Abstract
This review summarises recent studies of O—stars, Luminous Blue Variables (LBVs) and Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars, emphasising observations and analyses of their atmospheres and stellar winds yielding determinations of their physical and chemical properties. Studies of these stellar groups provide important tests of both stellar wind theory and stellar evolution models incorporating mass-loss effects. Quantitative analyses of O—star spectra reveal enhanced helium abundances in Of and many luminous O—supergiants, together with CNO anomalies in OBN and Ofpe/WN9 stars, indicative of evolved objects. Enhanced helium, and CNO—cycle products are observed in several LBVs, implying a highly evolved status, whilst for the WR stars there is strong evidence for the exposition of CNO—cycle products in WN stars, and helium—burning products in WC and WO stars. The observed wind properties and mass-loss rates derived for O—stars show, in general terms, good agreement with predictions from the latest radiation—driven wind models, although some discrepancies are apparent. Several LBVs show similar mass-loss rates at maximum and minimum states, contrary to previous expectations, with the mechanism responsible for the variability and outbursts remaining unclear. WR stars exhibit the most extreme levels of mass-loss and stellar wind momenta. Whilst alternative mass-loss mechanisms have been proposed, recent calculations indicate that radiation pressure alone may be sufficient, given the strong ionization stratification present in their winds.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abbott D.C. & Conti P.S., 1987. Ann. Rev. Astron. & Astrophys., 25, 113–150.
Abbott D.C. & Hummer D.G., 1985. Astrophys. J., 294, 286.
Abbott D.C., Bieging J.H., Churchwell E. & Torres A.V. 1986. Astrophys. J., 303, 239.
Allen D.A., Hyland A.R. & Hillier D.J., 1990. Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 244, 706.
Barlow M.J., 1991. In: Wolf-Rayet Stars and Interrelations with other Massive Stars in Galaxies, IAU Symposium 143, eds. van der Hucht K.A. & Hidayat B., p. 281, Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Barlow M.J. & Hummer D.G., 1982. In: Wolf-Rayet Stars: Observations, Physics, Evolution, IAU Symposium 99, eds. de Loore C.W.H. & Willis A.J., p.387, Reidel, Dordrecht.
Barlow M.J., Smith L.J. & Willis A.J., 1981. Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 196, 101.
Barlow M.J., Roche P.F. & Aitken D.K., 1988. Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 232, 821.
Bhatia A.K. & Underhill A.B., 1988. Astrophys. J. Suppl, 67, 187.
Bieging J.H., Abbott D.C. & Churchwell E.B., 1989. Astrophys. J., 340, 518.
Blomme R., 1990. Astron. Astrophys., 229, 513.
Bohannan B. & Walborn N.R., 1989. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac., 101, 639.
Bohannan B., Abbott D.C., Voels S.A. & Hummer D.G., 1986. Astrophys. J., 308, 728.
Bohannan B., Voels S.A., Hummer D.G. & Abbott D.C., 1990. Astrophys. J., 365, 729.
Cassinelli J.P., 1991. In: Wolf-Rayet Stars and Interrelations with other Massive Stars in Galaxies, IAU Symposium 143, eds. van der Hucht K.A. & Hidayat B., p. 289, Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Cherepashchuk A.M., Eaton J.A. & Khaliullin, 1984. Astrophys. J., 231, 774.
Chlebowski T., Harnder F.R. & Sciortino S., 1989. Astrophys. J., 341, 427.
Conti P.S., 1975. Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege, 6eme serie, Tome IX, 193.
Conti P.S., Leep E.M. & Perry D.N., 1983. Astrophys. J., 268, 228.
Conti P.S., & Underhill A.B., 1988. O stars and Wolf—Rayet Stars, NASA Sp-497.
Conti P.S. & Massey P., 1989. Astrophys. J., 337, 251.
Crowther P.A. PhD thesis, University of London, 1993.
Davidson K., 1987. Astrophys. J., 317, 760.
Davidson K., 1989. In: Physics of Luminous Blue Variables, IAU Colloquium 113, eds. Davidson K., Moffat A.F.J. & Lamers H.J.G.L.M, p. 101, Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Davidson K., Walborn N.R. & Gull T.R., 1982. Astrophys. J., 254, L47.
Davidson K., Dufour R.J., Walborn N.R. & Gull T.R., 1986. Astrophys. J., 305, 867.
de Freitas Pacheco J.A., Neto A.D., Costa R.D.D. & Viotti R., 1988. Astron. Astrophys., 266, 360.
de Loore C.W.H., Willis A.J. & Laskarides P. (eds)., 1986. Luminous Stars and Associations in Galaxies, IAU Symposium 116, Reidel, Dordrecht.
Drew J., 1989. Astrophys. J. Suppl., 71, 267.
Eenens P.R.J., 1993. In: Massive stars: Their Lives in the Interstellar Medium, A.S.P. Conference Series, Vol. 35, eds. Cassinelli J.P. & Churchwell E.B., p. 254.
Eenens P.R.J. & Williams P.M., 1992. Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 255, 227.
Esteban C., Vlchez J.M., Smith L.J. & Clegg R.E.S., 1992. Astron. Astrophys., 259, 629.
Esteban C., Smith L.J., Vlchez J.M. & Clegg R.E.S., 1993. Astron. Astrophys., 272, 299.
Fullerton A.W., 1992. In: Nonisotropic and Variable Outflows from Stars, A.S.P. Conference Series, Vol. 22, eds. Drissen L., Leitherer C. & Nota A., p. 185.
Garmany C.D. & Conti P.S., 1984. Astrophys. J., 284, 705.
Grigsby J.A., Morrison N.D. & Anderson L.S., 1992. Astrophys. J. Suppl., 78, 205.
Groenewegen M.A.T. & Lamers H.J.G.L.M., 1989. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl., 79, 359.
Groenewegen M.A.T. & Lamers H.J.G.L.M., 1991. Astron. Astrophys., 243, 429.
Groenewegen M.A.T., Lamers H.J.G.L.M. & Pauldrach A.W.A, 1989. Astron. Astrophys., 221, 78.
Hamann W-R. & Schmutz W., 1987. Astron. Astrophys., 174, 173.
Hamann W-R., Schmutz W. & Wessolowski U., 1988. Astron. Astrophys., 194, 190.
Hamann W-R., Dunnebeil G., Koesterke L., Schmutz W. & Wessolowski U., 1991. Astron. Astrophys., 249, 443.
Hamann W-R., Leuenhagen U., Koesterke L. & Wessolowski U., 1992. Astron. Astrophys., 255, 200.
Hamann W-R., Koesterke L. & Wessolowski U., 1993a. Astron. Astrophys., 274, 397.
Hamann W-R., Wessolowski U. & Koesterke L., 1993b. Astron. Astrophys.. submitted.
Herrero A., Kudritzki R.P., Vilchez J.M., Kunze D., Butler K. & Haser S., 1992. Astron. Astrophys., 261, 209.
Hillier D.J., 1992. In: Atmospheres of Early-Type stars, eds. Heber U. & Jeffery C.S., p. 105, Springer-Verlag.
Hillier D.J., 1987a. Astrophys. J. Suppl., 63, 947.
Hillier D.J., 1987b. Astrophys. J. Suppl., 63, 965.
Hillier D.J., 1988. Astrophys. J., 327, 822.
Hillier D.J., 1989. Astrophys. J., 347, 392.
Hillier D.J., 1991. Astron. Astrophys., 247, 455.
Hillier D.J. & Allen D.A., 1992. Astron. Astrophys., 262, 153.
Howarth I.D. & Prinja R.K., 1989. Astrophys. J. Suppl., 69, 527.
Howarth I.D. & Schmutz W., 1992. Astron. Astrophys., 261, 503.
Hu J.Y., de Winter D., The P.S. & Perez M.R., 1990. Astron. Astrophys., 227, L17.
Humphreys R.M., 1989. In: Physics of Luminous Blue Variables, IAU Colloquium 113, eds. Davidson K., Moffat A.F.J. & Lamers H.J.G.L.M, p. 3, Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Humphreys R.M., 1991. In: Wolf-Rayet Stars and Interrelations with other Massive Stars in Galaxies, IAU Symposium 143, eds. van der Hucht K.A. & Hidayat B., p. 485, Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Humphreys R.M. & Davidson K., 1979. Astrophys. J., 232, 409.
Humphreys R.M., Jones T.J. & Gerhz R.D., 1987. Astron. J., 94, 315.
Humphreys R.M., Leitherer C., Stahl O., Wolf B. & Zickgraf F.J., 1988. Astron. Astrophys., 203, 306.
Humphreys R.M., Lamers H.J.G.L.M., Hoekzema N. & Cassatella A., 1989. Astron. Astrophys., 218, L18.
Hutsemekers D. & Kohoutek L., 1988. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl., 73, 217.
Hutsemekers D. & Van Drom E., 1991. Astron. Astrophys., 248, 141.
Johnson D.R.H., Barlow M.J., Drew J.E. & Brinks E., 1992. Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 255, 261.
Koesterke L., Hamann W-R., Schmutz W. & Wessolowski U., 1991. Astron. Astrophys., 248, 166.
Kudritzki R.P. & Hummer D.G., 1990. Ann. Rev. Astron. & Astrophys., 28, 303–345.
Lamers H.J.G.L.M., 1989. In: Physics of Luminous Blue Variables, IAU Colloquium 113, eds. Davidson K., Moffat A.F.J. & Lamers H.J.G.L.M, p. 135, Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Lamers H.J.G.L.M. & Leitherer C., 1993. Astrophys. J., 412, 771.
Lamers H.J.G.L.M., Maeder A., Schmutz W. & Cassinelli J.P., 1991. Astrophys. J., 368, 538.
Langer N., 1991. Astron. Astrophys., 248, 531.
Leitherer C., 1988. Astrophys. J., 326, 356.
Leitherer C. & Robert C., 1991. Astrophys. J., 377, 629.
Leitherer C., Schmutz W., Abbott D.C., Hamann W-R. & Wessolowski U., 1989. Astrophys. J., 346, 919.
Leitherer C., Neto A.D. & Schmutz W., 1992. In: Nonisotropic and Variable Outflows from Stars, A.S.P. Conference Series, Vol. 22, eds. Drissen C.L. Leitherer & Nota A., p. 366.
Long K.S. & White R.L., 1980. Astrophys. J., 239, L65.
Lucy L.B., 1982. Astrophys. J., 255, 286.
Lucy L.B. & Abbott D.C., 1993. Astrophys. J., 405, 738.
Maeder A., 1990. Astron. Astrophys. Supply. 84, 139.
Maeder A. & Meynet G., 1987. Astron. Astrophys., 182, 243.
Massey P. & Johnson J., 1993. Astron. J., 105, 980.
McGregor P.J., Hyland A.R. & Hillier D.J., 1988. Astrophys. J., 324, 1071.
Mitra P.M. & Dufour R.J., 1990. Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 242, 98.
Moffat A.F.J. & Robert C., 1991. In: Wolf-Rayet Stars and Interrelations with other Massive Stars in Galaxies, IAU Symposium 143, eds. van der Hucht K.A. & Hidayat B., p. 109, Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Moffat A.F.J. & Robert C., 1992. In: Nonisotropic and Variable Outflows from Stars, A.S.P. Conference Series, Vol. 22, eds. Drissen L., Leitherer C. & Nota A., p. 203.
Moffat A.F.J. Drissen L., Lamontagne R. & Robert C., 1988. Astrophys. J., 334, 1038.
Nota A., Leitherer C., Clampin M., Greenfield P. & Golimowski D.A., 1992. Astrophys. J., 398, 621.
Nugis T., 1982. In: Wolf-Rayet Stars: Observations, Physics, Evolution, IAU Symposium 99, eds. de Loore C.W.H. & Willis A.J., p. 131, Reidel, Dordrecht.
Owocki S.P., Castor J.I. & Rybicki G.B., 1988. Astrophys. J., 335, 914.
Parker J.W., Clayton G.C., Winge C. & Conti P.S., 1993. Astrophys. J.,, 409, 770.
Paudrach A., Puis J. & Kudritzki R.P., 1986. Astron. Astrophys., 164, 86.
Paudrach A., Kudritski R.P., Puis J. & Butler K., 1990. Astron. Astrophys., 228, 125.
Pauldrach A.W.A. & Puisl J., 1990. Astron. Astrophys., 237, 409.
Prinja R.K., 1988. Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 231, 21P.
Prinja R.K., 1992. In: Nonisotropic and Variable Outflows from Stars, A.S.P. Conference Series, Vol. 22, eds. Drissen L., Leitherer C. & Nota A., p. 167.
Prinja R.K. & Howarth I.D., 1986. Astrophys. J. Suppl., 61, 357.
Prinja R.K. & Smith L.J., 1992. Astron. Astrophys., 266, 377.
Prinja R.K., Barlow M.J. & Howarth I.D., 1990. Astrophys. J., 361, 607.
Rosa M.R. & Mathis J.S., 1990. In: Properties of Hot Luminous Stars, ed. Garmany C.D., p. 135, Astron. Soc. Pac. Conf. Ser 7.
Sanduleak N., 1977. Inf. Bull. Var. Stars., 1304.
Schaerer D. & Maeder A., 1992. Astron. Astrophys., 263, 129.
Schmutz W, Hamann W-R. & Wessolowski U., 1989. Astron. Astrophys., 210, 236.
Schmutz W., Leitherer C., Hubeny I., Vogel M., Hamann W-R. & Wessolowski U., 1991. Astrophys. J., 372, 664.
Schonberger D., Herrero A., Becker S., Eber F., Butler K., Kudritzki R.P. & Simon K.P., 1988. Astron. Astrophys., 197, 209.
Schulte-Ladbeck R.E., Meade M.R. & Hillier D.J., 1992. In: Nonisotropic and Variable Outflows from Stars, A.S.P. Conference Series, Vol. 22, eds. Drissen L., Leitherer C. & Nota A., p. 118.
Schulte-Ladbeck R.E., Leitherer C., Clayton G.C., Robert C., Meade M.R., Drissen L., Nota A. & Schmutz W., 1993a. Astrophys. J., 407, 723.
Schulte-Ladbeck R.E., Clayton G.C. & Meade M.R., 1993b. In: Massive stars: Their Lives in the Interstellar Medium, A.S.P. Conference Series, Vol. 35, eds. Cassinelli J.P. & Church well E.B., p. 237.
Shore S.N., Sanduleak N. & Allen D.A., 1987. Astron. Astrophys., 176, 59.
Shore S.N., 1992. In: Nonisotropic and Variable Outflows from Stars, A.S.P. Conference Series, Vol. 22, eds. Drissen C.L. Leitherer & Nota A., p. 342.
Smith L.F. & Hummer D.G., 1988. Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 230, 511.
Smith L.J. & Willis A.J., 1982. Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 201, 451.
Smith L.J. & Willis A.J., 1983. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl., 54, 229.
Smith L.J., Crowther P.A. & Prinja R.K., 1993. Astron. Astrophys. in press.
St-Louis N., Moffat A.F.J., Drissen L., Bastien P. & Robert C., 1988. Astrophys. J., 330, 286.
St-Louis N., Moffat A.F.J., Lapointe L., Efimov Y.S., Shakhovskoy N.M., Fox G.K., & Piirola V. 1993. Astrophys. J., 410, 342.
Stahl O., 1986. Astron. Astrophys., 164, 321
Stahl O., Wolf B., Klare G., Cassatella A., Krautter J., Persi P & Ferrari-Toniolo M., 1983. Astron. Astrophys., 127, 49.
Stahl O., Wolf B. & Zickgraf F.J., 1987. Astron. Astrophys., 184, 193.
Stahl O., Wolf B., Klare G., Juttner A. & Cassatella A., 1990. Astron. Astrophys., 228, 379.
Sterken C., Gosset E., Juttner A., Stahl O., Wolf B. & Axer M., 1991. Astron. Astrophys., 247, 383.
Taylor M., Nordsieck K.H., Schulte-Ladbeck R.E. & Bjorkman K.S., 1991. Astron. J., 102, 1197.
Torres A.V., 1988. Astrophys. J., 325, 759.
Torres A.V., Conti P.S. & Massey P., 1986. Astrophys. J., 300, 379.
van der Hucht K.A. 1992. Astron. Astrophys. Rev., 4, 123.
van der Hucht K.A. & Hidayat B. (eds)., 1991. Wolf-Rayet Stars and Interrelations with other Massive Stars in Galaxies, IAU Symposium 143, Kluwer, Dordrecht.
van Genderen A.M. & The P.S., 1984. Space Sci. Rev., 39, 317.
Vanbeveren D., 1991. Astron. Astrophys., 252, 159.
Voels S.A., Bohannan B., Abbott D.C. & Hummer D.G., 1989. Astrophys. J., 340, 1073.
Walborn N.R., 1971. Astrophys. J., 164, 267.
Walborn N.R., 1976. Astrophys. J., 205.
Walborn N.R., 1977. Astrophys. J., 215, 53.
Walborn N.R., 1982. Astrophys. J., 256, 452.
Walborn N.R. & Fitzpartick E.L., 1990. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac., 102, 379.
Walborn N.R., Nichols-Bohhi J. & Panek R.J., 1985. NASA Ref. Pub., 1115.
White R.L., 1985. Astrophys. J., 289, 698.
Williams P.E, 1982. In: Wolf-Rayet Stars: Observations, Physics, Evolution, IAU Symposium 99, eds. de Loore C.W.H. & Willis A.J., p. 73, Reidel, Dordrecht.
Williams P.M. & Eenens P.R.J., 1989. Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 240, 445.
Willis A.J., 1991a. In: Wolf-Rayet Stars and Interrelations with other Massive Stars in Galaxies, IAU Symposium 143, eds. van der Hucht K.A. & Hidayat B., p. 265, Kluwer Dordrecht.
Willis A.J., 1991b. In: Evolution of Stars: The Photospheric Abundance Connection IAU Symposium 145, eds. Michaud G. & Tutukov A., p. 195, Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Willis A.J., & Stickland D.J., 1990. Astron. Astrophys., 232, 89.
Willis A.J., Schild H. & Smith L.J., 1992. Astron. Astrophys., 261, 419.
Wolf B., 1992. In: Nonisotropic and Variable Outflows from Stars, A.S.P. Conference Series, Vol. 22, eds. Drissen L., Leitherer C. & Nota A., p. 321.
Wolf B. & Stahl O., 1982. Astron. Astrophys., 112, 111.
Wolf B., Stahl O., de Groot M.J.H. & Sterken C., 1981a. Astron. Astrophys., 99, 351.
Wolf B., Appenzeller I. & Stahl O., 1981b. Astron. Astrophys., 103, 94.
Wolf B., Stahl O., Smolinski J. & Cassatella A., 1988. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl., 74, 239.
Wright A.E. & Barlow M.J. 1975. Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 170, 41.
Zickgraf F-J., 1992. In: Nonisotropic and Variable Outflows from Stars, AST. Conference Series, Vol. 22, eds. Drissen L., Leitherer C. & Nota A., p. 75.
Zickgraf F.-J., Wolf B., Stahl O., Leitherer C. & Appenzeller I., 1986. Astron. Astrophys., 163, 119.
Zickgraf F-J., Wolf B., Stahl O. & Humphreys R.M., 1989. Astron. Astrophys., 220, 206.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Crowther, P.A., Willis, A.J. (1994). Observations of the Atmospheres and Winds of O-stars, LBVs and Wolf-Rayet Stars. In: Vanbeveren, D., van Rensbergen, W., de Loore, C. (eds) Evolution of Massive Stars. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1080-8_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1080-8_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4471-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-1080-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive