Abstract
Most reports of somatic embryogenesis describe the development of adventitious bipolar structures that resemble various stages of developing zygotic embryos and which, under the appropriate conditions, can develop functional shoot and root systems. These criteria reflect those outlined by Halperin [1] and Haccius [2], but only in a few species (e.g. Daucus carota, Glycine max, Medicago sativa) has somatic embryo formation been widely studied, in vitro protocols systematically optimized and an extensive developmental and histological documentation provided. Somatic embryogenesis has been considered [2] to be a distinct developmental pathway, different from either shoot or root organogenesis, in which a single cell gives rise to a structure containing bipolar meristems and with no direct vascular connections to the maternal tissue. It has also been suggested [3] that embryogenesis is an archetypal event and that shoot organogenesis is only a modification of the process of embryo induction and development. With this view, embryogenesis could be considered to be the result of a sequence of competing organogenic events. The idea that the developmental pathways of organogenesis and embryogenesis are distinct has also been challenged by the view that their relationship is hierarchical in nature [4]. That is, the developmental processes of shoot and root organ formation are just two of several distinct genetic programs that are operative during the formation
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Brown, D.C.W., Finstad, K.I., Watson, E.M. (1995). Somatic Embryogenesis in Herbaceous Dicots. In: Thorpe, T.A. (eds) In Vitro Embryogenesis in Plants. Current Plant Science and Biotechnology in Agriculture, vol 20. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0485-2_10
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