Abstract
Materials in use at high temperatures can reach states which are close to equilibrium and knowledge of the stable phase structure at fabrication and working temperatures can therefore be very important. The field of high-temperature structural materials provided one of the areas where thermodynamic phase diagram calculations were first used some two to three decades ago. However, although some general features of phase equilibria were predicted reasonably well, the early attempts were not able to provide sufficient accuracy for more general, practical use. Recent work has now shown that it is possible to make very accurate predictions for phase equilibria in a number of high-temperature structural materials and it is possible to demonstrate that predictions for phase equilibria in ‘real’ multicomponent alloys provide results close to those which are measured experimentally. This paper will present typical results which can now be obtained for γ-TiAl-based intermetallics and Ni-based superalloys and some specific examples of usage will be shown. A further advantage of the CALPHAD (calculation of phase diagrams) route is that other properties can be predicted using input data from the calculations, for example non-equilibrium solidification phenomena, time-temperature-transformation diagrams, antiphase domain boundary and stacking fault energies. This extension of the CALPHAD method will be briefly discussed.
Keywords
- Stack Fault Energy
- Multicomponent Alloy
- CALPHAD Method
- Gibbs Free Energy Minimization
- Ideal Solution Model
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
References
Andersson, J.-O., Höglund, L., Knoop, U., Inden, G., Ågren, J. 1991 InComputer Simulation of Multicomponent Diffusional Transformations in Steel: Proc. Int. Symp. Fundamentals and Applications of Ternary Diffusion(ed. G. R. Purdy). New York: Pergamon.
Ansara, I. 1979Int. Met. Rev. 22,20.
Ansara, I., Sundman, B. 1987 InComputer handling and dissemination of data(ed. P. S. Glaeser), p. 154. CODATA.
Ansara, I., Sundman, B., Willemin, P. 1988Acta metall. 36,977.
Bale, C. W., Eriksson, G. 1990Can. metall. Q. 29,105.
Betteridge, W., Heslop, J. 1974 InThe NIMONIC alloys and other Ni-based high temperature alloys2nd edn. Edward Arnold.
Blavette, D., Caron, P.&Khan, T. 1988 InSuperalloys 1988(ed. S. Reichman, D. N. Duhl, G. Maurer, S. Antlovich, C. Lund), p. 305. Warrendale, PA: The Metallurgical Society.
Caron, P., Khan, T. 1983Mat. Sci. Engng 61,173.
Delargy, K. M., Smith, G. D. W. 1983Metall. Trans.A14,17–71.
Dharwadkar, S. R., Hilpert, K., Schubert, F., Venugopal, V. 1992Z. Metallk. 83,744.
Dreshfield, R. L.&Wallace, J. F. 1974Metall. Trans.5, 71.
Duval, S., Chamberland, S., Caron, P., Blavette, D. 1994Acta metal. mater. 42,185.
Eriksson, G. Hack, K. 1990Metall. Trans.B21,10–13.
Guillermet, A. F. 1989Z. Metallk. 80,83.
Harada, H., Ohno, K., Yamagata, T., Yokokawa, T. & Yamazaki, M. 1988 InSuperalloys 1988(ed. S. Reichman, D. N. Duhl, G. Maurer, S. Antlovich, C. Lund), p. 733. Warrendale, PA: The Metallurgical Society.
Hellwig, A. 1992 Ph.D. thesis, University of Düsseldorf, Germany.
Hillert, M. Staffansson, L.-I. 1970Acta chem. scand. 24,3618.
Hillert, M. 1980Calphad 4,1.
Hillert, M. 1986 InComputer modelling of phase diagrams(ed. L. H. Bennett), p. 1. Warrendale, PA: The Metallurgical Society.
Honnarat, Y., Davidson, J., Duffaut, F. 1971Mem. Sci. Rev. 68,105.
Inden, G., Franke, P., Knoop, U. 1993 InComputer aided innovation of new materials II(ed. M. Doyama, J. Kihara, M. Tanaka, R. Yamamoto), p. 701. Amsterdam. Elsevier.
Kattner, U. R., Boettinger, W. J. 1992Mater. Sci. EngngA152,9.
Kaufman, L., Nesor, H. 1974aMetall. Trans.5, 1617.
Kaufman, L.&Nesor, H. 1974bMetall. Trans.5, 16–23.
Kaufman, L.&Nesor, H. 1975Metall. Trans.A6, 21–15.
Kaufman, L. & Nesor, H. 1978Calphad2, 35.
Keefe, P. W., Mancuso, S. O. & Maurer, G. E. 1992 InSuperalloys 1992(ed. S. D. Antolovich, R. W. Stusrud, R. A. MacKay, D. L. Anton, T. Khan, R. D. Kissinger & D. L. Klarstom), p. 487. Metals Park, OH: The Metallurgical Society.
Khan, T., Caron, P. & Duret, C. 1984 InSuperalloys 1984(ed. M. Gellet al.), p. 145. Warrendale, PA: Metals Society AIME.
Kim, Y.-W. & Dimiduk, D. M. 1991J. Metals N.Y. 43(8)40.
Kim, Y.-W. 1994J. Metals N. Y. 46(7), 30.
Kriege, O. H. & Baris, J. M. 1969Trans. ASM62, 195.
Lasalmonie, A., Lobradou, M. 1979J. Mater. Sci.14, 25–89.
Loomis, W. T., Freeman, J. W. & Sponseller, D. L. 1972Metall. Trans.3, 989.
Magrini, M., Badan, B.&Ramous, E. 1983Z. Metallk.74, 314.
Meng, Z.-Y. 1984 InSuperalloys 1984(ed. M. Gellet al.), p. 563. Warrendale, PA: Metals Society AIME.
Miodownik, A. P. 1978Calphad2, 207.
Miodownik, A. P. & Saunders, N. 1994 Presented atThe Metallurgical Society Fall Meeting Rosemount,Illinois 3–6 September 1994.
Nathal, M. V.&Ebert, L. J. 1984 InSuperalloys 1984(ed. M. Gellet al.), p. 125. Warrendale, PA: Metals Society AIME.
Saunders, N. 1989Z. Metalk.80, 903.
Saunders, N. 1990 InMeasurement and valuation of thermochemical and thermophysical properties to provide a database for the development of new light alloys.COST 507 Programme (Submitted.)
Saunders, N. & Chandrasekaran, L. 1992J. Phase Equilibria13, 612.
Saunders, N., Sheng, G.-Y.&Miodownik, A. P. 1994 InCalphad XXIII,Madison,Winconsin,USA,12–17 June 1994.
Saunders, N. 1994Ti-DATA a thermodynamic database for calculation of phase equilibria in multi-component Ti-based alloys.Guildford, UK: Thermotech Ltd.
Schmidt, R.&Feller-Kniepmeier, M. 1992Scr. metall. mater.26, 19–19.
Shimanuki, Y., Masui, M. & Doi, H. 1976Scr. metall.10, 805.
Sims, C. T. 1987 InSuperalloys II(ed. C. T. Sims, N. Stoloff & W. C. Hagel), p. 217. New York: John Wiley.
Sundman, B. & Ågren, J. 1981J. Phys. Chem. Solids42, 297.
Trinckhauf, K. & Nembach, E. 1991Acta metall. mater.39, 3057.
van der Molen, E. H., Oblak, J. M. & Kriege, O. H. 1971Metall. Trans.2, 1627.
Wlodek, S. T., Kellu, M.&Alden, D. 1992 InSuperalloys 1992(ed. S. D. Antolovich, R. W. Stusrud, R. A. MacKay, D. L. Anton, T. Khan, R. D. Kissinger&D. L. Klarstom), p. 165. Metals Park, OH: The Metallurgical Society.
Additional references
Hillert M. 1979 In Calculation of phase diagrams and thermochemistry of alloy phases (ed. Y. A. Chang& J. F. Smith) p. 1. WarrendalePA: Metals Society AIME.
Matsumiya,T. 1992 Mater. Trans. JIM 33 783.
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Saunders, N. (1996). Phase diagram calculations for high-temperature structural materials. In: Cahn, R.W., Evans, A.G., McLean, M. (eds) High-temperature Structural Materials. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0589-7_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0589-7_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4261-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-0589-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive