Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Multiphase Chemistry and Acidity of Clouds at Kleiner Feldberg

  • Chapter
The Kleiner Feldberg Cloud Experiment 1990

  • 37 Accesses

Abstract

The chemistry of cloud multiphase systems was studied within the Kleiner Feldberg Cloud Experiment 1990. The clouds encountered during this experimental campaign could be divided into two categories according to the origin of air masses in which the clouds formed. From the chemical point of view, clouds passing the sampling site during the first period of the campaign (26 October–4 November) were characterized by lower pollutant loading and higher pH, as compared to clouds during the final period of the experimental campaign (10–13 November). The study of multiphase partitioning of the main chemical constituents of the cloud systems and of atmospheric acidity within the multiphase systems themselves (gas + interstitial aerosol + liquid droplets) are presented in this paper. A general lack of gaseous NH3 was found in these cloud systems, which caused a lack of buffer capacity toward acid addition. Evidence supports the hypothesis that the higher acidity of the cloud systems during this final period of the campaign was due to input of HNO3. Our measurements, however, could not determine whether the observed input was due to scavenging of gaseous HNO3 from the air feeding into the cloud, or to heterogeneous HNO3 formation via NO2 oxidation by O3 to NO3 and N2O5. Sulfate in cloud droplets mainly originated from aerosol SO 2−4 scavenging, since S(IV) to S(VI) liquid phase conversion was inhibited due to both lack of H2O2 and low pH of cloud droplets, which made O3 and metal catalyzed S(IV) oxidation inefficient.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Arends, B. G., Kos, G. P. A., Wobrock, W., Schell, D., Noone, K. J., Fuzzi, S., and Pahl, S. (1992). Comparison of techniques for measurements of fog liquid water content, Tellus 44B, 604–611.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arends, B. G., Kos, G. P. A., Maser, R., Schell, D., Wobrock, W., Winkler, P., Ogren, J. A., Noone, K. J., Hallberg, A., Svenningsson, I. B., Wiedensohler, A., Hansson, H.-C., Berner, A., Solly, I., Kruisz, C. (1994). Microphysics of clouds at Kleiner Feldberg, J. Atmos. Chem. 19, 59–85 (this issue).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Behra, P., Sigg, L., and Stumm, W. (1989). Dominating influence of NH3 on the oxidation of aqueous SO2: The coupling of NH3 and SO2 in atmospheric water, Atmos. Environ. 23, 2691–2707.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berner, A., Lürzer, C., Pohl, F., Preining, O. and Wagner, P. (1979). The size distribution of the urban aerosol in Vienna, Sci. Total Environ. 13, 245–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calvert, J. G., Lazrus, A., Kok, G. L., Heikes, B. G., Walega, J. G., Lind, J. and Cantrell, C. A. (1985). Chemical mechanisms of acid generation in the troposphere, Nature 317, 27–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chandler, A. S., Choularton, T. W., Dollard, G. J., Gay, M. J., Hill, T. A., Jones, A., Jones, B. M. R., Morse, A. P., Penkett, S. A., and Tyler, B. J. (1988). A field study of the cloud chemistry and cloud microphysics at Great Dun Fell, Atmos. Environ. 22, 683–694.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choularton, T. W., Wicks, A. J., Downer, R. M., Gallagher, M. W., Penkett, S. A., Bandy, B. J., Dollard, G. J., Jones, B. M. R., Davies, T. D., Gay, M. J., Tyler, B. J., Fowler, D., Cape, J. N., and Hargreaves, K. J. (1992). A field study of the generation of nitrate in a hill cap cloud, Environ. Pollut. 75, 69–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cofer III, W. R., Collins, V. G., and Talbot, R. W. (1985). Improved aqueous scrubber for collection of soluble atmospheric trace gases, Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 557–560.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collett, J. Jr., Oberholzer, B., and Staehelin, J. (1993). Cloud chemistry at Mt. Rigi, Switzerland: Dependence on drop size and relationship to precipitation chemistry, Atmos. Environ. 27A, 33–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colvile, R. N., Sander, R., Choularton, T. W., Bower, K. N., Inglis, D. W. F., Wobrock, W., Maser, R., Schell, D., Svenningsson, I. B., Wiedensohler, A., Hansson, H.-C., Hallberg, A., Ogren, J. A., Noone, K. J., Facchini, M. C., Fuzzi, S., Orsi, G., Arends, B. G., Winiwarter, W., Schneider, T., Berner, A. (1994). Computer modelling of clouds at Kleiner Feldberg, J. Atmos. Chem. 19, 189–229 (this issue).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daum, P. H., Kelly, T. J., Strapp, J. W., Leaitch, W. R., Joe, P., Schemenauer, R. S., Isaac, G. A., Anlauf, K. G., and Wiebe, H. A. (1987). Chemistry and physics of a winter stratus cloud layer: A case study, J. Geophys. Res. 92D, 8426–8436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Facchini, M. C., Fuzzi, S., Lind, J. A., Fierlinger-Oberlinninger, H., Kalina, M., Puxbaum, H., Winiwarter, W., Arends, B. G., Wobrock, W., Jaeschke, W., Berner, A., and Kruisz, C. (1992a). Phase-partitioning and chemical reactions of low molecular weight organic compounds in fog, Tellus 44B, 533–544.

    Google Scholar 

  • Facchini, M. C., Fuzzi, S., Kessel, M., Wobrock, W., Jaeschke, W., Arends, B. G., Möls, J. J., Berner, A., Solly, I., Kruisz, C., Reischl, G., Pahl, S., Hallberg, A., Ogren, J. A., Fierlinger-Oberlinninger, H., Marzorati, A., and Schell, D. (1992b). The chemistry of sulfur and nitrogen species in a fog system. A multiphase approach, Tellus 44B, 505–521.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Orsi, G., Lind, J. A., Wobrock, W., Kessel, M., Maser, R., Jaeschke, W., Enderle, K. H., Arends, B. G., Berner, A., Solly, I., Kruisz, C., Reischl, G., Pahl, S., Kaminski, U., Winkler, P., Ogren, J. A., Noone, K. J., Hallberg, A., Fierlinger-Oberlinninger, H., Puxbaum, H., Marzorati, A., Hansson, H.-C., Wiedensohler, A., Svenningsson, I. B., Martinsson, B. G., Schell, D., and Georgii, H. W. (1992). The Po Valley Fog Experiment 1989. An overview, Tellus 44B, 448–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallberg, A., Noone, K. J., Ogren, J. A., Svenningsson, I. B., Flossmann, A. I., Wiedensohler, A., Hansson, H.-C., Heintzenberg, J., Anderson, T., Arends, B. G., Maser, R. (1994). Phase partitioning of aerosol particles in clouds at Kleiner Feldberg, J. Atmos. Chem. 19, 107–127 (this issue).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hegg, D. A. and Hobbs, P. V. (1982). Measurements of sulfate production in natural clouds, Atmos. Environ. 16, 2663–2668.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hegg, D. A. and Hobbs, P. V. (1986). Sulfate and nitrate chemistry in cumuliform clouds, Atmos. Environ. 20, 901–909.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heikes, B. G. and Thompson, A. M. (1983). Effects of heterogeneous processes on NO3, HONO, and HNO3 chemistry in the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res. 88, 10883–10895.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, D. J., Munger, J. W., Waldman, J. M., and Hoffmann, M. R. (1986). The H2SO4-HNO3-NH3 system at high humidities and in fogs. Spatial and temporal patterns in the San Joaquin Valley of California, J. Geophys. Res. 91D, 1073–1088.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keuken, M. P., Schoonebeek, C. A. M., van Wensveen-Louter, A., and Slanina, J. (1988). Simultaneous sampling of NH3, HNO3, SO2 and H2O2 in ambient air by a wet annular dénuder system, Atmos. Environ. 22, 2541–2548.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazrus, A. L., Haagenson, P. L., Kok, G. L., Huebert, B. J., Kreitzberg, C. W., Likens, G. E., Mohnen, V. A., Wilson, W. E., and Winchester, J. W. (1983). Acidity in air and water in a case of warm frontal precipitation, Atmos. Environ. 17, 581–591.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazrus, A. L., Kok, G. L., Lind, J. A., Gitlin, S. N., Heikes, B. G., and Shetter, R. E. (1986). Automated fluorometric method for hydrogen peroxyde in air, Analyt. Chem. 58, 594–597.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazrus, A. L., Fong, K. L., and Lind, J. A. (1988). Automated fluorometric determination of formaldehyde in air, Analyt. Chem. 60, 1074–1078.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leaitch, W. R., Bottenheim, J. W., and Strapp, J. W. (1988). Possible contribution of N2O5 scavenging to HNO3 observed in winter stratiform cloud, J. Geophys. Res. 93D, 12569–12584.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liljestrand, H. M. (1985). Average rainwater pH, concepts of atmospheric acidity and buffering in open systems, Atmos. Environ. 19, 487–499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, P. S. K., Leaitch, W. R., MacDonald, A. M., Isaac, G. A., Strapp, J. W., and Wiebe, H. A. (1993). Sulphate production in summer cloud over Ontario, Canada, Tellus 45B, 368–389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, L. R. (1984). Kinetic studies of sulfite oxidation in aqueous solution, in J. G. Calvert (ed.), SO 2 , NO and NO 2 Oxidation Mechanisms: Atmospheric Considerations, Butterworth, Stoneham, Mass., pp. 173–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meixner, F. and Jaeschke, W. (1981). The detection of low atmospheric SO2 concentrations with a chemiluminescence technique, Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 10, 51–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogren, J. A. and Charlson, R. J. (1992). Implications for models and measurements of chemical inhomogeneities among cloud droplets, Tellus 44B, 208–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. E. and White, W. H. (1981). Solubility equilibria of the nitrogen oxides and oxyacids in dilute aqueous solution, Advan. Environ. Sci. Eng. 4, 1–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schell, D., Georgii, H. W., Maser, R., Jaeschke, W., Arends, B. G., Kos, G. P. A., Winkler, P., Schneider, T., Berner, A., and Kruisz, C. (1992). Intercomparison of fog water samplers, Tellus 446, 612–631.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strapp, J. W., Leaitch, W. R., Anlauf, K. G., Bottenheim, J. W., Joe, P., Schemenauer, R. S., Wiebe, H. A., Isaac, G. A., Kelly, T. J., and Daum, P. H. (1988). Winter cloud water and air composition in central Ontario, J. Geophys. Res. 93D, 3760–3772.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vong, R. J., Bailey, B. H., Markus, M. J., and Mohnen, V. A. (1990). Factors governing cloud water composition in the Appalachian mountains, Tellus 42B, 435–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, P., Wobrock, W., Colvile, R. N., Schell, D. (1994). The influence of meteorology on clouds at Kleiner Feldberg, J. Atmos. Chem. 19, 37–58 (this issue).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winiwarter, W., Puxbaum, H., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Orsi, G., Beltz, N., Enderle, K., and Jaeschke, W. (1988). Organic acid gas and liquid-phase measurements in Po Valley fall-winter conditions and the presence of fog, Tellus 40B, 348–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winiwarter, W., Fierlinger, H., Puxbaum, H., Facchini, M. C., Arends, B. G., Fuzzi, S., Schell, D., Kaminski, U., Pahl, S., Schneider, T., Berner, A., Solly, I., Kruisz, C. (1994). Henry’s law and the behavior of weak acids and bases in fog and cloud, J. Atmos. Chem. 19, 173–188 (this issue).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wobrock, W., Schell, D., Maser, R., Jaeschke, W., Georgii, H. W., Wieprecht, W., Arends, B. G., Möls, J. J., Kos, G. P. A., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Orsi, G., Berner, A., Solly, I., Kruisz, C., Svenningsson, I. B., Wiedensohler, A., Hansson, H.-C., Ogren, J. A., Noone, K. J., Hallberg, A., Pahl, S., Schneider, T., Winkler, P., Winiwarter, W., Colvile, R. N., Choularton, T. W., Flossmann, A. I., Borrmann, M. (1994). The Kleiner Feldberg Cloud Experiment 1990. An overview, J. Atmos. Chem. 19, 3–35 (this issue).

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Author notes

  1. M. C. Facchini

    Present address: Presidio Multizonale di Prevenzione, Settore Chimico, Via Triachini 17, 40138, Bologna, Italy

  2. W. Wobrock

    Present address: Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, Université Blaise Pascal, 24 Avenue des Landais, F-63177, Aubiere Cedex, France

  3. P. Winkler

    Present address: Deutscher Wetterdienst, Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeissenberg, Albin Schwaiger Weg 10, D-82383, Hohenpeissenberg, Germany

  4. H. Fierlinger

    Present address: Amt für Umweltschutz, Magistrat Linz, A-4041, Linz, Austria

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Istituto FISBAT-C.N.R., Via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy

    S. Fuzzi & M. C. Facchini

  2. Zentrum für Umweltforschung und Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität, Postfach 111932, D-60054, Frankfurt a. M., Germany

    D. Schell, W. Wobrock & M. Kessel

  3. Deutscher Wetterdienst, Meteorologisches Observatorium Hamburg, Frahmredder 95, D-22361, Hamburg, Germany

    P. Winkler, S. Pahl & T. Schneider

  4. Netherland Energy Research Foundation, P.O. Box 1, 1755 ZG, Petten, The Netherlands

    B. G. Arends & J. J. Möls

  5. Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Wien, Strudlhofgasse 4, A-1090, Vienna, Austra

    A. Berner, I. Solly & C. Kruisz

  6. Institut für Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/151, A-1060, Vienna, Austria

    M. Kalina & H. Fierlinger

  7. Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden

    A. Hallberg

  8. Presidio Multizonale di Prevenzione, Settore Chimico, Via Triachini 17, 40138, Bologna, Italy

    P. Vitali, L. Santoli & G. Tigli

Authors
  1. S. Fuzzi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. C. Facchini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. D. Schell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. W. Wobrock
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. P. Winkler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. B. G. Arends
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. M. Kessel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. J. J. Möls
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. S. Pahl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. T. Schneider
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. A. Berner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. I. Solly
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. C. Kruisz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. M. Kalina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. H. Fierlinger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. A. Hallberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. P. Vitali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. L. Santoli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. G. Tigli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Physics and Chemistry of the Atmosphere (FISBAT), National Research Council, Bologna, Italy

    Sandro Fuzzi

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fuzzi, S. et al. (1994). Multiphase Chemistry and Acidity of Clouds at Kleiner Feldberg. In: Fuzzi, S. (eds) The Kleiner Feldberg Cloud Experiment 1990. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0313-8_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0313-8_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4138-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-0313-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation