Abstract
Cavities and other surface cut-outs are present on aircraft in numerous forms, from cargo bays and landing gear housing to rivet depressions and panel handles. Although these surface imperfections make a significant contribution to the overall drag on an aircraft, relatively little is known about the flow mechanisms associated with cavities, particularly those which have a strongly three-dimensional geometry. The present work is a wind tunnel investigation of the drag forces and flow regimes associated with cavities having a 2:1 rectangular planform geometry. The effects of both the cavity depth and the flow incidence angle have been examined in terms of the overall cavity drag increment and the mean surface pressure distributions. The drag forces have been determined from both integrated pressures and direct force balance measurements. For the model normal to the flow direction the flow within the cavity was remarkably symmetrical in all the configurations examined. In most cases the cavity flow is dominated by a single large eddy. However, for cavities yawed to other incidence angles there is considerable flow asymmetry, with strong vorticity shedding and high drag in some cases, notably with depth/narrowest width ratio of 0.4—0.5 at 45—60° incidence. The present data correspond well with established results and extend the scope of information available for design purposes and for the development of numerical models.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Baysal, O. and Stallings, R.L., Computational and experimental investigation of cavity flow fields. AIAA J. 26 (1988) 6–7.
Brandeis J., Flow separation in shear layer driven cavities. AIAA J. 20 (1982) 908–914.
Burggraf, O.R., Analytical and numerical studies of the structure of steady separated flows. J Fluid Mech. 24 (1966) 113–151.
Donovan, L.F., A numerical solution of unsteady flow in a two-dimensional square cavity. AIAA J. 8 (1970) 524–529.
Friesing H., Measurement of the drag associated with recessed surfaces: cut-outs of rectangular and elliptical planform. Z.W.B.F.B. 628 (1936) (RAE Lib Trans 1614, 1971).
Gaudet, L. and Winter K.G., Measurements of the drag of some characteristic aircraft excrescences immersed in turbulent boundary layers. RAE Tech Memo Aero 1538 (1973) (also AGARD CP124, 1973).
Hankey, W.L. and Shang, J.S., Analyses of pressure oscillations in an open cavity. AIAA J. 18 (1980) 892–898.
Haugen, R.L. and Dhanak, A.M., Momentum transfer in turbulent separated flow past a rectangular cavity. J. Applied Mech. (Trans ASME E) 33 (1966) 641–646.
Hoerner, S.F., Fluid dynamic drag, pp 5.10–5.11, published by author.
Hunt, J.C.R., Abell, C.J., Peterka, J.A. and Woo H., Kinematical studies of the flows around free or surfacemounted obstacles applying topology to flow visualisation. J. Fluid Mech. 86 (1978) 179–200.
Kaufman, L.G. II, Maciulaitis, A. and Clark, R.L. Mach 0.6 to 3.0 flows over rectangular cavities, Air Force Wright Aero Lab Rept. AFWAL-TR-82–3112, May (1983).
Maull, D.J. and East, L.F., Three-dimensional flow in cavities’. J. Fluid Mech. 16 (1963) 620–632.
Mills, R.D., Numerical solutions of the viscous flow equations for a class of closed flows. J. Royal Aero Soc. 69 (1965) 714–718.
Nallasamy, M. and Prasad, K.K., On cavity flow at high Reynolds numbers. J. Fluid Mech. 79 (1977) 391–414.
Pan, F. and Acrivos A., Steady flows in rectangular cavities. J. Fluid Mech. 28 (1967) 643–655.
Plentovich, E.B., Three-dimensional cavity flows at subsonic and transonic speeds. NASA TM 4209, September (1990).
Rizetta, D.P., Numerical simulation of supersonic flow over a three-dimensional cavity. AIAA J 26 (1988) 799–807.
Roshko A., Some measurements of flow in a rectangular cutout. NACA TN 3488, August (1955).
Rossiter, J.E., Wind tunnel experiments on the flow over rectangular cavities at subsonic and transonic speeds. ARC R&M 3438, October (1964).
Sinha, S.N., Gupta, A.K. and Oberai, M.M., Laminar separating flow over backsteps and cavities Part II: Cavities. AIAA J 20 (1982) 370–375.
Tani, I, Iuchi, M. and Komoda H., Experimental investigation of flow separation associated with a step or groove. Aero Res. Inst. Univ. of Tokyo, Res. Rep. No. 364 119 (1961).
Tillmann W., Additional measurements of the drag of surface irregularities in turbulent boundary layers. NACA TM 1299 (1951) (also: New resistance measurements with surface irregularities in the turbulent boundary layer. Forschungshefte fur Schiffstechnik 2 81–88 (BSRA Trans. 322), 1953).
Wieghardt K., Increase in turbulent frictional resistance caused by surface irregularities, Min. of Air Prod. R&T No. 103, Trans, of FB1563 (1946) (also in Forschungshefte fur Schiffstechnik, 2, 65–71 (BSRA Trans. No. 322, 1953).
Young, A.D. and Paterson, J.H., Aircraft Excrescence Drag, NATO AGARD-264, J.L. Jones, ed. (198
Zhang, X. and Edwards, J.A., Computational analysis of unsteady supersonic cavity flows driven by thick shear layers. Aero J. 92 (1988) 365–374.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Savory, E., Toy, N., Disimile, P.J., Dimicco, R.G. (1993). The drag of three-dimensional rectangular cavities. In: Prasad, K.K. (eds) Further Developments in Turbulence Management. Fluid Mechanics and its Applications, vol 19. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1701-2_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1701-2_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4745-6
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-1701-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive