Abstract
The world population and consumer demand for forest products continue to increase [1]. In the face of possible dramatic climate change, the carbon-sequestering and carbon storage function of forests is becoming ever more important [2, 3,4]. The pressure to increase the area of unharvested forest reserves for wilderness, old growth and ecological reserves is growing; the 12% figure suggested by the Brundtland Commission for the area of forests to be set aside in reserves [5] is now widely accepted. In the face of these social and environmental pressures, the need to conserve, and where possible increase, the long-term productivity of those forests that are to be managed for wood fibre has never been greater. Sustainability is high on the political agenda of many nations, and nowhere is this more true than in forestry.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literature Cited
World Resources Institute. World Resources 1990-91. Oxford University Press. Oxford, 1990, 383 p.
Hendrickson, O.Q. How does forestry influence atmospheric carbon. Forestry Chronicle, 1990, 66, 469–472.
Forestry Canada. The state of forestry in Canada. 1990 Report to Parliament, Minister of Supplies and Services, Ottawa, 1991, 80 p.
Winjum, J.K., Schroeder, P.E., and Kenady, M.J. (Eds.). Large Scale Reforestation. Proceedings of the International Workshop, U.S.E.P.A., Office of Research and Development, Washington D.C., EPA/600/9-91/014, 1991.
World Commission on Environment and Development. Our Common Future. Oxford University Press, 1987, 383 p.
Heilman, P.E. Relationship of availability of phosphorus and cations to forest succession on north slopes in interior Alaska. Ecology, 1968, 49, 331–336.
Peters, R.L. Effects of global warming on forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 1990, 35, 13–33.
Houghton, J.R, Jenkins, G.J., and Ephraums, J.J. (Eds.). Climate Change. The IPCC Assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1990, 364 p.
Harrington, J.B. Climate Change. A review of the causes. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1987, 12, 1313–1339.
Kimmins, J.P. Sustained yield, timber mining, and the concept of ecological rotation: a British Columbia view. Forestry Chronicle, 1974, 50, 27–31.
Squire, R.O. Review of second rotation silviculture of P. radiata plantations in Southern Australia: Establishment practices and expectations. In: IUFRO Symposium on Forest Site and Continuous Productivity. (Eds.) R. Ballard and S.P. Gessel. USDA Forest Service, PNW Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, OR, General Technical Report, PNW-163, 1983, pp. 130-137.
Farrell, P.W. Radiata pine residue management and its implications for site productivity on sandy soils. Australian Forestry, 1984, 47, 95–102.
Evans, J. The Usutu forest: twenty years later. Unasylva, 1988, 159, 19–29.
Kanowski, P. et al. Plantation Forestry. World Bank Forestry Policy Issues Paper. Oxford For. Institute, 1990.
Gessel, S.P., Lacate, D.S., Weetman, G.F., and Powers, R.F. (Eds.). Sustained Productivity of Forest Soils. Proceedings, 7th North American Forest Soils Conference, University of British Columbia, Faculty of Forestry, Vancouver, B.C., 1990, 525 p.
Lundmark, J.E. [The soil as part of the forest ecosystem.] Markem som del au det skogliga ekosystemet. [The care of the soil. Properties and Utilization of Forest Soils.] Markuård, Skogsmarkens egensleaper och utuyttjande. Sveriges Skogsvårdsforbunds. Tidskrift, 1977, 75, 109–122.
Dyck, W.J. and Skinner, M.F. Potential for productivity decline in New Zealand radiata pine forests. In: Sustained Productivity of Forest Soils, Proceedings, 7th North American Forest Soils Conference. (Eds.) S.P. Gessel, D.S. Lacate, G.F. Weetman and R.F. Powers. Faculty of Forestry, UBC, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, 1990, pp. 318–332.
Kimmins, H. Balancing Act: Environmental Issues in Forestry. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, B.C., 1990, 246 p.
Gholz, H.L. and Comerford, N.B. Key processes for potential monitoring in long-term field studies of forest productivity: an ecological perspective. In: Long-term Field Trials to Assess Environmental Impacts of Harvesting, Proceedings EEA/BE T6/A6 Workshop, Amelia Island, Florida, USA. (Eds.) W.J. Dyck and C.A. Mees. Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, New Zealand, FRI Bulletin 161, 1991, pp. 29–38.
Hinckley, T., Ford, D., Segura, G., and Sprugel, D. Key processes from tree to stand level. In: Implications of Climate Change for Pacific Northwest Forest Management. (Ed.) G. Wall. Department of Geogr. Pub1. Ser. Occasional Paper No. 15. University of Waterloo, 1992, pp. 33–43.
Perry, D.A. Key processes at the stand to landscape scale. In. Implications of Climate Change for Pacific Northwest Forest Management. (Ed.) G. Wall. Department of Geogr. Publ. Ser. Occasional Paper No. 15. University of Waterloo, 1992, pp. 51–58.
Kimmins, J.P. (1993) Scientific foundations for the simulation of ecosystem function and management in FORCYTE-II. Forestry Canada Northwest Region, Info. Rept. NOR-X-328, 88 p.
Kaufmann, M.R. and Landsberg, J.J. (Eds.). Advancing Toward Closed Models of Forest Ecosystems. Tree Physiology, 1991, 9(1, 2), 1–324 .
Dixon, R.K., Meldahl, R.S., Ruark, G.A., and Warren, W.G. (Eds.). Process Modelling Forest Growth Responses to Environmental Stress. Timber Press, Portland, OR, 1989, 441 p.
Kimmins, J.P. The Assart Effect: Implications for Sustainable Ecosystem Management. Manuscript in preparation, 1993.
Hendrickson, O.Q. Abundance and activity of N2-fixing bacteria in decaying wood. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1991, 21, 1299–1304.
Vitousek, P.M. Litterfall, nutrient cycling and nutrient limitations in tropical forests. Ecology, 1984, 65, 285–298.
Vitousek, P.M. and Sandford, R.L. Nutrient cycling in moist tropical forests. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 1986, 17, 137–167.
Tamm, C.O. and Pettersson, A. Studies on nitrogen mobilization in forest soils. Studia Forestalia Suecica, 1969, 75, 1–39.
Williams, B.L. Nitrogen mineralization and organic matter decomposition in Scots pine humus. Forestry, 1972, 45, 177–188.
Swift, M.J., Heal, D.W., and Anderson, J.M. Decomposition in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Studies in Ecology Volume 5. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA, 1979.
Kimmins, J.P. and Scoullar, K.A. The role of modelling in tree nutrition research and site nutrient management. In: Nutrition of Plantation Forests. (Eds.) G.D. Bowen and E.K.S. Nambiar. Academic Press, N.Y., 1984, pp. 463–487.
Kimmins, J.P., Scoullar, K.A., Apps, M.J., Kurz, W.A., and Comeau, P.G. Predicting the yield and economic returns of forest management in a changing and uncertain future: the hybrid simulation approach. In: Forest Simulation Systems, Proceedings, IUFRO Conference, Nov. 1988, Berkeley, California. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Bulletin 1927, 1990, pp. 247–256.
Botkin, D.B. Discordant Harmonies. A New Ecology for the Twenty-First Century. Oxford University Press, 1990, 241 p.
Kimmins, J.P., Comeau, P.G., and Kurz, W. Modelling the interactions between moisture and nutrients in the control of forest growth. Forest Ecology and Management, 1990, 30, 361–379.
Yarie, J. Role of computer models in predicting the consequences of management on forest productivity. In. Impacts of Intensive Harvesting on Forest Site Productivity. (Eds.) W.J. Dyck and C.A. Mees. Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, New Zealand, Bulletin No. 159, 1990, pp. 3–18.
Mohren, G.M.J. Simulation of forest growth applied to Douglas-fir stands in the Netherlands. Ph.D. Thesis. Landbouwuniversiteit. Wageningen, Netherlands, 1987, 184 p.
Running, S.W. Microclimatic control of forest productivity: analysis by computer simulation of annual photosynthesis and transpiration balance in different environments. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology, 1984, 32, 267–288.
Landsberg, J.J., Kaufmann, M.R., Binkley, D., Isebrands, J., and Jarvis, P.G. Evaluating progress towards closed forest models based on fluxes of carbon, water and nutrients. Tree Physiology, 1991, 9, 1–15.
Pickett, S.T.A. Space-for-time substitution as an alternative to long-term studies. In: Long-term Studies in Ecology. Approaches and Alternatives. (Ed.) G.E. Likens. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1989, pp. 110–135.
Cole, D.W. and Van Miegroet, H. Chronosequences: A technique to assess ecosystem dynamics. In: Research Strategies for Long-term Site Productivity, Proceedings, IEA/BE A3 Workshop, Seattle, WA. (Eds.) W.J. Dyck and C.A. Mees. Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, New Zealand Bulletin No. 152, 1989, pp. 5–24.
Bunnell, F.L. Alchemy and uncertainty: what good are models? USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR, General Technical Report, PNW-GTR-232, 1989, 27 p.
Likens, G.E., Johnson, N.M., Fisher, D.W., and Pierce, R.S. Effects of forest cutting and herbicide treatment on nutrient budgets in the Hubbard Brook watershed ecosystem. Ecological Monographs, 1970, 40, 23–47.
Bormann, F.H. and Likens, G.E. Pattern and Process in a Forested Ecosystem. Springer-Verlag, N.Y., 1979, 253 p.
Waring, R.H. and Schlesinger, W.H. Forest Ecosystems. Concepts and Management. Academic Press, N.Y., 1985, 340 p.
Ågren, G.I. Nitrogen productivity of some conifers. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1983, 13, 494–500.
Klinka, K., Wang, Q., Kayahara, G.J., Carter, R.E., and Blackwell, B.A. Light growth response relationships in Pacific silver fir [Abies amabilis (Dougla. ex Loud.) Forbes] and subalpine fir [Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.]. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, in press.
Messier, C. Effects of neutral shade and growing media on growth, biomass allocation, and competitive ability of Gaultheria shallon. Canadian Journal of Botany, 1992, 70, 2271–2276.
Brix, H. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on photosynthesis and respiration in Douglas-fir. Forest Science, 1971, 17, 407–414.
Brix, H. and Mitchell, A.K. Thinning and fertilization effects on soil and tree water stress in a Douglas-fir stand. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1986, 16, 1334–1338.
Miller, H.G. Dynamics of nutrient cycling in plantation ecosystems. In: Nutrition of Plantation Forests. (Eds.) G.D. Bowen and E.K.S. Nambiar. Academic Press, N.Y., 1984, pp. 53–78.
Grier, C.C. and Running, S.W. Leaf area of mature north-western coniferous forests: relation to site water balance. Ecology, 1977, 58: 893–899.
Barclay, J.H. and Brix, H. Fertilization and thinning effects on a Douglas-fir ecosystem at Shannigan Lake: 12 year growth response. Canadian Forest Service Pacific Forestry Centre Information Report BC-X-271, 1985, 36 p.
Keyes, M.R. and Grier, C.C. Above-and below-ground net production in 40-year-old Douglas-fir stands on low and high productivity sites. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1981, 11, 599–605.
Kurz, W.A. Net primary production, production allocation, and foliage efficiency in second growth Douglas-fir stands with differing site quality. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. of B.C., Vancouver, B.C., 1989, 224 p.
Vogt, K., Grier, C.C, and Vogt, DJ. Production, turnover, and nutrient dynamics of above-and below-ground detritus of world forests. Advances in Ecological Research, 1986, 15, 303–377.
Comeau, P.D. and Kimmins, J.P. Above-and below-ground biomass and production of lodgepole pine on sites with differing soil moisture regimes. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1989, 19, 447–454.
Kurz, W.A. and Kimmins, J.P. Analysis of some sources of error in methods used to determine fine root production in forest ecosystems: a simulation approach. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1987, 17, 909–912.
Persson, H. Methods of studying root dynamics in relation to nutrient cycling. In: Nutrient Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems: Field Methods, Application and Interpretation. (Eds.) A.F. Harrison, P. Inerson and D.W. Heal. Elsevier Applied Science, N.Y., 1990, pp. 198–217.
Axelsson, E. and Axelsson, B. Changes in carbon allocation patterns in spruce and pine trees following irrigation and fertilization. Tree Physiology, 1986, 2, 205–214.
Grier, C.C., Hinckley, T.M., Vogt, K.A., and Gower, S.T. Net Primary production in Douglas-fir ecosystems: its relation to moisture and mineral nutrition. In: Douglas-fir: Stand Management for the Future. (Ed.) C.D. Oliver. 1986, pp. 155–161.
Nambiar, E.K.S., Squire, R., Cromer, R., Thower, J., and Boardman, R. (Eds.). Management of water and nutrient relations to increase forest growth. Forest Ecology and Management, 1990, 30, 1–486.
Ågren, G.I. and Ingestad, T. Root: shoot ratio as a balance between nitrogen productivity and photosynthesis. Plant, Cell and Environment, 1987, 10, 579–586.
Hilbert, D.W. Optimization of plant root:shoot ratios and internal nitrogen concentrations. Annals of Botany, 1990, 66, 91–99.
Hilbert, D.W., Larigauderie, A., and Reynolds, J.F. The influence of carbon dioxide and daily photon-flux density on optimal leaf nitrogen concentration and root:shoot ratio. Annals of Botany, 1991, 68, 365–376.
Gower, S.T., Vogt, K.A., and Grier, C.C. Carbon dynamics of Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir: influence of water and nutrient availability. Ecological Monographs, 1992, 62, 43–65.
Brix, H. Mechanisms of response to fertilization. II. Utilization by trees and stands. In: Improving Forest Fertilization Decision-making in British Columbia, Proceedings Forest Fertilization Workshop, March 1988, Vancouver B.C. (Ed.) J.D. Lousier. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C., 1991, pp. 76–93.
Martin, W.L. Post-clearcutting forest floor nitrogen dynamics and regeneration response in the coastal western hemlock wet subzone. Ph.D. thesis. Univ. of B.C., Vancouver, B.C., 1985, 350 p.
Meentemeyer, V. Macroclimate and lignin control of litter decomposition rates. Ecology, 1978, 59, 465–472.
Taylor, B.R., Prescott, C.E., Parsons, W.J.F., and Parkinson, D. Substrate control of litter decomposition in four Rocky Mountain coniferous forests. Canadian Journal of Botany, 1991, 69, 2242–2250.
Weetman, G.F. and Timmer, V. Feather moss growth and nutrient content under upland black spruce. Woodland Research Index No. 183. Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Canada, 1967, 38 p.
Yarie, J.The role of understorey vegetation in the nutrient cycle of forested ecosystems in the Mountain Hemlock Biogeoclimatic Zone. Ecology, 1980, 61, 1498–1514.
Nambiar, E.K.S. and Zed, P.G. Influence of weeds and seedling types on the water potential and growth of young Pinus radiata. Australian Forestry Research, 1980, 10, 279–288.
Sands, R. and Nambiar, E.K.S. Water relations of Pinus radiata in competition with weeds. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1984, 14, 233–237.
Woods, P.V., Nambiar, E.K.S., and Smethurst, P.J. Effect of annual weeds on water and nitrogen availability to Pinus radiata trees in a young plantation. Forest Ecology and Management, 1992, 48, 145–163.
Damman, A.W.H. Effect of vegetation change on the fertility of a Newfoundland forest site. Ecological Monographs, 1971, 41, 352–370.
Taylor, C.M.A. and Tabbush, P.M. Nitrogen deficiency in Sitka spruce plantations. Forestry Commission Bulletin No. 89, 1990.
Cole, D.W. and Rapp, M. Elemental cycling in forest ecosystems. In: Dynamic Properties of Forest Ecosystems. (Ed.) D.E. Reichle. International Biological Programme 23. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1981, pp. 341–409.
Prescott, C.E., McDonald, M.A., and Weetman, G.F. Differences in availability of N and P in the forest floors of adjacent stands of western redcedar — western hemlock and western hemlock — amabilis fir on northern Vancouver Island. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1992, (in press).
van den Driessche, R. Nutrient storage, retranslocation and relationship of stress to nutrition. In: Nutrition of Plantation Forests. (Eds.) G.D. Bowen and E.K.S. Nambiar. Academic Press, N.Y., 1984, pp. 181–209.
Nambiar, E.K.S. and Fife, D.N. Nutrient retranslocation in temperate conifers. Tree Physiology, 1991, 9, 185–207.
Millard, P. and Proe, M.F. Storage and internal cycling of Nitrogen in relation to seasonal growth of Sitka spruce. Tree Physiology, 1992, 10(1), 33–44.
Turner, J. Effect of nitrogen availability on nitrogen cycling in a Douglas-fir stand. Forest Science, 1977, 23, 307–316.
Turner, N.C. and Jarvis, P.G. Photosynthesis in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchen-sis [Bong.] Carr.) IV. Responses to soil temperature. Journal of Applied Ecology, 1975, 12, 561–576.
Kaufmann, M.R. Soil temperature and drying cycle effects on water relations of Pinus radiata. Canadian Journal of Botany, 1977, 55, 2413–2418.
Teskey, R.O. and Hinkley, T.M. Effects of water stress in trees. In: Stress Physiology and Forest Productivity. (Eds.) T. Hennessy, P. Dougherty, S. Kossuth and J. Johnson. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Boston, 1986.
Kandiko, R.A., Timmis, R., and Worrall, J. Pressure-volume curves of shoots and roots of normal and drought conditioned western hemlock seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1980, 10, 10–16.
Spittlehouse, D.L. and Stathers, R.J. Seedling Microclimate. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C. Land Management Report 65, 1990.
Adams, R.S., Black, T.A., and Fleming, R.L. Evapotranspiration and surface conductance in a high elevation grass-covered forest clearcut. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology, 1991, 56, 173–193.
Black, T.A., Novak, M.D., Adams, R.S., Fleming, R.L., Eldridge, N.R., and Simpson, I.J. Site preparation procedures to reduce seedling water and temperature stress in backlog areas in the southern interior. Final Report on Southern Interior FRDA Project 3.02. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C., 1991.
Pickett, S.T.A., Collins, S.L., and Armesto, J.J. Models, mechanisms and pathways of succession. Botanical Review, 1987, 53, 335–371.
Harper, J.L. Population Biology of Plants. Academic Press, New York, 1977, 892 p.
Noble, I.R. and Slatyer, R.O. Post-fire succession of plants in Mediterranean ecosystems. In: Proceedings, Symposium on the Environmental Consequences of Fire and Fuel Management in Mediterranean Ecosystems. (Eds.) H.A. Mooney and C.E. Conrad. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report, WO-3, 1977, pp. 27–63.
Messier, C. and Kimmins, J.P. Above-and below-ground vegetation recovery in recently clearcut and burned sites dominated by Gaultheria shallon in coastal British Columbia. Forest Ecology and Management, 1991, 46, 275–294.
Pickett, S.T.A. and White, P.S. The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. Academic Press, San Diego, 1985, 472 p.
Keenan, R.J. and Kimmins, J.P. (1993) The ecological effects of clear-cutting. Environmental Reviews, 1, 472 p.
Kimmins, J.P., Scoullar, K.A. and Wei, X. (1994) Incorporation of nutrient cycling in the design of sustainable, stand-level, forest management systems using the ecosystem management model FORECAST and its output format FORTOON. Plant and Soil (in press).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kimmins, J.P. (1994). Identifying Key Processes Affecting Long-Term Site Productivity. In: Dyck, W.J., Cole, D.W., Comerford, N.B. (eds) Impacts of Forest Harvesting on Long-Term Site Productivity. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1270-3_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1270-3_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4554-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-1270-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive