Abstract
Inputs and net storage or release of cations can have a large impact on the acid-base balance of any ecosystem. Because of the absence of mineral soils, ion exchange and accretion in biomass are the major internal processes governing cation accumulation in peatlands. It is widely believed that peatlands have a large capacity to store cations, and thus to affect the acidity of surface waters. A long-term record of hydrologic and chemical inputs and outputs to the S-2 peatland in the Marcell Experimental Forest was used to construct annual and monthly mass balances for the four major cations. Bulk deposition and throughfall measurements suggest that deposition of Na, Ca and Mg has increased over the period 1971-1984; wet-only and dry bucket measurements do not show such a change. Seasonal and annual variations in cation inputs are not visible in the cation export from the peatland because the large cation reservoir on exchange sites in peat buffers the surface waters and prevents them from responding rapidly to changing inputs. Nevertheless, ion exchange represents a relatively minor source of acidity to this peatland, and accumulation of cations in woody biomass accounts for the majority of the cation retention. The major mechanism of retention in the peatland is different for each cation; accumulation in woody biomass is most important for Ca, storage on ion exchange sites in peat is most important for Mg, green plant tissues are the dominant site of K storage, and Na is bound by unknown mechanisms in the peat. Retention efficiencies show large annual variations but average 50% for Ca, 22% for Mg, 29-44% for Na, and 21% for K.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Andrus, R. E. : 1986, ‘Some Aspects ofSphagnum Ecology’,Can. J. Bor. 64, 416–426.
Baas Becking, L. G. M. and Nicolai, E. : 1934,Blumea 1, 10.
Baker, L. A. : 1991, ‘Regional Estimates of Atmospheric Dry Deposition’, in D. F. Charles (ed. ),Acidic Deposition and Aquatic Ecosystems, Regional Case Studies, Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 645–652.
Baker, L. A., Eilers, J. M., Cook, R. B., Kaufmann, P. R. and Herlihy, A. T. : 1991, ‘Interregional Comparison of Surface Water Chemistry and Biogeochemical Processes’, in D. E Charles (ed. ),Acidic Deposition and Aquatic Ecosystems: Regional Case Studies, Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 567–614.
Bayley, S. E., Behr, R. S., and Kelly, C. A. : 1986, ‘Retention and Release of S from a Freshwater Wetland’,Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 31, 101–114.
Bayley, S. and Schindler, D. W: 1987, ‘Sources of Alkalinity in PreCambrian Shield Watersheds under Natural Conditions and After Fire or Acidification’, in T. C. Hutchinson and K. Meema (eds. ),Effects of Air Pollutants on Forests, Wetlands & Agriculture, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 531–548.
Bayley, S. E., Vitt, D. H., Newbury, R. W., Beaty, K. G., Behr, R. and Miller, C. : 1987, ‘Experimental Acidification of a Sphagnum-Dominated Peatland: First year Results,’Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44, 194–205.
Bellamy, D. J. and Rieley, J. : 1967, ‘Some Ecological Statistics of a “Miniature Bog”,’Oikos 18, 33–40.
Boatman, D. J., Hulme, P. D. and Tomlinson, R. W. : 1975, ‘Monthly Determinations of Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, and Calcium in the Rain and in Pools on the Silver Flowe, National Nature Reserve, England’,J. Ecol. 63, 903–912.
Buttleman, C. G. and Grigal, D. F. : 1985, ‘Use of the Rb/k Ratio to Evaluate Potassium Nutrition of Peatlands’,Oikos 44, 253–256.
Cawse, P. A. : 1974,A Survey of Atmospheric Trace Elements in the U. K., AERE Harwell Report R 7669, London.
Chapman, S. B. : 1964, ‘Ecology of Coam Rigg Moss, Northamberland. II. the Chemistry of Peat Profiles and the Development of the Bog System’,J. Ecol. 52, 315–321.
Clymo, R. S. : 1963, ‘Ion Exchange inSphagnum and its Relation to Bog Ecology’,Ann. Bot. 27, 309–324.
Clymo, R. S. : 1964, ‘The Origin of Acidity inSphagnum bogs’,The Bryologist 67, 427–431.
Clymo, R. S. : 1967, ‘Control of Cation Concentrations and in Particular of pH, inSphagnum-dominated Communities’, in H. L. Golterman and R. S. Clymo (eds. ),Chemical Environment in the Aquatic Habitat, N. V. Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers Maatschappij, Amsterdam, pp. 273–284.
Clymo, R. S. : 1987, ‘Interactions ofSphagnum with Water and Air’, in T. C. Hutchinson and K. M. Meema (eds. ),Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants on Forests, Wetlands and Agricultural Ecosystems, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 513–529.
Comeau, P. L. and Bellamy, D. J.: 1986, ‘An Ecological Interpretation of the Chemistry of Mire Waters from Selected Sites in Eastern Canada’,Can J. Bot 64, 2576–2581.
Cronan, C. S. and Reiners, W. A. : 1983, ‘Canopy Processing of Acidic Precipitation by Coniferous and Deciduous Forests in New England, U. S. A. ’,Oecologia 59, 216–223.
Damman, A. : 1978, ‘Distribution and Movement of Elements in Ombrotrophic Peat Bogs’,Oikos 30, 480–495.
Damman, A. W. H. : 1986, ‘Hydrology, Development, and Biogeochemistry of Ombrogenous Peat Bogs with Special Reference to Nutrient Relocation in a Western Newfoundland Bog’,Can. J. Bot. 64, 384–394.
Damman, A. W. H. : 1987, ‘Variation in Ombrotrophy: Chemical Differences Among and within Ombrotrophic Bogs’,Proc. Symp. Welands and Peatlands, Internat. Peat Soc., Edmonton, Canada, pp. 85–93.
Davidson, C. I. and Elias, R. W. : 1982, ‘Dry Deposition and Resuspension of Trace Elements in the Remote High Sierra’,Geophys. Res. Lett. 9, 91–93.
Devito, K. J., Dillon, P. J., and LaZerte, B. D. : 1989, ‘Phosphorous and Nitrogen Retention in Five Precambrian Shield Watersheds’,Biogeochem. 8, 185–204.
Driscoll, C. T., Likens, G. E., Hedin, L. O., Eaton, J. S. and Bormann, F. H. : 1989, ‘Changes in the Chemistry of Surface Waters. Twenty-Five year Results at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH. ’,Environ. Sci. Technol. 23, 137–156.
Eisenreich, S. J., Hollod, G. J. and Langevin, S. : 1978,Precipitation Chemistry and Atmospheric Deposition of Trace Elements in Northeastern Minnesota. Minnesota Envir. Qual. Council., Minneapolis.
Eisenreich, S. J., Rapaport, R., Urban, N., Capel, P., Looney, B. and Baker, J. : 1984, ‘Accumulation and Processing of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Lake and Bog Sediments: Relationship to Atmospheric Deposition’, inProceedings Workshop Paleolimnological Studies of History and Effects of Acidic Precipitation, U. S. EPA Rep. CR-811631–01, Washington, D. C.
Engstrom, D. R. : 1987, ‘Influence of Vegetation and Hydrology on the Humus Budgets of Labrador Lakes, Canada’,Can. J. Fisk Aquas. Sci. 44, 1306–1314.
Gies, T. and Loetschert, W. : 1973, ‘Investigations on the Cation Content in a Bog. Part 2. Seasonal Changes and the Influence ofSphagnum Vegetation’,Flora 162, 244–268.
Glaser, P. H. and Janssens, J. A. : 1986, ‘The Bryophyte Flora and Major Peat-Forming Mosses at Red Lake Peatland, Minnesota, U. S. A. ’,Can. J. Bot. 64, 427–442.
Glime, J. M., Wetzel, R. G. and Kennedy, B. J. : 1982, ‘The Effects of Bryophytes on Succession from Alkaline Marsh toSphagnum Bog,’Amer. Midl. Natur. 108, 209–223.
Gore, A. J. and Allen, S. E. : 1956, ‘Measurement of Exchangeable and Total Cation Content for H+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Iron in High Level Blanket Peat’,Oikos 7, 48–55.
Gorham, E., Bayley, S. E. and Schindler, D. W. : 1984, ‘Ecological Effects of Acid Deposition Upon Peatlands: A Neglected Field in “Acid Rain” Research’,Can. J. Fish. Aquat,Sci. 41, 1256–1268.
Gorham, E., Underwood, J. K., Martin, F. B. and Ogden, J. G. : 1986, ‘Natural and Anthropogenic Causes of Lake Acidification in Nova Scotia, Canada’,Nature 324, 451–453.
Gorham, E., Wheeler, G. A., Janssens, J. A. and Glaser, P. H. : 1987, ‘The Natural and Anthropogenic Acidification of Peatlands: An Overview’, in T. C. Hutchinson and K. Meema (eds. ),Effects of Air Pollutants on Forests Agriculture,and Wetlands, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 493–512.
Gravenhorst, G., Hofken, K. D. and Georgii, H. W. : 1983, ‘Acidic Input to a Beech and Spruce Forest’, in S. Beilke and A. J. Elshoot (eds. ),Acid Deposition, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Boston, pp. 155–171.
Grigal, D. F. : 1985,‘Sphagnum Production in Forested Bogs of Northern Minnesota,’Can. J. Bot. 63, 1204–1207.
Grigal, D. F. : 1991, ‘Elemental Dynamics in Forested Bogs in Northern Minnesota,’Can. J. Bot. 69, 539–546.
Grigal, D. F., Buttleman, C. G. and Kernik, L. K. : 1985, ‘Biomass and Productivity of the Woody Strata of Forested Bogs in Northern Minnesota,’Can. J. Bot. 63, 2416–2424.
Hedin, L. O., Granat, L., Likens, G. E., Buishand, T. A., Galloway, J. N., Butler, T. J. and Rodhe, H. : 1994, ‘Steep Declines in Atmospheric Base Cations in Regions of Europe and North America,’Nature 367, 351–354.
Hemond, H. : 1980, ‘Biogeocheinistry of Thoreaus’s Bog, Concord, Massachusetts,’Ecol. Monogr 50, 507–526.
Henderson, G. S., Harris, W. E, Rodd, D. and Grizzard, T. : 1977, ‘Quantity and Chemistry of Throughfall as Influenced by Forest type and Season,’J. Ecol. 65, 365–374.
Henrot, J. and Wieder, R. K. : 1990, ‘Processes of Iron and Manganese Retention in Laboratory Peat Microcosms Subjected to Acid Mine Drainage,’J. Environ. Qual. 19, 312–320.
Johnston, C. A., Bubenzer, G. D., Lee G. B., Madison, E W. and McHenry, J. R. : 1984, ‘Nutrient Trapping by Sediment Deposition in a Seasonally Flooded Lakeside Wetland,’J. Environ. Qual. 13, 283–290.
Johnston, C. A., Detenbeck, N. E. and Niemi, G. J. : 1990, ‘The Cumulative Effect of Wetlands on Stream Water Quality and Quantity — A Landscape Approach,’Biogeochem. 10, 105–141.
Kilham, P. : 1982, ‘Acid Precipitation — Its Role in the Alkalization of a Lake in Michigan, U. S. A.,’Limnol. Oceanogr. 27, 856–857.
Kirchner, J. W. : 1992, ‘Heterogeneous Geochemistry of Catchment Acidification,’Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56, 2311–2327.
LaZerte, B. : 1993, ‘The Impact of Drought and Acidification on the Chemical Exports from a Minerotrophic Conifer Swamp,’Biogeochem. 18, 153–175.
Lindberg, S. E., and Lovett, G. M. : 1983, ‘Application of Surrogate Surface and Leaf Extraction Methods to Estimation of Dry Deposition to Plant Canopies,’ in H. R. Pruppacher, R. G. Semonin and W. G. Slinn, (eds. ),Precipitation Scavenging, Dry Deposition, and Resuspension, Elsevier, London, pp. 837–848.
Lindberg, S. E., Lovett, G. M., Richter, D. D. and Johnson, E. W. : 1986, ‘Atmospheric Deposition and Canopy Interactions of Major Ions in a Forest,’Science 231, 141–145.
Lovett, G. M., and Lindberg, S. E. : 1984, ‘Dry Deposition and Canopy Exchange in a Mixed Oak Forest as Determined by Analysis of Throughfall,’J. AppL Ecol. 21, 1013–1028.
Malmer, N. : 1962, ‘Studies on Mire Vegetation in the Archaean Area of Southwestern Gotaland (South Sweden). I. Vegetation and Habitat Conditions on the Akholt Mire,’Opera Botanica 7, 1–322.
Malmer, N. : 1988, ‘Patterns in the Growth and the Accumulation of Inorganic Constituents in theSphagnum Cover on Ombrotrophic Bogs in Scandinavia,’Oikos 53, 105–120.
Mayer, R., and Ulrich, B. : 1982, ‘Calculation of Deposition Rates from the Flux Balance and Ecological Effects of Atmospheric Deposition upon Forest Ecosystems’, in H. W. Georgii and J. Pankrath (eds. ),Deposition of Atmospheric Pollutants, P. Reidel Publ. Co., Boston, pp. 195–200.
McKnight, D., Thurman, E. M., Wershaw, R. and Hemond, H.: 1985, ‘Biogeochemistry of Aquatic Humic Substances in Thoreau’s Bog, Concord, Massachusetts,’Ecology 66, 1339–1352.
Metzer, N. A. : 1986, Trace-Metal Chemistry of Wet-only Precipitation in Rural and Urban Minnesota, M. S. Thesis, Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Munger, J. W. and Eisenreich, S. J. : 1983, ‘Continental-Scale Variations in Precipitation Chemistry,’Environ. Sci. Tech. 17, 32A–42A.
Nilsson, S. I., Miller, H. G. and Miller, J. D. : 1982, ‘Forest Growth as a Possible Cause of Soil and Water Acidification: An Examination of the Concepts,’Oikos 39, 40–49.
Puustjarvi, V. : 1957,Acta Agriculturae Scand. 7, 190.
Reader, R. J. and Stewart, J. M. : 1972, ‘The Relationship Between Net Primary Production and Accumulation for a Peatland in Southeastern Manitoba,’Ecology 53, 1024–1037.
Rohbock, E. : 1982, ‘Atmospheric Removal of Airborne Metals by Wet and Dry Deposition,’ in H. W. Georgii and J. Pankrath (eds. ),Deposition of Atmospheric Pollutants. D. Reidel Publ. Co. Boston, pp. 159–171.
Santelmann, M. V. and Gorham, E. : 1988, ‘The Influence of Airborne Road Dust on the Chemistry ofSphagnum Mosses,’J. Ecol 76, 1219–1231.
Siegel, D. I. : 1983, ‘Ground Water and the Evolution of Patterned Mires, Glacial Lake Agassiz Peatlands, Northern Minnesota, U. S. A.,’J. Ecol. 71, 913–922.
Sjoers, H. : 1950, ‘On the Relation Between Vegetation and Electrolytes in North Swedish Mire Waters,’Oikos 2, 241–258.
Skene, M. : 1915, ‘The Acidity ofSphagnum and its Relation to Chalk and Mineral Salts,’ AnnBot. 29, 65–87.
Skiba, U., Cresser, M. S., Derwent, R. G. and Futty, D. W. : 1989, ‘Peat Acidification in Scotland,’Nature 337, 68–70.
Small, E. : 1972, ‘Ecological Significance of Four Critical Elements in Plants of a RaisedSphagnum Peat Bog,’Ecology 53, 498–503.
Tilton, D. L. and Kadlec, R. H. :1979, ‘The Utilization of a Freshwater Wetland for Nutrient Removal from Secondarily Treated Waste Water Effluent,’J. Environ. Qual. 8, 328–334.
Timmons, D. R., Verry, E. S., Burwell, R. E. and Holt, R. E: 1977, ‘Nutrient Transport in Surface Runoff and Interflow from an Aspen Birch Forest,’J. Environ. Qual. 6, 188–192.
Urban, N. R. : 1987, The Nature and Origins of Acidity in Bogs, Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Urban, N. R. and Bayley, S. E. : 1986, ‘The Acid-Base Balance of Peatlands: A Short-Term Perspective,’Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 30, 791–800.
Urban, N. R., Bayley, S. E. and Eisenreich, S. J. : 1989a, ‘Export of Dissolved Organic Carbon and Acidity from Peatlands,’Water Resourc. Res. 25, 1619–1628.
Urban, N. R. and Eisenreich, S. J. : 1988, ‘Nitrogen Cycling in a Forested Minnesota Bog,’Can. J. Bot. 66, 435–449.
Urban, N. R., Eisenreich, S. J. and Bayley, S. E. : 1989c, ‘The Relative Importance of Denitrification and Nitrate Assimilation in Midcontinental Bogs,’Limnol. Oceanogr. 33, 1611–1617.
Urban, N. R., Eisenreich, S. J. and Gorham, E. : 1987, ‘Proton Cycling in Bogs: Geographic Variation in Northeastern North America,’ in T. C. Hutchinson and K. M. Meema (eds. ),The Effects of Air Pollutants on Forests,Wetlands and Agricultural Ecosystems, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 577–598.
Urban, N. R., Eisenreich, S. J. and Grigal, D. E. : 1989b, ‘Sulfur Cycling in a ForestedSphagnum Bog in Northern Minnesota, U. S. A.,’Biogeochem. 7, 81–110.
Urban, N. R., Eisenreich, S. J., Grigal, D. E and Schurr, K. T. : 1990, ‘Mobility and Diagenesis of Pb and Pb-210 in Peat,’Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 54, 3329–3346.
van der Valk, A. G., Davis, C. B., Baker, J. L. and Beer, C. E. : 1978, ‘Natural Freshwater Wetlands as Nitrogen and Phosphorus Traps for Land Runoff,’ in P. E. Greeson, J. R. Clark and J. E. Clark (eds. ),Wetland Functions and Values: The State of our Understanding, Amer. Water Res. Assoc., Minneapolis, pp. 457–467.
Verry, E. S. : 1975, ‘Streamflow Chemistry and Nutrient Yields from Upland-Peatland Watersheds in Minnesota,’Ecology 56, 1149–1157.
Verry, E. S. : 1983, ‘Precipitation Chemistry at the Marcell Experimental Forest in North Central Minnesota,’Water Resourc. Res. 19, 454–462.
Verry, E. S. : 1984, ‘Microtopography and Water Table Fluctuation in a Sphagnum Mire’, inProceed- ings of The 7th Internat. Peat Congress, Irish National Peat Committee Dublin, pp. 11–31.
Verry, E. S., Brooks, K. N. and Barten, P. K. : 1988, ‘Streamflow Response from an Ombrotrophic Mire’, inSymp. Hydrology of Wetlands in Temperate and Cold Regions, Joensuu, Finland, Publ. Acad. Finland, Helsinki, pp. 52–59.
Verry, E. S. and Timmons, D. R. :1977, ‘Precipitation Nutrients in the Open and Under Two Forests in Minnesota,’Can. J. For. Res. 7, 112–119.
Verry, E. S. and Timmons, D. R. : 1982, ‘Waterborne Nutrient Flow Through an Upland-Peatland Watershed in Minnesota,’Ecol. 63, 1456–1467.
Verry, E. S. and Urban, N. R. : 1992, ‘Nutrient Cycling at Marcell Bog, Minnesota,’Suo 43, 147–153.
Vitt, D. H. and Slack, N. G. : 1975, ‘An Analysis of the Vegetation of Sphagnum-Dominated Kettle-Hole Bogs in Relation to Environmental Gradients,’Can. J. Bot. 53, 332–359.
Weber, W. J. : 1972,Physicochemical Processes for Water Quality Control, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Urban, N.R., Verry, E.S., Eisenreich, S.J. (1995). Retention and Mobility of Cations in a Small Peatland: Trends and Mechanisms. In: Černý, J., Novák, M., Pačes, T., Wieder, R.K. (eds) Biogeochemical Monitoring in Small Catchments. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0261-2_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0261-2_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4115-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-0261-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive