Abstract
Color vision testing is an important part of the assessment of both retinal and optic nerve function. The Farnsworth-Munsell (FM) 100-hue test is widely accepted as a sensitive tool for detecting subtle deficits in hue discrimination. Originally designed in 1943 by Dean Farnsworth to measure color discrimination and to detect congenital dyschromatopsias, the test has also been used to assess a wide variety of acquired dyschromatopsias. The test requires the arrangement of 85 colored chips in consecutive color order. We have made two fundamental changes in the FM 100-hue which improve the test’s specificity and sensitivity for detecting color vision deficits. First, two chips were removed from the original test which results in a more even error score distribution for normals across the entire set of hues. Second, the addition of a white-to-black reliability test allows non-color-vision-related variables such as motivation and understanding to be assessed. In this paper, we present normative data for the revised 83-chip color vision test and the reliability test. We also outline our procedure for administering the FM 100-hue including a description of the illuminant C light source and our computerized barcode-based scoring system.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Arden, G.B. & Gucukoglu, A.G. (1978). Grating test of contrast sensitivity in patients with retrobulbar neuritis. Arch. Ophthalmol. 96: 1626–1629.
Aspinall, P.A. (1974). An upper limit of non-random cap arrangements in the Farnsworth Munsell 100-hue test. Ophthalmologica 168: 128–131.
Benzschawel, T. (1985). Computerized analysis of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 62: 254–264.
Birch, J., Chisholm, I.A., Kinnear, P., Pinckers, A.J.L.G., Pokorny, J., Smith, V.C. & Verriest, G. (1979). Clinical testing methods. In: Pokorny, J., Smith, V.C., Verriest, G. & Pinckers, A.J.L.G. (eds.), Congenital and Acquired Color Vision Defects, pp. 83–135. New York: Grune & Stratton.
Bodis-Wollner, I. & Diamond, S.P. (1976). The measurement of spatial contrast sensitivity in cases of blurred vision associated with cerebral lesions. Brain. 99: 695–710.
Bowman, K.J. & Cole, B.L. (1980). A recommendation for illumination of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 57: 839–843.
Donaldson, G.B. (1977). Instrumentation for the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 67: 248–249.
Farnsworth, D. (1943). The Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue and dichotomous tests for color vision. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 33: 568–578.
Farnsworth, D. (1957). The Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test for the examination of color discrimination: Manual. Baltimore: Munsell Color Corporation.
Francois, J. & Verriest, G. (1961). On acquired deficiency of colour vision, with special reference to its detection and classification by means of the tests of Farnsworth. Vision Res. 1: 201–219.
Fruhauf, A., Klein, S. & Ritter, A. (1973). Farbsinnuntersuchungen mit dem Farnsworth-100-hue-test bei Patienten mit Schielamblyopie und alternierendem strabismus. Ophthalmologica 167: 66–76.
Grützner, P. (1972). Acquired color vision defects. In: Jameson, D. & Hurvich, L.M. (eds.), Handbook of Sensory Physiology, 7: 643–659. New York/Berlin: Springer Verlag.
Hart, W.M. (1987). Acquired dyschromatopsias. Surv. Ophthalmol. 32: 10–31.
Hill, A.R., Reeves, B.C. & Burgess, A. (1988). Huematic -an automated scorer for the Farnsworth-Munsell (FM) 100-hue test. Eye. 2: 80–86.
Hunt, R.W.G. (1978). Colour terminology. Color Res. Appl. 3: 79–87.
Kinnear, P.R. (1970). Proposals for scoring and assessing the 100-hue test. Vision Res. 10: 423–433.
Lakowski, R., Aspinall, P.A. & Kinnear, P.R. (1972). Association between colour vision losses and diabetes mellitus. Ophthal. Res. 4: 145–159.
Lugo, M. & Tiedeman, J.S. (1986). Computerized scoring and graphing of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue color vision test. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 101: 469–474.
Nichols, B.E., Stone, E.M., Brody, J.M., Johnson, A.T., Raphtis, M.E. & Thompson, H.S. (1989). A single rack of the Farnsworth Munsell (FM) 100-hue test is as sensitive and specific as the entire test for three common optic nerve disorders. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 30 (suppl.): 244.
Nickerson, D. (1976). History of the Munsell color system, company, and foundation, II: Its scientific application. Color Res. Appl. 1: 69–77.
Nordby, K. (1990). Vision in a complete achromat: A personal account. In: Hess, R.F., Sharpe, L.T. & Nordby, K. (eds.), Night Vision: Basic, Clinical, and Applied Aspects, pp. 290–315. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Pinckers, A. & Verriest, G. (1987). Results of a shortened lightness discrimination test. In: Verriest, G. (ed.), Colour Vision Deficiencies VIII, Doc. Ophthalmol. Proc. Ser. 46: 163–166. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk.
Roy, M.S., Pokdgor, M.J., Collier, B. & Gunkel, R.D. (1991). Color vision and age in a normal North American population. Graefe’s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 229: 139–144.
Smith, V.C., Pokorny, J. & Pass, A.S. (1985). Color-axis determination on the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 100: 176–182.
Vaegan, Banks, A., Gathy, A., Hamer, A., Phonesouk, S., Perry, S. & Capon, M. (1993). The relationship between colour vision loss, contrast sensitivity loss and aging. In: Drum, B. (ed.), Colour Vision Deficiencies XI, Doc. Ophthalmol. Proc. Ser. 56: 195–211. Dordrecht: Kluwer (this volume).
Verriest, G. (1963). Further studies on acquired deficiency of color discrimination. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 53: 185–195.
Verriest, G., Laethem, J.V. & Uvijls, A. (1982). A new assessment of the normal ranges of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test scores. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 93: 635–642.
Verriest, G., Uvijls, A., Aspinall, P. & Hill, A. (1979). The lightness discrimination test. Bull. Sox. beige Ophthalmol. 183: 162–180.
Victor, J.D. (1988). Evaluation of poor performance and asymmetry in the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 29: 476–481.
Winston, J.V., Martin, D.A. & Heckenlively, J.R. (1986). Computer analysis of Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test. Doc. Ophthalmol. 62: 61–72.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stone, E.M., Nichols, B.E., Wolken, M.S., Montague, P.R., Thompson, H.S. (1993). New normative data for the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test. In: Drum, B. (eds) Colour Vision Deficiencies XI. Documenta Ophthalmologica Proceedings Series, vol 56. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1856-9_31
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1856-9_31
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4820-0
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-1856-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive