Abstract
As John Maynard Smith1 has said: Our choice of models, and to some extent our choice of words to describe them is important because it affects how we think about the world … our choice of model decides what phenomena we regard as readily explicable, and which need further investigation, (p. 120.)
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Notes
John Maynard Smith, “How To Model Evolution” in J. Dupre (ed.), The Latest on the Best (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1987), pp. 119–131.
Edward O. Wilson, “The Superorganism Concept and Beyond” in M. Chauvin, M. Noiret and P. Grasse (eds.), L”effet de groupe chez les animaux. Colloque internationaux du centre national de la recherche scientifique, No. 173 (Paris, 1968), pp. 27–39
Edward O. Wilson, “The Superorganism Concept and Beyond” in M. Chauvin, M. Noiret and P. Grasse (eds.), The Insect Societies (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press. 1971).
Edward O. Wilson, “The Sociogenesis of Insect Colonies,” Science 228 (1985a), 1489–1495
Edward O. Wilson, “The Principles of Caste Evolution” in B. Holldobler and M. Lindauer (eds.), Experimental Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (Sinauer, 1985b).
Edward O. Wilson, “The Sociogenesis of Insect Colonies,” Science 228 (1985a), 1489–1495
Edward O. Wilson “The Principles of Caste Evolution” in B. Holldobler and M. Lindauer (eds.), Experimental Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 1985b, p. 317.
Charles Lumsden, “The Social Regulation of Physical Caste: The Superorganism Revived,” Journal of Theoretical Biology (1982), 749–781.
Thomas Seeley, “The Honey Bee Colony as Superorganism,” American Scientist 77 (1989), 546–553.
David Sloan Wilson and Elliott Sober, “Reviving the Superorganism,” Journal of Theoretical Biology 136 (1989), 337–356.
James J. Bono, “Science, Discourse, and Literature: The Role/Rule of Metaphor in Science,” in Stuart Peterfreund (ed.), Literature and Science: Theory and Practice (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1990), pp. 59–90.
Nancy Stepan, “Race and Gender: The Role of Analogy in Science,” ISIS 77 (1986), 261–277 (quote p. 277).
Max Black, “More about Metaphor” (19–43), Richard Boyd “Metaphor and theory change: What is “metaphor” a metaphor for?” (356–408)
Thomas Kuhn “Metaphor in Science” (409–419) in A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1979)
Kuhn, “Metaphor in Science” (409–419) in A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, pp. 415–416.
Boyd op. cit., 1979, p. 406.
Gregg Mitmann, this volume.
Wilson, “The Sociogenesis of Insect Colonies,” Science 228, 1971, 1985a
Edward O. Wilson “The Principles of Caste Evolution” in B. Holldobler and M. Lindauer (eds.), Experimental Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 1985b, p. 317.
Lumsden, “The Social Regulation of Physical Caste: The Superorganism Revived,” Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1982.
Wilson and Sober, “Reviving the Superorganism,” Journal of Theoretical Biology 136 (1989), 337–356.
Seeley, “The Honey Bee Colony as Superorganism,” American Scientist 77 (1989), 546–553.
Wilson, “The Sociogenesis of Insect Colonies,” Science 228, 1985a, p. 1492.
Seeley “The Honey Bee Colony as Superorganism,” American Scientist 77, 1989, p. 548.
William Morton Wheeler, “The Ant Colony As an Organism,” Journal of Morphology 22 (1911), 307–325
William Morton Wheeler, Social Life among the Insects (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Co., 1923)
William Morton Wheeler, The Social Insects: Their Origin and Evolution (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1928).
See Garland Allen, Life Science in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978).
See Michael Ghiselin, The Economy of Nature and the Evolution of Sex (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974).
Charles Otis Whitman, “Prefatory Note,” Biological Lectures 1894 (1895), pp. iii–vii.
See also Jane Maienschein, “Shifting Assumptions in American Biology,” Journal of the History of Biology 14 (1981), 89–113.
Wheeler, “The Ant Colony As an Organism,” Journal of Morphology 22, 1911.
Mary Alice Evans and Howard Ensign Evans, William Morton Wheeler, Biologist (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970).
Wheeler,Social Life among the Insects (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Co., 1923, p. 3.
Daniel Todes, Darwin Without Malthus (Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1989), p. 13.
Wheeler, “The Ant Colony As an Organism,” Journal of Morphology 22, 1911, p. 5.
Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species. A Facsimile of the First Edition, 1859 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 1964), p. 236.
Ghiselin, The Economy of Nature and the Evolution of Sex (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974.
Ghiselin, The Economy of Nature and the Evolution of Sex (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974, p. 30.
1926, quoted in Evans and Evans, William Morton Wheeler, Biologist (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press), 1970, p. 224.
Quoted in Evans and Evans, William Morton Wheeler, Biologist (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press), 1970, p. 224.
Wheeler, “The Ant Colony As an Organism,” Journal of Morphology 22, 1911.
Wheeler, The Social Insects: Their Origin and Evolution (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co.), 1928.
Timothy Lenoir, The Strategy of Life (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982).
Wilson and Sober, “Reviving the Superorganism,” Journal of Theoretical Biology 136, 1989.
Stephen J. Gould. “The Hardening of the Modern Synthesis” in Majorie Grene (ed.), Dimensions of Darwinism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 71–93.
See M. J. Wade, “A Critical Review of the Models of Group Selection,” Quarterly Review of Biology 53 (1978), 101–114.
Sandra D. Mitchell and Robert E. Page, Jr. “Idiosyncratic Paradigms and the Revival of the Superorangism” (unpub. ms.).
Leo W. Buss, The Evolution of Individuality (Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1987), p. 20.
P. K. Visscher, “Kinship Discrimination in Queen Rearing by Honey Bees (Apis mellifera),” Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 18 (1986), 453–460
Robert E. Page and E. H. Erickson, “Selective Rearing of Queens by Worker Honey Bees: Kin or Nestmate Recognition?” Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 11 (1984), 578–580
K. C. Noonan, “Recognition of Queen Larvae by Worker Honey Bees (Apis mellifera),” Ethology 73 (186), 295–306
R. E. Page and G. E. Robinson, “Nepotism in Bees.” Nature 346 (1990), 708
R. E. Page, G. E. Robinson and M. K. Fondrk, “Genetic Specialist, Kin Recognition, and Nepotism in Honey-Bee Colonies,” Nature 338 (1989), 576–579
Thomas Seeley, “The Honey Bee Colony as Superorganism,” American Scientist 11 (1989), 546–553.
Wilson, “The Sociogenesis of Insect Colonies,” Science 228, 1971, 1985a
See Sandra D. Mitchell and Robert E. Page, Jr. “Idiosyncratic Paradigms and the Revival of the Superorangism” (unpub. ms.) for more of the biological details.
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Mitchell, S.D. (1995). The Superorganism Metaphor: Then and Now. In: Maasen, S., Mendelsohn, E., Weingart, P. (eds) Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors. Sociology of the Sciences, vol 18. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0673-3_10
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