Abstract
As I read the history of economics, the development of the discipline has been propelled by the specialized contributions of two functionally distinguishable groups of economists. Following suggestions by Joseph A. Schumpeter and Thomas S. Kuhn (Schumpeter, 1964, pp. 62, 70. Kuhn, 1970, p. 24), I label these groups “innovating economists” and “articulating economists,” respectively. By innovating economists, I mean that small band of trailblazing scholars who constructed those bodies of economic doctrine that became “paradigms” (Kuhn, 1970, p. viii) by virtue of their acceptance by identifiable groups of practitioners. 1 John Maynard Keynes was a towering member of this band. 2 By the term articulating economists, I refer to those numerous economists whose contributions have taken the form of further articulations, consolidations, extensions, and refinements of the analytic tools contained in the particular paradigms that they accepted as frameworks for their own research. In focusing their attention on the analytic apparatus of an innovator’s body of doctrine, pacemaking articulators have frequently disregarded, even recast, the innovator’s raison d’etre for constructing his analytic apparatus and, consequently, reached different conclusions concerning appropriate actions on the part of public authorities. 3 This kind of muffling of their master’s voice seems to have been particularly pronounced in the case of those economists whom Joan Robinson labeled variously the “self-styled Keynesians” and the “bastard Keynesians” (J. Robinson, 1975, p. 131).
Article Footnote
I should like to thank John B. Davis and James P. Henderson for valuable comments on, and suggestions for improvement of, earlier versions of this chapter. I alone am responsible for any errors of fact and interpretation.
Article Footnote
Among the several definitions of a paradigm that have been offered by Thomas S. Kuhn, Joseph A. Schumpeter and others, the following seem to be appropriate when dealing with economics: A paradigm, which Schumpeter called “ a classical situation,”, may be viewed as “a recognized field”in a given discipline. The characteristic of such a field is that if “ contains tooled knowledge”(Schumpeter,1954,pp.51.143) that is directed toward the solution of selected problems. A paradigm may therefore be said to consist of a set of “scientific achievements that for a time provide model problems and solutions to a community of practitioners”(Kuhn, 1970,p. viii).
Article Footnote
In the text , John Maynard Keynes will be identified as “Keynes.” When references are made to other members of the Keynes family, their full names will be given. In addition to Keynes, the tribe of innovators includes adam Smith, W. Stanley Jevons, Alfred Marshall, Carl Menger and Leon Walras. Inasmuch as all the ivvovators were of the male sex, and for the sake of simplicity, I shall use the pronouns “he” and “his” throughout when referring to an innovator.
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Jensen, H.E. (1994). Aspects of J. M. Keynes’s Vision and Conceptualized Reality. In: Davis, J.B. (eds) The State of Interpretation of Keynes. Recent Economic Thought Series, vol 44. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1392-2_10
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