Abstract
Social security was set up to try to solve or reduce situations of risk such as sickness, widowhood, invalidity, unemployment, retirement, etc. During the 1950’s, 60’s and early 70’s, social expenditure in OECD countries increased very rapidly — by more than 6% per year in real terms. As well as meeting the needs of a growing population, this expansion was directed towards extending the coverage of social programmes to a larger proportion of the community and towards improving the level of individual benefits and services. In 1975, social expenditure counted for on average over 20% of the GDP of the OECD countries (21.9%) and in some countries like Belgium, Germany, France and the Netherlands, for almost 30%.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
Charness, N. (ed.) (1985) Studies in Human Performance, John Wiley and Sons.
Rajan, Amin (1990) The Fourth Pillar and the UK Insurance Industry, Etudes & Dossiers, The Geneva Association, Geneva. And also Rajan, A. and Reday-Mulvey, G. (1991) The Potential for the Fourth Pillar in France and other countries, Etudes et Dossiers, Geneva.
The Commonwealth Fund (1991) Case Studies at Major Corporations, Americans at Work, Commonwealth Fund, New-York, N.Y.
Libassi, Peter (1988) Integrating the Elder into the Labor Force, The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance no 49, Geneva, pp. 350–361.
Kessler, Denis (1990) Solutions to the Coming Crisis in Social Security, The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance no 55, pp. 122–139.
see among others Guillemard, A-M. (1990) Les nouvelles frontières entre travail et retraite en France, Revue de l’ TIRES, Paris, pp. 41–99.
Reday-Mulvey, G. (1990) Work and Retirement; Future Prospects for the Baby-Boom Generation, The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance no 55, pp. 100–114.
see, for instance, Revue du GRIT “Transversales” (mai 1992) Garentir le revenu, une des solutions à l’exclusion, Paris; also notes 44, 45 in Chapter 2.
see Jouvenel de, H. (1989) Europe’s Ageing Population, Futuribles, Paris, p. 7.
see The Fourth Pillar in Japan as well (1990), The Four Pillars, Bulletin no 9, The Geneva Association, Geneva.
see Jouvenel de, H. (1989), as 8., p. 41.
ELO 81985), Geneva, in “Young People and the Labour Market, A Challenge for the 1990s”, National Economic Development Office, London 1988.
as 1.
as 2. and The Four Pillars (1991), Bulletin no 11, The Geneva Association, Geneva.
Congress Office of Technology Assessment (June 1985) Technology and Aging in America, Washington D.C.
as 2. and 14.
as 6.
as 7. and The Four Pillars (1987-1992) Bulletins nos 4-12, The Geneva Association, Geneva.
Commission of the European Communities, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (March 1991) Developments on the Labour Market in the Community, no 47.
Kessler, Denis (1990) Les Quatre Piliers de la Retraite, Etudes et Dossiers, Geneva.
Delsen, Lei (1990) Part-time Early Retirement in Europe, The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance no 55, Geneva, pp. 139–157.
Most of the data on Sweden are extracted from an article “Partial and Flexible Retirement: the Swedish System”, by L.R. Wise, The Gerontologist, Vol. 30 (3) 1990.
as 22, p. 141.
For a more complete account of the situation in Japan, see Shimowada, I (1992) Aging and the Four Pillars in Japan, The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance no 62, pp. 40-80. 25. as 24.
Murakami, K. Aging and Pensions in Japan, Japan Insurance News.
as 24, p. 57.
as 24, p. 52.
The Commonwealth Fund (1990) Americans Over 50 at Work Program, Research Reports 1 & 2, New-York, N.Y.
Mitchell, O.S., Levine, P.B. and Pozzebon, S. (1988) Retirement Differences by Industry and Occupation, The Gerontologist, Vol. 28(4).
Iamo, H.M. (November 1987) Social Security Bulletin, Washington, D.C.
Doeringer, P. (1990) Bridges to Retirement, Older Workers in a Changing Labor Market, ILR Press, Cornell University.
as 32, p. 7.
as 32, p. 11.
as 4.
The Travelers Companies (1988) Retiree Servey: Retirees’ Views of Work and Retirement, Hartford, Connecticut.
as 3.
For a more complete account of the situation in France, as 2. Reday-Mulvey, G. and Gaullier, X. & Thomas, C. (1990) Modernisation et gestion des âges, La Documentation Française.
Haut Conseil de la Population et de la Famille (1989) Vieillissement et emploi, Vieillissement et travail, La Documentation Française, Paris, p. 51.
as 2.
CEREQ (Sept. 1989) Formation continue et Compétitivité économique, Rapport du Secrétaire d’Etat à la formation professionnelle, no 1, Paris.
in Bosanquet, N. and Laing, W. (1990) Elderly Consumers in Britain: Europe’s poor relations?, Laing & Buisson, London.
The Carnegie Inquiry into the Third Age, 3 Robert St. London WC2N.
as 2.
Trinder, C. (May 1991) Older Workers and the Recession, Economic Report, Vol. 6, no 2, Employment Institute, London.
For a more complete account of the situation in Germany, see Schmahl, W. (January 1992) Changing the Retirement Age in Germany, The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance no 62, pp. 81-103.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Giarini, O., Stahel, W.R. (1993). Facing Social Uncertainty: Towards a New Social Policy in the Service Economy. In: The Limits to Certainty. International Studies in the Service Economy, vol 4. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1775-3_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1775-3_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4780-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-1775-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive