Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Carbon Fibres

  • Chapter
Carbon-Carbon Composites

Abstract

The measured strengths of materials are several orders of magnitude less than those calculated theoretically. This discrepancy is believed to be due to the presence of inherent flaws within the material [1]. It follows that the strength of a material can therefore be enhanced by eliminating or minimizing such imperfections. Cracks lying perpendicular to the direction of applied loads are the most detrimental to the strength. Fibrous or filamentary materials thus exhibit high strengths and moduli along their lengths because in this direction the large flaws present in the bulk are minimized.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Griffith, A. A. (1920) Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London,221A.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Savage, G. M. (1989) Metals and Materials, 5, 285.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Savage, G. M. (1988) Metals and Materials, 4, 544.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Duthie, A. C. (1987) Proc. PRI. Conf. Polym. in Def.,Bristol, 18–20 March.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Stein, B. A. and Johnson, N. J. (1985) Proc. ASTM Symp. on Toughness of Composites, Houston, Texas, March 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  6. D’Abate, G. D. and Diefendorf, R. J. (1985) Proc. 17th Biennal Conf. on Carbon, Am. Carbon Soc., p. 390.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Berman, R. (1979) in The Properties of Diamond (ed. J. E. Field), Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Carbon,20 (5), 445 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Edison, T. (1880) US Patent 223, 898.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Milanski, J. V. and Katz, H. (eds) (1987) Handbook of Reinforcements for Plastics,Van Nostrand Reinhold Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Fitzer, E. (1989) Carbon, 27 (5), 621.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Shindo, A. (1961) Osaka Kogyo Gijitsu Shikuko, 12, 110, 119.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Bacon, R.,Pallozza, A. A. and Slosarik, S. E. (1966) Proc. Soc. Plastics Ind. 21st Tech. and Mang. Conf, Sect 8E.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Shindo, A. (1961) Rept Covt. Ind. Res. Inst., Osaka, 317.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Shindo, A. (1964) Carbon, 1, 391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Watt, W., Philips, L. N. and Johnson, W. (1966) The Engineer, 221, 815.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Standage, A. E. and Prescott, R. (1966) Nature (London), 211, 169.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Hughes, T. V. and Chambers, C. R. (1889) UK Patent 405, 480.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Oberlin, A., Endo, M. and Koyama, T. (1976) J. Cryst. Growth, 32, 335.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Johnston, W., Phillips, L. N. and Watt, W. (1964) UK Patent 1, 110, 791.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Johnston, W., Phillips, L. N. and Watt, W. (1968) US Patent 3, 412, 062.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Singer, L. S. (1977) US Patent 4, 005, 183.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Bacon, R. and Schalamon, W. A. (1967) Proc. 8th Biennial Conf. on Carbon, Am. Carbon Cttee.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Hawthorne, H. (1971) Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on Carbon Fibres,Plastics Ind., p. 81.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Soltes, W. (1961) US Patent 3, 001, 981.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Abbott, W. (1962) US Patent 3, 053, 775.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Otani, S. (1965) Carbon, 3, 213.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Singer, L. S. (1972) Netherlands Patent 239, 490.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Gill, R. M. (1972) Carbon Fibres in Composite Materials, published for the Plastics Institute, London, by ILIFFE Books, London.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Watt, W. and Perov, B. V. (eds) (1985) Strong Fibres,Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Dresselhaus, M. S., Dresselhaus, G., Sugihara, K., Spain, I. L. and Goldberg, H. A. (1988) Graphite Fibres and Filaments, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  32. Henrici-Olivé, G. and Olivé, S. (1983) in Industrial Developments (Advances in Polymer Science, 51), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Hay, J. N. (1968) J. Polym. Sci. A 1 (6), 2127.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Watt, W. and Green, J. (1971) Proc. Int. Carbon Fibre Conf., Plastics Inst., London, Paper 4.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Clarks, A. J. and Bailey, J. F. (1973) Nature, 243, 146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Fitzer, E. and Muller, D. J. (1975) Carbon, 13, 163.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Toray Inc. (1970) German Patent 1, 958, 361.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Raskovic, V. and Marinkovic, S. (1978) Carbon, 16, 351.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Watt, W., Johnson, D. J. and Parker, E. (1974) Proc. 2nd Int. Carbon Fibre Conf., Plastics Inst., London, Paper 1.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Johnson, D. J. (1971) Inst. Carbon Fibre Conf, Plastics Inst., London, Paper

    Google Scholar 

  41. Rose, P. G. (1977) Kohlenstoff und Aramidfaser Verstärkte Kunststoffe, VDI-Verlag GmbH, p. 9.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Johnson, W. (1971) Proc. Third Conf. Ind. Carbons and Graphites, Soc. Chem. Ind., London, p. 447.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Reynolds, W. N. (1971) Proc. Third Conf. Ind. Carbons and Graphites, Soc. Chem. Ind., London, p. 427.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Reynolds, W. N. and Sharp, J. V. (1974) Carbon, 12, 103.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Moreton, R. and Watt, W. (1974) Nature, 247, 360.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Johnson, J. W. (1969) J. App. Polym. Symp., 9, 229.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Stewart, M. and Feughelman, M. (1973) J. Mat. Sci., 8, 1119.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Watt, W. and Johnson, W. (1969) CASI Trans., 2, 81.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Johnson, J. W. and Thorne, D. J. (1969) Carbon, 7, 659.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Moreton, R. (1969) Fibre Sci. Tech., 1, 273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Delmonte, J. (1981) Technology of Carbon and Graphite Fibre Composites, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Ohama, Y. (1989) Carbon, 27 (5), 729.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Volk, H. F. (1977) Proc. Symp. on Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics, Bamberg, FRG, 11 May 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Riggs, J. P. (1985) in Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, 2, Wiley, New York, p. 640.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Hughes, J. D. H. (1987) J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 20, 276.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Edie, D. D. and Dunham, M. G. (1989) Carbon, 27 (5), 647.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Ruland, W. (1968) Polym. Preprints, Polymer Chemistry Div. Am. Chem. Soc., 9 (2), 1368.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Le Maistre, C. W. and Diefendorf, R. J. (1973) SAMPE Quart., 4, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Diefendorf, R. J. (1988) in Engineered Materials Handbook,1, Composites,ASM Int. p. 49, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  60. Guigon, M., Overlin, A. and Desarmot, G. (1984) Fibre Sci. Tech., 20, 177.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Fordeaux, A., Perret, R. and Ruland, W. (1971) Proc. Int. Conf. on Carbon Fibres, their Composites and Applications, London, Plastics and Polymer Conference Supplement no. 5, Plastics inst., London, p. 57.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Tokarsky, E. W. and Diefendorf, R. J. (1975) Polym. Eng. Sci., 15 (3), 150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Diefendorf, R. J. and Tokarsky, E. W. (1975) Report AFMI-TR-72–133, parts I-IV, US Air Force Mats. Lab.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Bright, A. A. and Singer, L. S. (1979) Carbon, 17, 59.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Butler, B. L. and Diefendorf, R. J. (1970) Proc. 10th Carbon Composite Tech, Symp. Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., p. 109.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Donnet, J. B. and Ehrberger, P. (1977) Carbon, 15, 143.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Monte, S. J., Sugarman, G. and Seeman, D. J. (1977) Proc. 32nd Ann. Tech. Conf, SPI, RP/C Inst. Washington, DC, Feb. 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Barr, J. (1974) US Patent 3, 791, 840.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Nyo, H., Heckler, D. L. and Hoernshcemeyer, P. L. (1979) SAMPE, 24th Nat. Symp., 14, 51, May 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  70. De Lolhis, N. J. (1979) SAMPE J., 15 (3), 10.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Savage, G. M. unpublished results.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Bailie, J. A. (1989) Woven fabric aerospace structures, in Structure and Design (eds C. T. Herakovich and Y. M. Tarnopoloski ), Metals Park, Ohio, North-Holland, pp. 353–91.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Ishkiawa, T. and Chou, T. W. (1982) J. Comp. Mat., 6, 2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Ishikawa, T. and Chou, T. W. (1983) AIAA J, 21 (12), 1714.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Levin, J. (1975) SAMPE Quart., 20.

    Google Scholar 

  76. McAllister, L. E. and Taverna, A. R. (1971) Proc. 73rd Ann. Mtg Am. Ceram, Soc., Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Fabrication of Composites (Handbook of Composites, 4) (eds A. Kelly and S. T. Mileiko (1986), Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Barton, R. S. (1968) SPE J., 4 (May), 31.

    Google Scholar 

  79. McAllister, L. E. and Taverna, A. R. (1972) Proc. 17th Nat. SAMPE Symp., Paper IIIA-3, AZ, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Lamicq, P. (1977) Proc. AIANSAE 13th Prop. Conf., Paper 77–882, Orlando.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Mullen, C. K. and Roy, P. J. (1972) Proc. 17th Nat. SAMPE Symp., Paper IIIA2, AZ, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Sanders, L. R. (1977) SAMPE Quart., 38.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Post, R. J. (1977) Proc. 22nd Nat. SAMPE Symp., p. 486.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. G. Savage
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 G. Savage

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Savage, G. (1993). Carbon Fibres. In: Carbon-Carbon Composites. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1586-5_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1586-5_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4690-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-1586-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation