Abstract
Preliminary attempts to make retrospective studies of N balances and water stress in forest fertilization experiments by analyzing changes in the abundances of 15N and 13C, respectively, are discussed. Most evidence is from the Swedish Forest Optimum Nutrition Experiments, which have been running for two decades. Annual additions of N have been given either alone or in combination with other elements, notably P and K, every third year. Processes leading to loss of N, e.g. volatilization of ammonia, nitrification followed by leaching or denitrification, and denitrification alone, discriminate against the heavy isotope 15N. A correlation was found between fractional losses of added N and the change in δ15N (‰) during 19 years in current needles in a Scots pine forest, irrespective of source of N. Isotope effects were larger on urea than on ammonium nitrate plots (2 as compared to 9 δ15N (‰)) because of ammonia volatilization and higher rates of nitrification. They developed gradually over time, which opens possibilities to analyse the development of N saturation. However, the analysis may be confounded by shifts in 15N abundance of fertilizer N. In another trial, N isotope effects could be seen in both plants and soils 10 years after the last fertilization; they were smaller in soils because of a large pretreatment memory effect, but we expect them to persist there for decades.
The enzyme RuBisCo discriminates strongly against the heavy isotope l3C during photosynthesis, but this effect becomes less expressed as stomata close because of water stress. The supply of N may also affect the δ13C (‰) via effects on rates of photosynthesis, and the source of N may have an influence directly via non-RubisCo carboxylations, and indirectly via effects on water use efficiency. In a trial with Norway spruce, the effect of N fertilization on the δ13C (‰) of current needles was strongly correlated with production and weakly so with foliar biomass a dry year, but not a wet year. This suggested that these variations are primarily related to induced differences in the balance between supply and demand for water. Hence, studies of 13C abundance can disentangle the role of water as such from its effects on mineralization of N and flow of N.
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Högberg, P., Johannisson, C., Högberg, M., Högbom, L., Näsholm, T., Hällgren, JE. (1995). Measurements of abundances of 15N and 13C as tools in retrospective studies of N balances and water stress in forests: A discussion of preliminary results. In: Nilsson, L.O., Hüttl, R.F., Johansson, U.T. (eds) Nutrient Uptake and Cycling in Forest Ecosystems. Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences, vol 62. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0455-5_14
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