Abstract
I remember being driven as a child through a major centre of the British chemical industry, the North of England town of Widnes, and noticing layers of brightly coloured sediments on plots at the roadside next to many of the chemical plants. Greens, presumably containing copper, yellows, perhaps chromates, and reds, probably from iron(III) salts, were all visible. The chemical industry also made itself known through the characteristic smells that were common on those banks of the Mersey. These features were characteristic of early and mid-twentieth century chemical operations which today would not be tolerated either by the local population or by the environmental protection agencies working on their behalf. It would be more common now for the smell of paint in D-I-Y operations to be stronger than the scent of the air even within a chemical works such has been the change in the competence of industry to contain its operations. But containment of gases is only part of the question of clean manufacture. Liquid effluents, both solvents and solutions, and solid waste also require attention. In many countries, rivers have had to accept the burden of aqueous effluent and landfills the solid waste; solvents have been incinerated.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Suckling C.J., Halling P.J., Kirkwood R.C., and Bell G., (1991) Clean Synthesis of Effect Chemicals, AFRC/SERC Clean Technology Unit, Swindon.
CEC (1990) Towards a Carbohydrate-based Chemistry, Commission of European Communities, Luxembourg.
Jentzsch W., (1990) Angew. Chem. Int., Edn. Engl., 29, 1229–1234.
Seebach D., (1990) Angew. Chem. Int. Edn. Engl., 29, 1320–1367.
Gunstone F.D. and Hersdoef B.G., (1992) A Lipid Glossary, The Oily Press, Ayr, Scotland.
Blossey E.C. and Ford W.T., (1989) Comprehensive Polymer Science, vol 6., eds. Allen G., Bevington J.C., and Eastmond G.C., Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 81–114.
Davis M.E., (1993) Accts. Chem. Res., 26, 111–115.
Pervez H., Onyiriuka S.O., Rees L., Rooney J.R., and Suckling C.J., (1988) Tetrahedron, 44, 4555–4568.
Nozaki H., Moriuti S., Takaya H., and Noyori R., (1966) Tetrahedron Lett., 5234–5235.
Guy A., Lemaire M., and Guette J.-P., (1982) Tetrahedron, 38, 2339–2346.
Guy A., Lemaire M., and Guette J.-P., (1982) Tetrahedron, 38, 2347–2354.
Roussel J., Lemaire M., Guy A., and Guette J.-P., (1986) Tetrahedron Lett., 27, 27–28.
Komiyama M., (1989) J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 2031–2053.
Komiyama M. and Hirai H. (1984) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 106, 174–178.
Breslow R. and Campbell P., (1969) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 91, 3085.
Clark J.H., Kybett A.P., and Macquarrie D.J., (1992) Supported Reagents, Preparation, Analysis, and Applications, Verlag Chemie, New York.
SanFillipo J.J., and Chern C.-I., (1977) J. Org. Chem., 42, 2182–2183
Clark J.H., Kybett, A.P., Landen P., Macquarrie D.J., and Martin K., (1989) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1355–1357
Frechet J.M.J., Darling P., and Farrall M.J., (1981) J. Org. Chem., 46, 1728–1730.
Nishiguchi T. and Asano F., (1989) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111, 1531–1535.
Kodomari M., Sato H., and Yoshitori S., (1988) Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 61, 4149–4150.
Texier-Boullet F., Villemin D., Ricard M., Moisson H., and Foucaud A., (1985) Tetrahedron, 41, 1259–1266
Villemin D., (1985) Chem and Ind., 166.
Envirocats information from Contract Chemicals, Warrington, England
Clark, J.H., Kybett A.P., Macquarrie D.J., Barlow S.J., and Landon P., (1989) J. Chem. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1353–1354.
Cornelis A., Dony C., Laszlo P., and Nsunda K.N., (1991) Tetrahedron Lett., 32, 1423–1424.
Laszlo P. and Montaufier M.-T., (1991) Tetrahedron Lett., 32, 1561–1564.
Bouhlel E., Laszlo P., Levart M., Montaufier M.-T., and Singh G.P., (1992) Tetrahedron Lett., 34, 1123–1126.
Renaud J.-P., Battioni P., Bartoli J.-F., and Mansuy D., (1992) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 888–889
Kimura E., (1992) Tetrahedron, 48, 6175–6271
Zhang W., Loebach J.L., Wilson S.R., and Jacobsen E.N., (1990) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 2801–2803
Bartoli J.F., Battioni, P., DeFoor, W.R. and Mansuy D. (1994) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 23–24
Jacobson S.E., Mares F., and Zambi P., (1979) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 101, 6938–6946
Jacobson S.E., Mares F., and Zambi P., (1979) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 101, 6946–6950
Miller, M.M. and Sherrington, D.C. (1994) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 55–56.
Heggs R.P., and Ganem B., (1979) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 101, 2484–2846.
Waller F.J., (1986) ACS Symp Ser., 308, 42.
Gao Y., Hanson R.M., Klunder J.M., Ko S.Y., Masamune H., and Sharpless K.B., (1987) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 109, 5765–5780
Hanson R.M. and Sharpless K.B., (1986) J. Org. Chem., 51, 1922–1925.
Kagan H.B. (1982) Asymmetric synthesis using organometallic catalysts in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry ed. Wilkinson G., Stone F.G.A., and Abel E.W., Pergamon Press, Oxford, vol. 8., pp. 463–498
Noyori R. and Kitamura M., (1989) Modern Synthetic Methods, 5, 115–198.
Weisz, P.B. Frilette, V.J. Maatmann, R.B. and Mower, E.B. (1962) J. Catal., 1, 307–312.
Tsuji, H. Yagi, F. and Hattori, H. (1991) Chem Lett., 1881–1884.
Reuben B.G. and Wittkoff, H.A. (1989) Pharmaceutical Chemicals Perspective, Wiley, New York.
Bellusi, G. Clerici, M. Buonomo, F. Romano, U. Eposito, A. and Notari, B. EP 86 200 603.
Wellman J. and Steckhan, E. (1977) Chem. Ber., 110, 3561–3571
Baizer, M.M. (1964) J. Org. Chem., 29, 1670–1676.
Suckling C.J. (1990) in Enzyme Chemistry, impact and applications, 2nd edn., ed. Suckling C.J., Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 95–170.
Monsan P.F. (1990) Towards a Carbohydrate-based Chemistry, Commission of European Communities, Luxembourg, pp. 119–140.
Barker S.A. (1990) Towards a Carbohydrate-based Chemistry, Commission of European Communities, Luxembourg, pp. 77–98.
Charney W. and Herzog, H.L. (1967) Microbial Transformation of Steroids, Academic Press, New York
Fieser, L.F. (1959) Steroids, Reinhold, New York, pp. 672–678
Peterson D.H. Murray, H.C. Eppstein, S.H. Reinecke, L.M. Weintraub, A., Meister, P.D. and Leigh, H.M. (1952) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 74, 5933–5936
Hogg, J.A. Beal, P.F. Nathan, A.H., Lincoln, F.H. Schneider, W.P. Magerlein, B.J. Hanze, A.R. and Jackson, R.A. (1955) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 4436–4438.
Ballard, D.H.G. Courtis, A. Shirley, A.M. and Taylor, S.J.C. (1983) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 954–955
Taylor, S.J.C. Ribbons, D.W. Slawin, A.M.Z., Widdowson, D.A. and Williams, D.J. (1987) Tetrahedron Lett., 28, 6391–6394
Boyd, D.R. Sharma, N.D. Boyle, R. McMurray, B.T., Malone, T.F. Chima, J. and Sheldrake, G.N. (1993) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 49–51
Boyd, D.R. Sharma, N.D. Hand, M.V. Groocock, M.R. Kerley, N.A. Dalton, H. Chima, J. and Sheldrake, G.N. (1993) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 974–976.
EP 86 193 227, 86 193 228, 88 256 586.
Sigma and Fluka catalogues list several useful dehydrogenases. Other sources are detailed in Preparative Organic Biotransformations, (1992) ed. Roberts, S.M. Wiley, 1992, with annual updates, under relevant preparations.
Keinan, E. Sett, K.K. and Lamed, R. (1987) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 501, 130–149.
Wandrey C. and Wichman, R, (1985) Biotechnol. Ser., 5, 111.
Simon, H. Bader, J. Gunther, H. Neumann, S. and Thanos, J. (1985) Angew. Chem. Int. Edn. Engl., 24, 539–553.
Mori K. and Mori H., (1989) Org. Syn., 68, 56–63.
Holmes, P.A. Wright, L.F. and Collins, S.H. EP 82 52 459.
P. Critchley (1987) In Chemical Aspects of Food Enzymes ed. Andrews, A.T. Royal Society of Chemistry, London, pp. 150–155.
Bjorkling, F. Gotfredsen, S.E. and Kirk, O. (1989) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 934–935
Adelhorst, K. Bjorkling, F. Gotfredsen, S.E. and Kirk, O. (1990) Synthesis, 112.
Bjorkling, F. Gotfredsen, S.E. and Kirk, O. (1990) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1301–1303.
Becker, W. Freund, H. and Pfeil, E. (1965) Angew. Chem. Int. Edn. Engl., 4, 1079.
Kruse, C.G. Geluk, H.W. and van Scharrenburg, G.J.M. (1992) Chimia Oggi, 59.
Effenberger, F. Ziegler, T. and Forster, S. (1987) Angew. Chem., 99, 491
Brussee, J., Roos, E.C. and Van der Gen, A. (1988) Tetrahedron Lett., 29, 4485–4488.
Kren, V. Crout, D.H.G. Dalton, H. Hutchinson, D.W. Konig, W. Turner, M.M., Dean, G., and Thomson, N. (1993) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 341–342.
Taylor S.J.C. (1990) In Opportunities in Biotransformation eds. Copping, L.G. Martin, R.E. Pickett, J.A. Bucke, C. and Bunch, A.F. Elsevier Applied Science, Barking, pp 170–176.
Casy, G. Lee, T.V. Lovell, H. Nichols, B.J. Sessions, R.B. and Holbrook, J.J. (1992) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun, 924–926.
Schultz, P.G. (1989) Accts. Chem. Res., 22, 287–294
Schultz, P.G. (1993) Accts. Chem. Res., 26, 391–395.
Suckling, C.J. Tedford, C.M. Bence, L.M. Irvine, J.I. and Stimson, W.H. (1993) J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1925–1929
Gouverneur, V.E., Houk, K.N., Depascualteresa, B., Beno, B., Jerda, K.D. and Lerner, R.A. (1993) Science 262, 204–208.
Nobel, D. (1993) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun, 419–420.
Otsuka, K. Yoshinaka, M. and Yamanake, I. (1993) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun, 611–612.
Herrmann, W.A. Wagner, W. Flesser, U.N. Volkhardt, U. and Komber, H. (1991) Angew. Chem. Int. Edn. Engl., 30, 1636–1638.
Tsuda T. and Fujiwara, T. (1992) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun, 1659–1660.
Gassner F. and Leitner, W. (1993) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1465–1466.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Suckling, C.J. (1995). Clean synthesis. In: Kirkwood, R.C., Longley, A.J. (eds) Clean Technology and the Environment. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1312-0_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1312-0_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4572-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-1312-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive