Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants pp 403–422Cite as

Salt-tolerant plants for the arid regions of the Mediterranean isoclimatic zone

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Tasks for vegetation science ((TAVS,volume 27))

Abstract

This paper is concerned with salt-tolerant species, both native and exotic, of actual or potential use in conditions of salinity above those normally utilized in conventional fanning, either rainfed or irrigated. These are not necessarily halophytes as defined generally, which means plant species that grow naturally in saline environments. Various definitions of halophytes are discussed. The economic utilization of high salinity-tolerant plant species takes several aspects: fodder, fuel, landscaping, sea-side dune stabilization, biological recovery of waste lands degraded by salinity or alkalinity, land reclamation, range rehabilitation, utilization of brackish waters. A list of species for these various uses is given, together with their ecological requirements in terms of climate (frost tolerance, drought tolerance: Xerohalophytes, Mesohalophytes, Hygrohalophytes); in terms of soil requirements (Psammophytes, Pelophytes, Petrophytes, Chasmophytes); and in terms of salt-tolerance (Hypohalophytes, Euhalophytes, Hyperhalophytes).

The propagation and maintenance requirements of the main species are analyzed, as well as indications of yields and productivity for the economic commodities and outputs. Integration into various production systems, including agroforestry, has been attempted for some species; some of these attempts are reported.

Particular emphasis is placed on fodder potential, including utilization by livestock and game and on agroforestry, amenities and sand dune stabilization. This review analyzes both positive and negative aspects e.g. ecological and managerial constraints and limits to the use of highly salt-tolerant plant species for economic purposes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adriani, E.D. 1945. Sur la phytosociologie, la synécologie et le bilan d’eau des halophytes de la région néerlandaise méridionale ainsi que de la Méditerranée française. 217pp., Publ. No. 88, SIGMA, Montpellier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aronson, J.A. 1985. Economic halophytes: a global review. In: G. Wickens, J.R. Goodin & D.V. Fields (eds), Plants for Arid Lands, pp. 177–188. George Allen & Unwin, London.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Aronson, J.A. 1989. HALOPH, a database of salt tolerant plants of the world. 75 pp., Office of Arid Land Studies, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Az.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aronson, J.A., Pasternak, D. & Danon, A. 1988. Introduction and first evaluation of 120 halophytes under seawater irrigation. In: E.E. Whitehead, F.C. Hutchinson, B.N. Timmerman & R.G. Varady (eds), Arid Lands Today and Tomorrow, pp. 737–746. Westview Press, Boulder, Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baum, B. 1978. The Genus Tamarix, 209pp. Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities Publ., Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, R.W. 1980. The use of fodder shrubs in the Norte Chico region of Chile. In: H.N. Le Houérou (ed), Browse in Africa, pp. 299–302. Int. Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis-Ababa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, R.W., Barkai, D., Lavie, Y. & Yaron, Y. 1986. The apparent digestibility of Atriplex nummularia and the nitrogen balance of sheep consuming it. In: A. Dovrat (Comp.) Fodder Production and its Utilization by Small Ruminants in Arid Regions, pp. 59–82. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhimayia, C.P. 1974. Sand dune fixation. Report to the Government of Iran. 42pp., Report TA No. 3252, FAO, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyko, H.V. (ed). 1966. Salinity and Aridity: New Approaches to Old Problems, 408pp. Junk Publ., The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyko, H.V. 1967. Irrigation with brackish and seawater. Ariel 18: 45–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breckle, S.W. 1982. The significance of salinity. In: B. Spooner & H.S. Mann (eds), Desertification and Development, Dryland Ecology in Social Perspective, pp. 277–292. Academic Press, Publ., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breckle, S.W. 1983. Temperate deserts and semi-deserts of Afghanistan and Iran. In: D.W. Goodall & N. West (eds), Temperate Deserts and Semi-Deserts, pp. 271–319. Ecosystems of the World, Vol. 5, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breckle, S.W. 1986. Studies on halophytes from Iran and Afghanistan. II. Ecology of halophytes along salt gradients. Proceed. Roy. Soc. Edinb., 89B: 203–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, M.M. 1974. Physiology of desert halophytes. In: R.J. Reimold & W.H. Queen (eds), Ecology of Halophytes, pp.355–378. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, V.J. 1960. Salt Marshes and Salt Deserts of the World, 392pp. Interscience Publ., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, V.J. 1974. (2nd ed.) Salt Marshes and Salt Deserts of the World, 493 pp. J. Cramer Verlag, Leutershausen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corre, J.J. 1982. Flore et végétation des milieux littoraux terrestres du Languedoc. Naturalia Monspeliensia 21: 23–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Correal, E. 1989. Arbustos forrajeros para zonas aridas y terrenos agricolas marginales con orientacion ganadera y problemas de erosion. Jornadas sobre el futoro del secano aragonès, pp. 123–139. Ed. Diputacion Gener, de Aragon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Correal, E., Otal, J. & Sotomayor, J.A. 1990. Effect of grazing frequency and cutting height on the production of browsing biomass of Old Man Saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) in S.E. Spain, 4pp. Proc. FAO European Sub-Network on Mediterranean Pastures and Fodder Crops. 17-19 October, 1990, Bari, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Correal, E., Belmonte, C. & Otal, J. 1990. Utilization of Old Man Salt-bush (Atriplex nummularia): palatibility, browse efficiency, voluntary intake and chemical commposition, 5 pp. Proc. Meeting of the FAO European Sub-Network on Mediterranean Pastures and Fodder Crops. 17-19 Oct. 1990, Bari, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Kock, G.C. 1980. Drought resistant shrub crops in South Africa. In: H.N. Le Houérou (ed), Browse in Africa, pp. 399–408. Int. Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Montgolfier-Kouevi, C. & Le Houérou, H.N. 1980. Study on the economic viability of browse plantations in Africa. In: H.N. Le Houérou (ed), Browse in Africa, pp. 449–464. Int. Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Montgolfier-Kouevi, C. & Le Houérou, H.N. 1981. Economic aspects of browse development. ILCA Bull. 12: 3–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delhaye, R., Le Houérou, H.N. & Sarson, M. 1974. Amélioration des pâturages et de l’élevage dans la région du Hodna (Algérie), 115 pp. AGS/DD/ALG66/09, FAO, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dommergues, Y., Combremont, R., Beck, G. & Ollat, C. 1969. Note préliminaire concernant la sulfato-réduction rhizosphérique dans un sol salin tunisien. Rev. d’Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol, VI, 2: 115–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dommergues, Y., Combremont, R., Beck, G. & Ollat, G. 1969. Rev. d’Ecol. et de Biol. du Sol 6: 115–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dommergues, Y., Jacq, V. & Beck, G. 1969. Influence de l’engorgement sur la sulfato-réduction rhizosphérique dans un sol salin. C.R. Hebd. Acad. des Sces de Paris 268 Sér. D: 605–608.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dommergues, Y. & Mangenot, F. 1970. Ecologie microbienne du sol, 796pp. Masson édit., Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douchez, Ph. 1956. Note sur les essais culturaux entrepris sur les parcelles pilotes du paysanat à Zarzis de 1952 à 1955, 13pp. multigr. Arch. Minist. Agric., Tunis. Unpublished. Cited in Le Houérou 1962 and 1969b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dudal, R. & Purneil, M.F. 1986. Land resources: salt affected soils. Reclamation & Revegetation Research 5: 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, W.H. 1974. Vascular halophytes of the Atlantic coast of North America, North of Mexico. In: R.J. Reimold & W.H. Queen (eds), Ecology of Halophytes, pp. 23–50. Acad. Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellenberg, H. 1953. Physiologisches und ökologisches Verhalten derselben Pflanzenarten. Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges. 65: 351–862.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellenberg, H. 1963. Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen, 943pp. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart (2nd ed., 1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Felker, P., Clark, P.R., Laag, A.E. & Pratt, P.E. 1982. Salinity tolerance of tree legumes: mesquites grown in sand culture in nitrogen-free media. Plant and Soil 61: 311–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emberger, L., Gaussen, H., Kassas, M., De Phillipis, A. & Bagnouls, F. 1963. Carte Bioclimatique de laZone Méditerranéenne. 2 feuilles 1/5.000.000, notice 60pp. UNESCO, Paris, FAO, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Floret, C. 1967. Conception et réalisation cartographique à moyenne échelle du thème phytoécologique en Tunisie septentrionale. Bull. Comité Franç. de Cartogr. 32: 202–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Floret, C. 1968. La carte phytoécologique à l’échelle du l/200.000ème de la Tunisie septentrionale. Son utilisation pour le développement du territoire. Ann. Inst. Nat. Rech. Agron. de Tunisie 41(1): 41–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Floret, C. & Pontanier, R. 1982. L’aridité en Tunisie présaharienne, 544pp. Trav. et Doc. No. 150, ORSTOM, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flowers, T.J. 1985. Physiology of halophytes. Plant & Soil 89: 41–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flowers, T.J., Hajhibagheri, M.A. & Clipson, N.J.W. 1986. Halophytes. Quaterly Review of Biology 61(3): 313–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forti, M. 1986. Salt tolerant and halophytic plants in Israel. Reclamation & Revegetation Research 5: 83–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forti, M., Lavie, Y., Benjamin R.W. & Hefetz, Y. 1987. Standing biomass of three fodder shrubs planted at various densities, 18 months after planting. Proc. 5th Meeting of the FAO Sub-Network on Mediterranean Pastures and Fodder Crops. Montpellier 13-17 Octobre 1987, pp. 87–90. Serv. Centr. de Investig. Agrar. de Extremadura, Badajoz.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franclet, A. & Le Houérou, H.N. 1971. Les Atriplex en Tunisie et en Afrique du Nord, 249pp. Rapp. Tech. No. 7, FO/SF/TUN 11, FAO, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glenn, E.P. & O’Leary, J.W. 1985. Productivity and irrigation requirements of halophytes grown with seawater in the Sonoran Desert. J. Arid Environ 9(1): 81–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodin, J.R. & Northington, D.K. (eds). 1979. Arid Land Plant Resources, 724pp. ICASALS, Texas Tech, Univ., Lubbock, Tex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodin, J.R., Epstein, E., McKell, C.M. & O’Leary, J.W. (eds). 1990. Saline Agriculture. Salt Tolerant Plants for Developing Countries, 143 pp. Board on Science and Technology, Nation. Acad. Press, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gounot, M. 1959. Contribution à l’étude des groupements végétaux messicoles de la Tunisie. Ann. Serv. Bot. & Agron. de Tunisie 31: 1–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, C.J. & Shannon, M.C. 1986. Relating plant performance to soil salinity. Reclamation & Revegetation Research 5: 211–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iversen, J. 1936. Biologische Pflanzentypen als Hilfsmittel in der Vegetationforschung. Copenhagen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovda, V.A. 1977. Arid land irrigation and soil fertility: problems of salinity, alkalinity and compaction. In: Arid Land Irrigation in Developing Countries, pp.211–235. Pergamon Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovda, V.A. 1980. Land Aridization and Drought Control. Westview Press, Boulder, Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lailhacar, S., Luzio, W. & Gutierrez, R. 1989. Variables edaficas a considerarse en la election de terrenos para plantaciones con el arbusto forrajero Atriplex nummularia Lindl. I Estacion experimental Agronomica de Las Cardas. Avances en Produccion Animal 14(1-2): 27–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lailhacar, S. & Padilla, F. 1987. Selection de provenances de Atriplex repanda Phil.; Une resource fourragére pour la prairie de la zone de climat méditerranéen aride du Chili. Cptes Rend. 5ème Réunion du Sous-réseau FAO sur les paturages méditerranéens et les cultures fourragères, Montpellier 13-17 Octobre 1987, pp.68–72. Servic. de Investigacion Agraria de Extremadura, Badajoz.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N. 1955. Contribution à l’étude de la végétation de la région de Cabès. Ann. Serv. Bot. Agron. de Tunisie 28: 141–180. 1 carte coul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N. 1959. Recherches écologiques et floristiques sur la végétation de la Tunisie Méridionale. 2 Vol., 510pp. Mém. H.S., Inst. Rech. Sahar. Univ. d’Alger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N. 1960. Contribution à l’étude des sols du Sud Tunisien. Ann. Agron. 11(3): 241–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N. 1962. Les pâturages naturels de la Tunisie aride et désertique, 110pp. Inst. Sces Econom. Appl., Paris-Tunis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N. 1965. Les cultures fourragères en Tunisie, 85 pp. Doc. Techn. No. 13. Instit. Nat. de la Rech. Agron. de Tunisie.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N. 1969a. Le végétation de la Tunisie steppique, avec référence aux végétations analogues de l’Algérie, de la Libye et du Maroc. Ann. Inst. Nat. de la Rech. Agron. de Tunisie 42(5): 1–624.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N. 1969b. 3rd Ed., 1974. Principles, methods and techniques for range management and fodder production. The Mediterranean Basin & Tunisia. 214pp. Rge Mgt and Fodder Crops Study No. 2. FAO. Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N. 1979. Resources and potential of the native flora for fodder and sown pastures production in the arid and semi-arid zones of North Africa. In: J.R. Goodin & D.K. Northington (eds), Arid Land Plant Resources, pp. 384–401. ICASALS, Texas Tech. Univ., Lubbock, Tex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N. 1980. Browse in Northern Africa. In: H.N. Le Houérou (ed), Browse in Africa, the Current Stage of Knowledge, pp. 55–82. Int. Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N. 1984. Rain-use efficiency, a unifying concept in arid land ecology. J. Arid Envir. 7: 1–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N. 1985. Forage and fuel plants in the arid zone of North Africa, the Near and Middle East. In: G.E. Wickens, J.R. Goodin & D.V. Field (eds), Plants for Arid Lands, Ch. 10, pp. 117–142. George Allen & Unwin, London.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N. 1986. Salt tolerant plants of economic value in the Mediterranean basin. Reclamation & Revegetation Research 5: 319–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N. 1987a. Aperçu écologique des déserts chinois. C.R. Soc. Biogéogr. 63(2): 35–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N. 1987b. Consommation volontaire de ligneux four-ragers et performances animales chez le mouton barbarin. Sous-Réseau Méditerranéen sur les paturages et les cultures fourragères, Bulletin No. 5, pp. 91–95. Cpte Rend; Réunion 13-17 Octobre 1987, Montpellier. Servic. de Investig. Agrar. de Extramadura, Badajoz.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N. 1987c. Les resources fourragères de la flore nordafricaine. Sous-Réseau Méditerranéen sur les paturages et les cultures fourragères, Bulletin No. 5, pp.127–132. Cpte Rendu de la Réunion de 13-17 Octobre 1987, Montpellier. Servie. de Invest. Agrar. de Extramadura Badajoz.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N. 1989a. An assessment of the economic feasibility of fodder shrubs plantation (with particular reference to Africa). In: C.M. McKell (ed), The Biology and Utilization of Shrubs, Ch. 30, pp.593–630. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N. 1989b. Bioclimatologie comparative des zones arides s.l. de l’Afrique et de l’Amérique Latine; leur généralisation aux aires isoclimatiques méditerranéenne et tropicale, 28 pp. Cpte. Rendu Atelier bi-continental, Coquimbo, Chili, Avril 1989, UNESCO (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N. 1990a. Ecoclimatic and biogeographic comparison between the rangelands of the isoclimatic mediterranean arid zone of Northern Africa and the Near East, 20pp. Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Range Management in the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait, 3-6 March 1990 (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N. 1990b. Recherches écoclimatiques et biogéographiques sur les zones arides de l’Afrique du Nord, 600pp. Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Evolutive. L. Emberger, CNRS, Montpellier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N., Bingham, R.L. & Skerbek, W. 1988. Relationship between the variability of primary production and the variability of annual precipitation in world arid lands. J. Arid Envir. 15: 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N. & Barghati, M.S. 1983. An evaluation of fodder shrubs in the Benghazi plains, 45 pp. Mimeo, UNTF/Lib. 018, Agric. Res. Centre, Tripoli, Libya. FAO, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N., Dumancic, D., Eskileh, M., Schweisguth, D. & Telahique, T. 1982. Anatomy and physiology of a browsing trial, a methodological approach to fodder shrub evaluation, 65 pp. Mimeo, UNTF/Lib. 018, Agric. Res. Centre Tripoli. FAO, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N., Dumancic, D., Eskileh, M., Abuzid, A., El Mabruk, A. & Tarhuni, M. 1983. Feeding shrubs to sheep in Libya: intake, performance and feed value, 70 pp. Mimeo, 7 Figs, UNTF/ Lib. 018, Agric. Res. Centre, Tripoli.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N. & Hoste, C.H. 1977. Rangeland production and annual rainfall relations in the Mediterranean basin and in the Sahelo-Sudanian zones. J. Rge Mgt. 30: 181–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N., Claudin, J., Haywood, M. & Donadieu, P. 1975. Etude phytoécelogique du Hodna (Algérie), 154 pp., 1 carte coul. l/200.000ème, 3 feuilles (25000km2). AGS:DP/ALG/66/509, Rapp. Techn. No. 3. FAO, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N., Claudin, J. & Pouget, M. 1979. Etude bioclimatique des steppes algériennes. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. de 1’Afr. du Nord 68: 37–74 (3 cartes H.T. l/1.000.000eme).

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Houérou, H.N. & Pontanier, R. 1987. Les plantations sylvo-pastorales dans la zone aride de Tunisie, 81pp. Notes Techniques du MAB, No. 18, UNESCO, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leigh, J.H. 1986. Forage value and utilization of chenopod dominated shrubland. Reclamation and Revegetation Research 5: 387–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maas, E.V. 1985. Crop tolerance to saline sprinkling water. Plant & Soil 89: 273–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maas, E.V. 1986. Crop tolerance to saline soil and water. In: R. Ahmad & A. San Pietro (eds), Prospects for Biosaline Research, pp. 205–219. Univ. of Karachi, Pakistan.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKell, C.M. 1975. Shrubs — a neglected resource of arid lands. Science 187: 803–809.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKell, C.M. 1986. Propagation and establishment of plants on arid saline land. Reclamation and Revegetation Research 5: 363–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKell, C.M. (ed). 1989. The Biology and Utilization of Shrubs, 656pp. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKell, C.M., Blaisdell, J.P. & Goodin, J.R. (eds). 1972. Wildland Shrubs, their Biology and Utilization, 494 pp. USDA Forest Serv., Techn. Rep. INT I, Intermount. For. & Range Exper. Stn. Ogden, Utah.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malcolm, C.V. 1982. Wheatbelt salinity, 65 pp. Tech. Bull. No. 82, Dept. of Agric. of West Australia, Perth, W. A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malcolm, C.V. 1986. Production from salt affected soils. Reclamation and Revegetation Research 5: 343–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malcolm, C.V. 1989. Forage shrub production on salt affected soils. In: C.M. McKell (ed), The Biology and Utilization of Shrubs, Ch. 27, pp. 553–574. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mepham, R.H. & Mepham, J.S. 1985. The flora of tidal forest, a rationalization of the use of the term Mangrove. S. Afr. J. Botany 51: 77–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mudie, P.J. 1974. The potential economic uses of halophytes. In: R.J. Reimold & W.H. Queen (eds), Ecology of Halophytes, pp.565–597. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehdizadeh, P. & Bhimaya, C.P. 1974. Sand dune afforestation in Khuzistan, Iran, and the economics of Tamarix stricta plantations raised under this programme. In: C.P. Bhimaya (ed), Sand Dune Stabilization. Report to the Government of Iran. Report TA No. 2959, 32 pp. FAO, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nemati, N. 1976. Range rehabilitation problems in the steppic zone of Iran. J. Rge Mgt. 30(5): 339–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nemati, N. 1977. Shrub transplantation for range improvement in Iran. J. Rge Mgt. 30: 148–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nemati, N. 1986. Pasture improvement and management in arid zones of Iran. J. Arid Envir. 11(1): 27–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichaeva, N.T. 1969. Pastures of the arid lands of the USSR and their use. Abstracts of the Proceedings of the Internat. Conf. on Arid Lands in a Changing World. Off. of Arid Land Studies. Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ & Americ. Assoc. for the Advanc. of Science, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichaeva, N.T. & Prikhod’ho, S.Y. 1968. Sown winter ranges in the foothill deserts of Soviet Central Asia, 162pp. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niknam, F. & Ahranjani, B. 1975. Dunes and development in Iran, 21pp. Minist. of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Tehran, Iran.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novikoff, G. 1958. Relation entre la structure de la végétation et la stratification des milieux halophiles en Tunisie. Bull. Serv. Phytogéogr. B, 11(1): 69–83. CNRS, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novikoff, G. 1961. Contribution à l’étude des relations entre le sol et la végétation halophile en Tunisie. Ann. Inst. Nat. Rech. Agron. de Tun. 34: 1–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary, J.W. 1988. Saline environments and halophytic crops. In: E.E. Whitehead, F.C. Hutchinson, B.N. Timmermann & R.G. Varady (eds), Arid Lands Today and Tomorrow, pp. 773–790. Westview Press, Boulder, Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary, J.W., Glenn, E.P. & Watson, M.C. 1986. Agricultural production of halophytes irrigated with sea water. Plant & Soil 1(3): 311–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Otal, J. & Correal, E. 1989. Productividad primaria y aprovechamiento ovino de Atriplex nummularia, arbusto forrajero introducido en el S.E. Espan-ol. II Reunion Iberica de Pastos y Forrajes, Pastos Forrajes y Produccion Animal en Condiciones Extensivas, pp. 283–293, XXIX Reunion Cientifica, Badajoz 10-14 April, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pasternak, D. 1987. Salt tolerance and crop production, a comprehensive approach. Annual Review of Phytopathology 25: 271–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pasternak, D., Aronson, J.A., Ben Dov, J., Forti, M., Menlinger, S., Nerd, A. & Sitton, D. 1986. Development of new arid zone crops for the Negev of Israel. J. Arid Envir. 11: 37–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pasternak, D., Danon, A., Aronson, J.A. & Benjamin, R.W. 1985. Developing the seawater agricultural concept. Plant & Soil 89(1–3): 337–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poljakoff-Mayber, A. & Gale, J. 1975. Plants in Saline Environments, 213pp. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, L.A. 1954. Diagnosis and Rehabilitation of Saline and Alkali Soils, 160pp. USDA, Handbook No. 60, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sankary, M.N. 1986. Species distribution and growth in salt affected land in Syria. Reclamation and Revegetation Research 5: 125–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schimper, A.F.W. 1898. (2nd ed. 1903). Plant Geography upon a Physiological Basis, 839pp., 502 figs, IV maps. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaidaee, G. 1974. Conservation, Rehabilitation and Improvement of Range-lands in Iran, 28 pp., 6 phot., 1 col. Map. Ministr. of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Forestry and Range Organization, Tehran, Iran.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaidaee, G. & Niknam, F. 1974. Resources conservation in Iran, 26pp., 6 phot., 1 map. Forestry and Range Organization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tehran, Iran.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stocker, O. 1928. Das Halophyten Problem. Ergeb. Biolog. 3: 265–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strogonov, B.P. 1964. Physiological Basis of Salt Tolerance of Plants, 279pp. Israel Programme for Scientific Translation, Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szabolcs, I. 1979. Review of Research on Salt Affected Soils, 137pp. Nat. Resources, XV, UNESCO, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsopa, E. 1939. La végétation des halophytes du nord de la Roumanie, en connection avec celle du reste du pays. Publ., 22pp., Publ. No. 70. SIGMA, Montpellier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wacquant, J.P. 1987. Le pouvoir sélectif de la racine à l’égard des ions du milieu. In: H. Le Guyader (ed), Le Développement des Végétaux: Aspects Théoriques et Synthétiques, pp. 215–227, 430pp. Masson, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter, H. & Lieth, H. 1960. (2nd Ed. 1967). Klimadiagramm Weltatlas. G. Fischer Verlag, Jena.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter, H., Harnickel, E. & Müller-Dombois, D. 1975. Climate-Diagram Maps of the Individual Continents and the Ecological Climatic Regions of the Earth. Supplement to Vegetation Monographs, 36pp., 9 maps. 1/8000000. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waisel, Y. 1972. Biology of Halophytes, 395 pp. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, P.G. 1975. A taxonomic revision of the genus Maireana (Chenopodiaceae). Nuytsia. Bull. of the West Australia Herbarium 2(1): 1–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zohar, Y 1982. Growth of Eucalyptus on saline soils in the Wadi Arava. La Yaarav 32(1-4): 38–49.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, B.P. 5051, F-34033, Montpellier Cedex 01, France

    H. N. Le Houérou

Authors
  1. H. N. Le Houérou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Osnabrück, Germany

    Helmut Lieth

  2. University of the United Arab Emirates, Al Ain, UAE

    Ahmed A. Al Masoom

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Le Houérou, H.N. (1993). Salt-tolerant plants for the arid regions of the Mediterranean isoclimatic zone. In: Lieth, H., Al Masoom, A.A. (eds) Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants. Tasks for vegetation science, vol 27. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1858-3_42

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1858-3_42

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4821-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-1858-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation