Abstract
Studies on genetic markers in relation to risk factors for atherosclerotic disease, particularly coronary heart disease (CHD), have traditionally focused on the search for correlations between genetic markers and absolute risk factor levels under certain ‘basic’ conditions (usually the fasting state). Since Western man is postprandial for more than half of every 24-hour period, measurement of lipid levels in the fasting state provides little information about fluctuations in risk factor levels through a 24-hour period. Data on day-to-day fluctuations in lipid levels are scarce. It is known, however, that fasting cholesterol levels may exhibit significant fluctuations when blood samples drawn at intervals of many weeks or several months are examined.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adams WC, Gaman EM, Feigenbaum AS. Breed differences in the response of rabbits to atherogenic diets. Atherosclerosis. 1972;16:405–11.
Roberts A, Thompson JS. Inbred mice and their hybrids as an animal model for atheosclerosis research. In: Day CE, ed. Atherosclerosis drug discovery. New York: enum Press; 1976: 313–27.
Shore B, Shore V. Rabbits as a model for the study of hyperlipoproteinemia and atherosclerosis. In: Day CE, ed. Atherosclerosis drug discovery. New York: Plenum Press; 1976:123–41.
Clarkson TB, Lofland HB, Bullock BC, Goodman HO. Genetic control of plasma cholesterol — studies on squirrel monkeys. Arch Pathol. 1971;92:37–45.
Eggen DA. Cholesterol metabolism in groups of rhesus monkeys with high or low response of serum cholesterol to an atherogenic diet. J Lipid Res. 1976;17:663–73.
Imai Y, Matsumura H. Genetic studies on induced and spontaneous hypercholesterolemia in rats. Atherosclerosis. 1973;18:59–64.
Van Zutphen LFM, Den Bieman MGCW. Cholesterol response in inbred strains of rats, Rattus norvegicus. J Nutr. 1981;111:1833–8.
Quintäo E, Grundy SM, Ahrens Jr EJ. Effects of dietary cholesterol on the regulation of total body cholesterol in man. J Lipid Res. 1971;12:233–47.
Nestel PJ, Poyser A. Changes in cholesterol synthesis and excretion when cholesterol intake is increased. Metabolism. 1976;25:1591–9.
Mistry P, Miller NE, Laker M, Hazzard HR, Lewis B. Individual variation in the effects of dietary cholesterol on plasma lipoproteins and cellular cholesterol homeostasis in man-Studies of low density lipoproteins receptor activity and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in blood mononuclear cells. J Clin Invest. 1981;67:493–502.
Beynen AC, Katan MB. Reproducibility of the variations between humans in the response of serum cholesterol to cessation of egg consumption. Atherosclerosis. 1985;57:19–31.
Katan MB, Beynen AC. Characteristics of human hypo-and hyperresponders to dietary cholesterol. Am J Epidemiol. 1987;125:387–99.
Katan MB, Beynen AC, De Vries JHM, Nobels A. Existence of consistent hypo-and hyperresponders to dietary cholesterol in man. Am J Epidemiol. 1986;123:221–34.
Corey LA, Nance WE, Berg K. A new tool in birth defects research: The MZ half-sib model and its extension to grandchildren of identical twins. Birth Defects Original Article Ser. 1978;XIV:193–200.
Groover ME, Jernigan JA, Martin CD. Variations in serum lipid concentration and clinical coronary disease. Am J Med Sci. 1960;53:133–9.
Hubert HB, Feinleib M, McNamara PM, Castelli WP. Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1983;67:968–77.
Lissner L, Odell PM, D’Agostino RB, et al. Variability of body weight and health outcomes in the Framingham population. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:1839–44.
Monsalve MV, Robinson D, Woocock NE, Powell JT, Greenhalgh RM, Humphries SE. Within-individual variation in serum cholesterol levels: Association with DNA polymorphisms at the apolipoprotein B and AI-CIII-AIV loci in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Clin Genet. 1991;39:260–73.
Humphries SE, Green FR, Henney AM, Talmud PJ. DNA polymorphisms: The variability gene concept and the risk of coronary artery disease. In: Beam AG, ed. Genetics of coronary heart disease. Oslo: Institute of Medical Genetics; 1992:123–42.
Magnus P, Berg K, Bórresen A-L, Nance WE. Apparent influence of marker genotypes on variation in serum cholesterol in monozygotic twins. Clin Genet. 1981;19:67–70.
Berg K. Twin research in coronary heart disease. In: Gedda L, Parisi P, Nance WE, eds. Twin research 3: Part C, Epidemiological and clinical studies. New York: A.R. Liss; 1981:117–30.
Berg K. Twin studies of coronary heart disease and its risk factors. Acta Genet Med Gemellol. 1984;33:349–61.
Berg K. Variability gene effect on cholesterol at the Kidd blood group locus. Clin Genet. 1988;33:102–7.
Berg K. Level genes and variability genes in the etiology of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. In: Berg K, Retterstól N, Refsum S, eds. From phenotype to gene in common disorders. Copenhagen: Munksgaard; 1990:77–91.
Clifton PM, Kestin M, Abbey M, Drysdale M, Nestel PH. Relationship between sensitivity to dietary fat and dietary cholesterol. Arteriosclerosis. 1989;10:394–400.
Berg K. Predictive genetic testing to control coronary heart disease and hyperlipidemia. Arteriosclerosis. 1989;9:50–8.
Berg K, Kondo I, Drayna D, Lawn R. ‘Variability gene’ effect of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) genes. Clin Genet. 1989;35:437–45.
Kondo I, Berg K, Drayna D, Lawn R. DNA polymorphism at the locus for human cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is associated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein levels. Clin Genet. 1989;35:49–56.
Freeman D, Lindsay G, McCusker L, Gaffney D, Packard C, Shepherd J. Plasma HDL-2 concentration is associated with polymorphisms of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene (CETP) and smoking status. In: Abstracts, European Atherosclerosis Society, 59th EAS Congress; 1992:75.
Berg K. Introductory remarks: risk factor levels and variability. Ann Med. 1992;24:343–7.
Stunkard AJ, Sorensen TIA, Hanis C, et al. An adoption study of human obesity. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:193–8.
Berg K. Role of genetic factors in atherosclerotic disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989;49:1025–9.
Rajput-Williams J, Wallis SC, Yarnell J, et al. Variation of apolipoprotein-B gene is associated with obesity, high blood cholesterol levels, and increased risk of coronary heart disease. Lancet. 1988;2:1442–6.
Berg K. Molecular genetics and nutrition. In: Simopoulos AP, Childs B, eds. Genetic variation and nutrition. World Review of Nutrition and Diet. Basel: Karger; 1990;63:49–59.
Berg K. Genetics of coronary heart disease and its risk factors. In: Bock G, Collins GM, eds. Molecular approaches to human polygenic disease. Ciba Foundation Symposium 130. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 1987:14–33.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Berg, K. (1994). Gene-environment Interaction: Variability Gene Concept. In: Goldbourt, U., de Faire, U., Berg, K. (eds) Genetic factors in coronary heart disease. Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine, vol 156. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1130-0_26
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1130-0_26
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4494-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-1130-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive