, R. W., Frommer, R. L., Carestia, R. R., Harding, F. L. & Linehan, D. D. (1974b). Field evaluation of chemical, radioactive and blinking light sources as mosquito attractants. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 42, 93–5.
Vervent, G. & Coz, J. (1969). ‘Contribution à L’étude des Pièges Lumineux Comme Moyen de Capture des Anopheles.’ OCCGE Centre Muraz, Lab. ent., No. 482/69; 9 pp. (mimeographed).
Vickery, C. A., Meadows, K. E. & Baughman, I. E. (1966). Synergism of carbon dioxide and chick as bait for Culex nigripalpus. Mosquito News, 26, 507–8.
von Frisch, K. (1950). Perception of polarized light by insects. Experimentia, 6, 210–21.
Wada, Y., Oda, T., Mogi, M., Mori, A., Omori, N., Fukumi, H., Hayashi, K., Mifune, K., Shichijo, A. & Matsuo, S. (1975). Ecology of Japanese encephalitis virus in Japan. II. The population of vector mosquitoes and the epidemic of Japanese encephalitis. Trop. Med., 17, 111–27.
Wagner, R. E., Barnes, M. M. & Ford, G. M. (1969) A battery-operated timer and power supply for insect light traps. J. econ. Ent., 62, 575–8.
Walker, A. R. & Boreham, P. F. L. (1976). Saline as a collecting medium for Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) in blood feeding and other studies. Mosquito News, 36, 18–20.
Wallace, H. G., Rudnick, A. & Rajagopal, V. (1977). Activity of Tembusu and Umbre viruses in a Malaysian community: Mosquito studies. Mosquito News, 37, 35–42.
Walters, L. L. & Smith, T. A. (1980). Bio-ecological studies of Culex mosquitoes in a focus of western equine and St. Louis encephalitis virus transmission (New River Basin, Imperial Valley, California), I. Larval ecology and trends of adult dispersal. Mosquito News, 40, 227–35.
Waterman, T. H. (1951). Polarized light and orientation by insects. Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 14, 11–14.
Webb, J. P., Work, T. H., McAndrews, T. P. & Jacobson, D. (1977). A preliminary comparative study of Culex tarsalis and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus from the New River, Imperial Valley, California. Proc. Calif. Mosq. & Vect. Contr. Ass., 45, 16–17.
Wellington, W. G. (1974). Change in mosquito flight associated with natural changes in polarized light. Can. Ent., 106, 941–8.
West, H. W. & Cashman, D. L. (1985). New Jersey light trap modification to extend bulb life. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 1, 378–9.
Wharton, R. H., Eyles, D. E. & Warren, McW. (1963). The development of methods for trapping the vectors of monkey malaria. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., 57, 32–46.
White, E. G. (1964). A design for the effective killing of insects caught in light traps. N.Z. Ent., 3, 25–7.
Whitsel, R. H. & Schoeppner, R. F. (1965). The attractiveness of carbon dioxide to female Leptoconops torrens Tns. and L. kerteszi Kieff. Mosquito News, 25, 403–10.
Wieser-Schimpf, L., Foil, L. D. & Holbrook, F. R. (1991). Effect of carbon dioxide on the collection of adult Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) by a new modification of black light New Jersey light traps. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 7, 462–6.
Williams, C. B. (1935). The times of activity of certain nocturnal insects, chiefly Lepi-doptera, as indicated by a light trap. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A), 83, 523–55.
Willis, E. R. (1947). The olfactory responses of female mosquitoes. J. econ. Ent., 40, 769–78.
Wilson, B. H., Tugwell, N. P. & Burns, E. C. (1966). Attraction of tabanids to traps baited with dry ice under field conditions in Louisiana. J. med. Entomol., 3, 148–9.
Wilton, D. P. (1975a). Mosquito collections in El Salvador with ultra-violet and CDC miniature light traps with and without dry ice. Mosquito News, 35, 522–5.
Wilton, D. P. (1975b). Field evaluation of three types of light traps for collection of Anopheles albimanus Wiedeman (Diptera: Culicidae). J. med. Entomol., 12, 382–6.
Wilton, D. P., Fay, R. W. (1972a). Air flow direction and velocity in light trap design. Entomologia exp. appl., 15, 377–86.
Wilton, D. P. & Fay, R. W. (1972b). Responses of adult Anopheles stephensi to light of various wavelengths. J. med. Entomol., 9, 301–4.
Wilton, D. P. & Kloter, K. O. (1985). Preliminary evaluation of a black cylinder suction trap for Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). J. med. Entomol., 22, 113–14.
Wishart, G. & Riordan, D. F. (1959). Flight responses to various sounds by adult males of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). Can. Ent., 91, 181–91.
Wolda, H. (1981) Similarity indices, sample size and diversity. Oecologia (Berl.), 50, 296–302.
Wong, Y. W., Rowley, W. A., Dorsey, D. C. & Hausler, W. J. (1978). Surveillance of arbovirus activity in Iowa during 1972–1975. Mosquito News, 38, 245–51.
Worth, C. B. (1975). Sugaring for mosquitoes. Mosquito News, 35, 83–4.
Worth, C. B. & Jonkers, A. H. (1962). Two traps for mosquitoes attracted to small vertebrates. Mosquito News, 22, 15–21.
Young, S., David, C. T. & Gibson, G. (1987). Light measurement for entomology in the field and laboratory. Physiol. Ent., 12, 373–9.
Zaim, M., Ershadi, M. R. Y., Manouchehri, A. V. & Hamdi, M. R. (1986). The use of CDC light traps and other procedures for sampling malaria vectors in southern Iran. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 2, 511–15.
Zimmerman, J. H., Abbassy, M. M., Hanafi, H. A., Beier, J. C. & Dees, W. H. (1988). Host-feeding patterns of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in a rural village near Cairo, Egypt. J. med. Entomol., 25, 410–12.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Service, M.W. (1993). Sampling Adults with Carbon Dioxide Traps, Light-Traps, Visual Attraction Traps and Sound Traps. In: Mosquito Ecology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1868-2_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1868-2_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-85166-798-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-1868-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive