Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Bioethics in the United States: 1991–1993

  • Chapter
Bioethics Yearbook

Part of the book series: Bioethics Yearbook ((BIYB,volume 4))

  • 93 Accesses

Abstract

During 1991–1993 several medical technologies introduced into American markets and clinical settings prompted ethical discussion. Xenotransplantation, cold perfusion of donor organs, and new contraceptive devices like Norplant and the “female” condom, for example, each raised ethical concerns. The emerging consensus about self-determination concerning end of life decisions continued to be challenged by ethical and social policy concerns about physician-assisted suicide and active euthanasia, as well as by debate over so-called futility cases. The consensus that human rights and patient autonomy must be respected in order to protect the public health -a consensus hard won in the area of treating and educating about HIV/AIDS -was challenged by public health concerns about multidrug-resistent tuberculosis, while AIDS activists challenged the status quo for conducting clinical drug trials. In 1993, the sometimes violent activism of anti-abortion groups culminated in the fatal shooting of one abortion provider and the subsequent wounding of another, as the American abortion debate began to focus on questions of access to and state-by-state regulation of abortion, rather than on a woman’s constitutional right to seek it. And finally, access to health care occupied nearly the centerstage during the 1992 Presidential campaign and, since then, in debate surrounding President Clinton’s proposal to reform the American health care system; in the meantime, many individual states initiated innovative reform packages.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Bibliography

  1. Aaron, H., Schwartz, W.B.: 1993, “Managed Competition: Little Cost Containment Without Budget Limits”, Health Affairs 12(Suppl.), 204–215.

    Google Scholar 

  2. “ABA Delegates Reject Physician-Assisted Suicide”: 1992, Hospital Ethics, 8(3), 5.

    Google Scholar 

  3. “Abortion About-Face”, Time (February 1), 1993, p. 17.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Aboulker, J.-P., Swart, A.M.: 1993, “Preliminary Analysis of the Concorde Trial”, Lancet 341(8849), 889.

    Google Scholar 

  5. “Acute Pain Management Operative or Medical Procedures and Trauma”: 1992, AHCPR Publications Clearinghouse.

    Google Scholar 

  6. “Aid-in-Dying Voted Down, but Issue Heats Up”: 1993, Hospital Ethics, 9(1), 5–9.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Akin, S.R.: 1993, “States Crack Down on HIV Transmission”, The Advocate 621, 22.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Aldhons, P.: 1991, “Clinical Trials --Blazing an Ethical Trail”, Nature 353(6339), 4.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Alper, P.R.: 1993, “Improving Access to Primary Care” (Letter), JAMA 269, 1943.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Altman, L.: 1994, “In Major Finding, Drug Limits HIV Infection in Newwborns”, New York Times, February 21.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), P.L. 101–336, 104 Stat.32 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Andiman, W. et al.: 1990, “Rate of Transmission of Human Immundeficiency\ Virus Type One Infection from Mother to Child and Short-Term Outcome of Neonatal Infection: Results of a Prospective Cohort Study”, Am J Dis Child 144, 758–766.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Angier, N.: 1993, “Future of the Pill May Lie Just Over the Counter”, New York Times, August 8.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Anna J. v. Mark C., 286 Cal. Rptr. 369 (Ct. App., 4th Dist, 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Annas, G.J.: 1989, “Faith (Healing), Hope and Charity at the FDA: The Politics of AIDS Drug Trials”, Villanova Law Review 34, 770–797.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Annas, G.J.: 1991, “Crazy Making: Embryos and Gestational Mothers”, Hastings Center Report (January/February), 35–38.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Annas, G.J. ritical Choices, JAMA 267, 2509–2520.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Boulais v. Lustig, CA Super. Ct., Los Angeles Cty, No BC-038105 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  19. “Brain Cancer Patient Gets Access to Banned French Abortion Pill”, New York Times, August 27, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Braun, M.M. et al.: 1993, “Trends in Death with Tuberculosis During the AIDS Era”, JAMA 269, 2865–2868.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Bray v. Alexandria Women’s Health Clinic, 113 S.Ct. 753 (1993) as reported in New York Times, January 14, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Brennan, T.A.: 1992, “An Ethical Perspective on Health Care Insurance Reform”, American Journal of Law and Medicine 19(1 & 2), 37–74.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Brennan, T.A.: 1993, “Patients and Health Care Workers”, in Burns et al. (1993), 377–403.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Brown, L.D.: 1992, “The Political Evolution of Federal Health Care Regulation”, Health Affairs 11(4), 18–37.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Brown, P.: 1992, “How AIDS Made Patients Act Up”, New Scientist 134(1824), 21–22.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Brown, P.: 1993, “The Hour of the Activist”, New Scientist 138(1867), 14–15.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Burdick, J.F.: 1993, “Potential Conflicts of Interest Generated by the Use of Non-Heart-Beating Cadavers”, Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 3(2), 199–202.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Burns, S.: 1993, Education to Reduce the Spread of HIV, in Burns et al.: 1993, AIDS Law Today: A New Guide for the Public, Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 82–114.

    Google Scholar 

  29. In re The matter of Christine Busalacchi. No. 73677, Missouri Supreme Court, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Byar, D.P. et al.: 1990, “Design Considerations for AIDS Trials”, NEJM 323, 1343–1348.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Callahan, D.: Setting Limits: Medical Goals in an Aging Society, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Campbell, C: 1993, “Gridlock on the Oregon Trail”, Hastings Center Report 23(4), 6–9.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Cantor, J.C.: 1993, “Health Care Unreform: The New Jersey Approach”, American Medical Association 270(24), 2960–2970.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Caplan, A.L.: 1985, “Ethical Issues Raised by Research Involving Xenografts”, JAMA 254(23), 3339–3343.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Capron, A.M.: 1991, “Whose Child Is This?”, Hasting Center Report (November/December), 37–38.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Capron, A.M.: 1992, “Parenthood and Frozen Embryos: More Than Property or Privacy”, Hastings Center Report 22(5), 32–33.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Cecka, J.M. et al.: 1993, “HLA Polymorphisms, Ethnicity, and Graft Survival: United Network for Organ Sharing”, Transplantation Proceedings 25, 2446–2447.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Centers for Disease Contol and Prevention: 1990 (1994), “Guidelines for Preventing Transmission of TB in the Health Care Setting with Special Focus on HIV Related Issues”, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 39 (RR-17), 1994 draft revision).

    Google Scholar 

  39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 1991, “Recommendations for Preventing Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis B Virus to Patients During Exposure-prone Invasive Procedures”, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 40 (RR-8), 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 1992, “1993 Revised Classification System for HIV Infection and Expanded Surveillance Definition for AIDS Among Adolescents and Adults”, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 41 (RR-17), 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 1993a, “Impact of the Expanded AIDS Surveillance Case Definition on AIDS Case Reporting --United States, First Quarter, 1993”, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 42, 308–310.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 1993b, “Update: Investigations of Persons Treated by HIV-infected Health-care Workers -United States”, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 42, 329–331, 337.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Chalmers, T.C.: 1990, “Ethical Implications of Rejecting Patients for Clinical Trials”, JAMA 263, 865.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Chang, S.W. et al.: 1992, “The New AIDS Case Definition: Implications for San Francisco”, JAMA 267, 973–975.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Charo, R.A.: 1992, “Mommie Dearest”, Wisconsin Law Review 233, 233–236.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Charo, R.A.: 1993, “Life after Casey: The View from Renquist’s Potemkin Village”, The Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 21(1), 59–66.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Child Abuse Ammendment of 1984, Pub.L. 98–457.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Childress, J.F.: 1992, “Are Systems of Presumed Consent and Sales the Answer to the Need for more Organs for Transplantation?”, UNOS Update 8, 8–9.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Chira, S.: 1993, “Adoption Is Getting Some Harder Looks”, New York Times, April 25.

    Google Scholar 

  50. City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, 462 US 416 1983.City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, 462 US 416 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Clarke, O.W., Conley, R.B.: 1991, The Duty to ‘Attend Upon the Sick’, JAMA 266, 2876–2877.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Clarke, O.W. et al.: 1993, “Parental Consent for Abortion” (Letter), 269(17), 2211.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Clymer, A.: 1993a, “Anti-Abortion Rally”, New York Times, July 3.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Clymer, A.: 1993b, “Congress Passes Measure Providing Emergency Leaves”, New York Times, February 5, A1.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Clymer, A.: 1993c, “Federal Employees Given Coverage for Abortions”, New York Times, August 4.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Clymer, A.: 1994a, “Clinton Faces Pressure to Remove Health Plain’s Provision on Early Retirees”, New York Times, February 17.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Clymer, A.: 1994b, “2 Chairmen Seem United on Health”, New York Times, March 7.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Cohen, J.: 1991, “AIDS Vaccine Trials: Bumpy Road Ahead”, Science 251(4999), 1312–1313.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Cohen, J.: 1992a, “Did Liability Block AIDS Trial?”, Science 257 (5068), 316–317.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Cohen, J.: 1992b, “Is Liability Slowing AIDS Vaccines?”, Science 256(5053), 168–170.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Cohen, J.: 1993, “A ‘Manhattan Project’ for AIDS?”, Science 259 (5098), 1112–1114.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Cole, D.: 1993, “Statutory Definitions of Death and the Management of Terminally Ill Patients Who May Become Organ Donors After Death”, Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 3(2), 145–156.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Cole, H.M.: 1990, “Legal Interventions During Pregnancy: Court-Ordered Medical Treatments and Legal Penalties for Potentially Harmful Behavior by Pregnant Women”, JAMA 264, 2663–2670.

    Google Scholar 

  64. “Connecticut Law Protects AIDS Vaccine Researchers from Suits”, AIDS Litigation Reporter Aug. 23, 1991, 6762–6763.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Connell, C.: 1993, “Legal Thinker Urges Hard Look at Medical Care”, Chicago Daily Law Bulletin 139(54), 1.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Cotton, P.: 1990, “Scientifically Astute Activists Seek Common Ground with Clinicians on Testing New AIDS Drugs”, JAMA 264, 666–673.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Cotton, P.: 1992, “Infants, Science May Lose as Liability is Blamed for Company Pullout from HIV Prevention Trial”, JAMA 268, 1987–1992.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Cotton, P.: 1993a, “Delayed Trial of HIV Immune Globulin to Protect Infants of Infected Mothers is Likely to Resume”, JAMA 269, 17.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Cotton, P.: 1993b, “FDA Lifts Ban on Women in Early Drug Tests,Will Require Companies to Look for Gender Differences”, JAMA 269, 2067.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, American Medical Association: 1992, “Decisions Near the End of Life”, JAMA 267, 2229–2233.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association: 1992, “Induced Termination of Pregnancy Before and After Roe v. Wade: Trends in the Mortality and Morbidity of Women”, JAMA 268, 3231–3239.

    Google Scholar 

  72. “Court Declines to Redefine Brain Death for Infants With Anencephaly”: 1993, Medical Ethics Advisor, 9(3), 33–34.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Cranford, J.R.: 1993, “Americans in Need of Help: A Look at the Figures”, Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report September 25, 20.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Cruzan V. Director, Missouri Dept of Health, 110 S Ct 2841 US Supreme Court, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Current Opinions on the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, ss 2.20, at 14, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Curriden, M.: 1992, “No Forced Fatherhood”, ABA Journal September, 35.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Dalton, H.L.: 1993, “Criminal Law”, in Burris et al. (1993), AIDS Law Today: A New Guide for the Public, Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 242–262.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Daniels, N.: 1985, Just Health Care, NY: Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Daniels, N.: 1990, “Insurability and the HIV Epidemic: Ethical Issues in Underwriting”, Milbank Quarterly 68(4), 497–525.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Daniels, N.: 1991a, “Duty to Treat or Right to Refuse”, Hastings Center Report (March/April), 36–46.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Daniels, N.: 1991b, “Is the Oregon Rationing Plan Fair?”, JAMA 265, 2232–2235.

    Google Scholar 

  82. David, H.P.: 1992, “Acceptability of Mifepristone for Early Pregnancy Interruption”, Law, Medicine and Health Care 20(3), 188–194.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Davis v. Davis, No. 180, 1990 Tenn. App. LEXIS 642 (September 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  84. Davis v. Davis v. King. Fifth Jud. Ct. Tennessee, E-14496, September 21, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Davis v. Davis, 1992 WL 115574 (Tenn. June 1, 1992).

    Google Scholar 

  86. DeBenedictus, D.J.: 1993, “No Abortion Debate”, ABA Journal (April), 32.

    Google Scholar 

  87. DeGrella v. Elston, 858 S.W.2d 698 (Ky. 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  88. Delaney, M.: 1989, “The Case for Patient Access to Experimental Therapy”, Journal of Infectious Diseases 159, 416–419.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Dennis, D.I.: 1993, “HIV Screening and Discrimination: The Federal Example”, in Burns et al. (1993), AIDS Law Today: A New Guide for the Public, Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 187–215.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Des Jarlais, D.C., Stepherson, B.: 1991, “History, Ethics, and Politics in AIDS Prevention Research”, American Journal of Public Health 81, 1393–1394.

    Google Scholar 

  91. In re Doe, Action No. D-93064 (Fulton County, Ga., Oct. 17, 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  92. In re Doe, 262 Ga. 389, 418 S.E.2d 3 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  93. Donaldson v Van de Kamp, 2 CAL. App. 4th 1614, 4 Cal. Rptr. 2nd 59 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Dudley, J.F.: 1992, “The Medical Costs of AIDS: Abandoning the HIV-Infected Employee”, Duquesne Law Review 30(4), 915–926.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Dukakis, M.S.: 1991, “The States and Health Care Reform”, NEJM 327(15), 1090–1092.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Dworkin, R.: 1986, Philosophical Issues in Senile Dementia. Unpublished manuscript. August.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Dworkin, R.: 1994, “Will Clinton’s Plan be Fair?”, The New York Review of Books 41(1 & 2), 20–25.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Eckholm, E.: 1992, “Hospital Bills and Paying Them”, New York Times, December 6.

    Google Scholar 

  99. “Effort Under Way to Revamp New York Life-Support Law”: 1992, Hospital Ethics, 8(4), 8–9.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Egan, T.: 1993, “Setting an Example for the Rest of the Nation”, New York Times, November 14.

    Google Scholar 

  101. El-Sadr, W., Capps, L.: 1992, “The Challenge of Minority Recruitment in Clinical Trials for AIDS”, JAMA 267, 954–957.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Ellison, M.D. et al.: 1993, “Blacks and Whites on the UNOS Renal Waiting List: Waiting Times and Patient Demographics Compared”, Transplantation Proceedings 25, 2462–2466.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Elmer-Dewitt, P.: 1991, “Why Isn’t Our Birth Control Better?”, Time August 12, 52–53.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Elmer-Dewitt, P.: 1993, “Cloning: Where Do We Draw the Line?”, Time November 8, 64–70.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Emanuel, E.J.: 1991, The Ends of Human Life: Medical Ethics in a Liberal Polity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Emanuel, EJ., Brett, A.S.: 1993, “Managed Competition and the Patient-Physician Relationship”, NEJM 329(12), 879–882.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Emergency Medical and Active Labor Act (EMTALA), Pub,L. 99–272.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Enthoven, A.C., Kronick, R.: 1989, “A Consumer-Choice Health Plan for the 1990’s”, NEJM 320(1), 29–37.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Enthoven, A.C.: 1993a, “The History and Principles of Managed Competition”, Health Affairs 12(Suppl.), 25–42.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Enthoven, A.C.: 1993b, “Why Managed Care Has Failed to Contain Costs”, Health Affairs 12(3), 27–43.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Ephross, J.N.: 1992, “In Vitro Fertilization: Perspectives on Current Issues”, Jurimetrics Journal 32 (Spring), 447–472.

    Google Scholar 

  112. European Collaborative Study: 1991, “Children Born to Women With HIV-1 Infection: Natural History and Risk of Transmission”, Lancet 337, 253–258.

    Google Scholar 

  113. “Evaluation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection”, Federal Register 56, December 17, 1991, 65498–65505.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Evans, R.W.: 1992, “Incentives for Organ Donation”, Lancet 339, 185.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Evans, R.W.: 1993. “Organ Procurement Expenditures and the Role of Financial Incentives”, JAMA 269, 3113–3118.

    Google Scholar 

  116. “Expanded Availability of Investigational New Drugs through a Parallel Track Mechanism for People with AIDS and other HIV-related Diseases”, Federal Register 57, April 15, 1992, 13250–13259.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Feldstein, M.: 1993, “The Health Plan’s Financing Gap”, Wall Street Journal, September 29, A18.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Field, M.A.: 1993, “Pregnancy and AIDS”, Maryland Law Review 52, 402–436.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Ford, B.: 1993, “An Issue of the 90’: The Rights of Donor Offspring” USA Weekend (January 15–17), 18.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Fox, R.: 1993, “‘An Ignoble Form of Cannibalism’: Reflections on the Pittsburgh Protocol for Procuring Organs from Non-Heart-Beating Cadavers”, Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 3(2), 231–240.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Frader, J.: 1993, “Non-Heart-Beating Organ Donation: Personal and Institutional Conflicts of Interest”, Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 3(2), 189–198.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Frankel, D.H.: 1993, “USA: Health Care Reform in New Jersey”, Lancet 341, 41.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Franks, P. et. al.: 1993, “Health Insurance and Mortality: Evidence from a National Cohort”, JAMA, 270, 737–741.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Freed, C.R. et al.: 1992, “Survival of Implanted Fetal Dopamine Cells and Neurologic Improvement 12 to 46 Months after Transplantation for Parkinson’s Disease”, NEJM 327(22), 1549–1555.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Freudenheim, M.: 1993, “Disabilities Act Wins Support in AIDS Base”, New York Times, November 23.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Frieden, T.R. et al.: 1993, “The Emergence of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis in New York City”, NEJM 328(8): 521–6.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Garry, D.J. et al.: 1992, “Are There Really Alternatives to the Use of Fetal Tissue from Elective Abortions in Transplantation Research?”, NEJM 327(22), 1592–1595.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Georgia (State of) v. Scroggins, No. 89–1228 (Georgia Super. Ct. 1989), Nos. A90A1140, A90A1141, A90A1142, A90A1144 (Georgia Ct. App.1990).

    Google Scholar 

  129. Gervais, K., Miles, S.: 1990, “RU-486: New Issues on the American Abortion Debate”, The University of Minnesota’s Center for Biomedical Ethics. Biomedical Ethics Reading Packet. Minneapolis.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Glasier, K.J. et al.: 1992, “Mifepristone (RU 486) Compared with High-Dose Estrogen and Progestogen for Emergency Postcoital Contraception,” NEJM (October 7), 1041–1044.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Gnant, M.F.X. et al.: 1991, “The Impact of the Presumed Consent Law and a Decentralized Organ Procurement System on Organ Donation: Quadruplication in the Number of Organ Donors”, Transplantation Proceedings 32(5), 2685–2686.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Goldsmith, M.F.: 1990, “Forgotten (Almost) but Not Gone, Tuberculosis Suddenly Looms Large on Domestic Scene”, JAMA 264,165–166.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Goldsmith, M.F.: 1992a, “Medical Exorcism Required as Revitalized Revenant of Tuberculosis Haunts and Harries the Land”, JAMA 268, 174–175.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Goldsmith, M.F.: 1992b, “Specific HIV-related Problems of Women Gain More Attention at a Price --Affecting More Women”, JAMA 268, 1814–1816.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Goldsmith, M.F.: 1993, “HIV/AIDS Early Treatment Controversy Cues New Advice but Questions Remain”, JAMA 270, 295–296.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Goodwin, A.: 1992, “Determination of Legal Parentage in Egg Donation, Embryo Transplantation, and Gestational Surrogacy Arrangements”, Family Law Quarterly 26(3), 275–291.

    Google Scholar 

  137. “Government Calls a Halt to Medicinal Marijuana”: 1992, Hospital Ethics 8(3), 1.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Gostin, L.O.: 1990, “The AIDS Litigation Project, A National Reveiw of Court and Human Rights Commission Decisions, Part I: The Social Impact of AIDS”, JAMA 263, 1961–1970.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Gostin, L.O.: 1993a, “Controlling the Resurgent Tuberculosis Epidemic: A 50-state Survey of TB Statutes and Proposals for Reform”, JAMA 269, 255–261.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Gostin, L.O.: 1993b “Drug Dependency and HIV”, in Burris et al (1993), 150–183.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Gostin, L.O.: 1993c, “Health Care Reform in the United States”, The Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics 21(1), 6–9.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Gostin, L.O., Widiss, A.J.: 1993, “What’s Wrong with the ERISA Vacuum: Employers Freedom to Limit Health Care Coverage Provided By Risk Retention Plans”, JAMA 269, 2527–2532.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Greenberg, D.S.: 1993, “Washington Perspective: Bush-Not a Glowing Record”, Lancet 341, 40–41.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Greenhouse, L.: 1992, “High Court Spurns Guam to Revive Curbs on Abortion”, New York Times, December 1.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Gu, X., Belgrade, M.J.: 1993, “Pain in Hospitalized Patients with Medical Illnesses”, Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 8, 17–21.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Haitian Centers Council, Inc. et al. v. Sale et al., ED NY, 92 CV1258 (SJ) (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  147. Halem v. The Superior Court of Alameda County et al., CA Ct. of App., First Appellate District, Division 2, No. A060750 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  148. Hall, W.J., Griner, P.F.: 1993, “Cost-Effective Health Care: The Rochester Experience”, Health Affairs 12(1), 58–69.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Hamilton, D.P.: 1992, “The Tissue Bank’s Shaky Underpinnings”, Science 257, 869.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Hansmann, H.: 1989, “The Economics and Ethics of Markets for Human Organs”, Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 14(1), 57–58.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Harrison, M.: 1986, “The Anencephalic Newborn as Organ Donor”, Hastings Center Report 16(2), 21–23.

    Google Scholar 

  152. “HCFA Releases Long-Awated Regulations for the PSDA”: 1992, Hospital Ethics, 8(3), 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  153. “Health Care: Too Sick to Wait”, 1993, Economist 326(7794), 30.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Hemphill, L.: 1992, “American Abortion Law Applied to New Reproductive Technology”, Jurimetrics Journal 32 (Spring), 361–386.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Herek, G.M., Capitanio, J.P.: 1993, “Public Reactions to AIDS in the United States: A Second Decade of Stigma”, American Journal of Public Health 83, 574–577.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Hill v. Evans, F. Supp., Civ.A.No. 91-A-626-N (M.D. Ala. Oct 7, 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  157. Hilts, P.J.: 1992a, “Judge Overturns Federal Seizure of Abortion Pill”, New York Times, July 15.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Hilts, P.J.: 1992b, “Fetal-Tissue Bank Not Viable Option, Agency Memo Says”, New York Times, July 27.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Hilts, P.J.: 1992c, “Thomas Will Hear Abortion-Pill Case”, New York Times, July 16.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Hilts, P.J.: 1993a, “Group seeks to Speed French Abortion Pill in U.S.”, New York Times April 2.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Hilts, P.J.: 1993b, “Panel is Created to Speed Effort on AIDS Drugs”, New York Times, December 1.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Hodgeson, A.M.: 1993, “The Warranty of Sperm: A Modest Proposal to Increase the Accountability of Sperm Banks and Physicians in the Performance of Artificial Insemination Procedures”, Indiana Law Review 26, 357–86.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Hoffman, J.: 1993, “The Morning-after Pill: A Well-kept Secret”, New York Times Magazine, January 10, 12–16, 30,32.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Hoffman, M.: 1991, “Boston Loses 1992 AIDS Meeting”, Science 253(5022), 845.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Horton, R.L., Horton, P.J.: 1993, “Improving the Current System for Supplying Organs for Transplantation”, Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 18(1), 176–188.

    Google Scholar 

  166. “Hospital Establishes Business Ethics Committee”: 1993, Hospital Ethics 9(4), 9.

    Google Scholar 

  167. “Hospitals Determine Role of Ethics in HIV Policy Making”: 1992, Medical Ethics Advisory, 8(5), 54–56.

    Google Scholar 

  168. House Bill 3547. November 19, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Hsiao, W.C. et al.: 1993, “Assessing the Implementation of Physician-Payment Reform”, NEJM 328(13), 928–933.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Hudson, T.: 1993, “Florida Health Care”, Hospitals and Health Networks 67(15), 38–44.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Humphrey, D.: 1991, Final Exit: the Practicalities of Self Deliverance and Assisted Suicide for the Dying, Hemlock Society, Eugene, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  172. “Icy Preservatives for Kidneys Get Cold Shoulder in Illinois”: 1993, Hospital Ethics, 9(5), 9.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Ifill, G: 1993, “Proposal Sets up New Abortion Fight”, New York Times, October 4.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Ifill, G.: 1994, “Clinton Defends Idea of Regional Insurance Pool, But Offers to Bend”, New York Times, March 4.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Iglehart, J.K.: 1992a, “The American Health Care System--Introduction”, NEJM 326(14), 962–967.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Iglehart, J.K.: 1992b, “The American Health Care System--Managed Care”, NEJM 327(10), 742–747.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Iglehart, J.K.: 1992c, “The American Health Care System--Medicare”, NEJM 327(20), 1467–1472.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Iglehart, J.K.: 1992d “The American Health Care System--Private Insurance”, NEJM 326(25), 1715–1720.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Iglehart, J.K.: 1993a, “The American Health Care System--Medicaid”, NEJM 328(12), 896–900.

    Google Scholar 

  180. Iglehart, J.K.: 1993b, “Health Care Reform--The Labrynth of Congress”, NEJM 329(21), 1593–1596.

    Google Scholar 

  181. Illinois (People of the State of) v. Russell/Illinois (People of the State of) v. Lunsford, IL Sup. Ct. Nos. 73721, 74443 [consolidated].

    Google Scholar 

  182. Jacoby, S.: 1993, “Entitled to the Embryo?”, New York Times, November 1.

    Google Scholar 

  183. James, J.S.: 1994, “Research Strategy Proposal: High-Tech Exploitation of the Unexpected”, Aids Treatment News 190, 3.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Janofsky, M.: 1994, “Oregon Starts to Extend Health Care”, New York Times, February 19.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Jecker, N.S.: 1993, “Can an Employer-Based Health Insurance System be Just?”, Journal of Health Policy, Politics and Law 18(3), 657–673.

    Google Scholar 

  186. Jellinek, M.S, Nurcombe, B.: 1993, “Two Wrongs Don’t Make a Right: Managed Care, Mental Health, and the Marketplace”, JAMA 270, 1737–1739.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Johnson v. Calvert, Cal. Super. Ct., Orange Co., Dept.11, No. X633190 (22 October 1990)

    Google Scholar 

  188. Johnson v. State, No 89–1765 (Fla. Dist. Ct. of App., 5th Dist., 1989).

    Google Scholar 

  189. Johnson v. State, 602 So. 2d 1288 (Fla. 1992).

    Google Scholar 

  190. Johnson, D.: 1993, “Abortions, Bibles and Bullets, and the Making of a Militant”, New York Times, August 28.

    Google Scholar 

  191. “Justices Decline to Hear Abortion Case”, New York Times, December 8, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Kassirer, J.P., Angell, M.: 1992, “The Use of Fetal Tissue in Research on Parkinson’s Disease”, NEJM 327(22), 1591–2.

    Google Scholar 

  193. Kearney, W: et al..: 1991, “Fetal Tissue and the Misread Compromise”, Hastings Center Report (September-October) 7–12.

    Google Scholar 

  194. Kelly, P., Holman, S.: 1993, “The New Face of AIDS”, American Journal of Nursing March, 26–36.

    Google Scholar 

  195. Kenner, R.: 1992, “7 Embryos Can’t Be”, The Knoxville News, November 24, A1, A6.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Keyes, L.J.: 1992, “Rethinking the Aim on the ‘War on Drugs’: States’ Roles in Preventing Substance Abuse by Pregnant Women”, Wisconsin Law Review 197–232.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Kilborn, P.T.: 1994, “Unions Plan to Spend $10 Million to Promote Clinton Health Plan”, New York Times, February 22.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Kolata, G.: 1992, “Study Finds French Abortion Pill is Effective Morning-After Method”, New York Times, October 8.

    Google Scholar 

  199. Koslov, T.I.: 1992, “Abortion on the Supreme Court Agenda: Planned Parenthood v. Casey and its Possible Consequences”, Law, Medicine and Health Care 20(3), 243–248.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Kramon, G.: 1992, “Infertility Chain: The Good and Bad in Medicine”, New York Times, June 19.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Kranish, M.: 1994, “Chamber Reverses on Health Care Stand”, Boston Globe, March 1.

    Google Scholar 

  202. Krauss, S.L.: 1992, “Pregnant Cocaine Addicts Facing Harsher Sentences in the Courts”, New York Law Journal (May 1), S10.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Kronick, R.: 1993, “Where Should the Buck Stop: Federal and State Responsibilities in a Health Care Financing Reform”, Health Affairs 12(Suppl.), 87–98.

    Google Scholar 

  204. Kronick, R. et al.: 1993, “The Managed Marketplace in Health Reform: The Demographic Limitations of Competition”, NEJM 28(2),148–152.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Labaton, S.: 1993, “Old Laws Having a Way of Learning New ricks”, New York Times, December 19.

    Google Scholar 

  206. Lazda, V.A.: 1992, “The Impact of HLA Frequency Differences in Races on the Access to Optimally HLA-matched Cadaver Renal Transplants”, Transplantation 53, 352–357.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Leary, W.E.: 1992, “U.S. Approves Drug Used by Injection for Birth Control”, New York Times, October 30.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Leary, W.E.: 1993a, “Call to Regulate Transplant Tissue”, New York Times, August 15.

    Google Scholar 

  209. Leary, W.E.: 1993b, “Female Condom Approved for Market”, New York Times, May 11.

    Google Scholar 

  210. Leary, W.E.: 1993c, “Maker of Abortion Pill Reaches Licensing Pact with U.S. Group”, New York Times, April 21.

    Google Scholar 

  211. Levitt, J.: 1992, “Biology, Technology and Geneology: A Proposed Uniform Surrogacy Legislation”, Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems 25(3), 451–519.

    Google Scholar 

  212. Lewin, J.C., Sybinsky, P.A.: 1993, “Hawaii’s Employer Mandate and Its Contribution to Universal Access”, JAMA 269, 2538–2543.

    Google Scholar 

  213. Lewin, T.: 1992a, “Baltimore School Clinics Offer Birth Control by Surgical Implant”, New York Times, December 4.

    Google Scholar 

  214. Lewin, T.: 1992b, “Study Finds Abortion Plans Are Known by Most Parents”, New York Times, October 21.

    Google Scholar 

  215. Light, D.W.: 1992, “Blue Cross Turns into a National Scandal”, (Letter) New York Times, June 29.

    Google Scholar 

  216. Light, D.W.: 1993, “The Practice and Ethics of Risk-Rated Health Insurance”, JAMA 267, 2503–2508.

    Google Scholar 

  217. Lindvall, O. et al.: 1990, “Grafts of Fetal Dopamine Neurons Survive and Improve Motor Function in Parkinson’s Disease”, Science 247, 574–577.

    Google Scholar 

  218. Lo, B., Steinbrook, R.: 1992, “Health Care Workers Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus: The Next Steps”, JAMA 267, 1100–1105.

    Google Scholar 

  219. Lynn, J.: 1993, “Are the Patients Who Become Organ Donors under the Pittsburgh Protocol for ‘Non-Heart-Beating Donors’ Really Dead?”, Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 3(2), 167–178.

    Google Scholar 

  220. Macilwain, C.: 1993, “Congress Agrees to new NIH Office for AIDS Programmes”, Nature 363(6425), 101.

    Google Scholar 

  221. “Maryland’s Legislators Vote for Health Care Plan”, New York Times, 1993, April 10.

    Google Scholar 

  222. Marzuk, Peter et al: 1993, “Increase in suicide by asphyxiation in New York City After the Publication of Final Exit”, NEJM 329(20), 1508–1510.

    Google Scholar 

  223. Massachusetts (Commonwealth of) v. Leno et al., MA Sup. Jud. Ct., No. E-6162 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  224. McCartney, S.: 1993a, “Agonizing Choices: People Most Needing Transplantable Organs Now Often Miss Out”, Wall Street Journal, April 1, A7.

    Google Scholar 

  225. McCartney, S.: 1993b, “Matching of Tissues in Organ Transplants Hurts Blacks’ Odds”, Wall Street Journal, April 1.

    Google Scholar 

  226. McClelland, J. et al.: 1992, “Kidney Allocation Under the UNOS Point System: An Update”, Clinical Transplants 11, 405–411.

    Google Scholar 

  227. McGann v. H & H Music Co. 946 F2d 401 (5th Cir. 1991) cert denied sub nom Greenberg v. H & H Music Co. 113 SCt 482 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  228. McKeown, L.A.: 1993, “Pig Liver Bridges Gap to Human Transplant”, Medical World News 32, 49.

    Google Scholar 

  229. “MDs Adopt Broad Statement While Assisted Suicide Laws Flip-Flop”: 1993, Medical Ethics Advisor, 9(8), 102–104.

    Google Scholar 

  230. “Medicaid Widens Contraceptive Implant’s Use”, New York Times, December 17, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  231. Meisel, A.: 1993a, “The Legal Consensus About Forgoing Life-Sustaining Treatment: Its Status and Its Prospects”, Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 2(4), 309–345.

    Google Scholar 

  232. Meisel, A.: 1993b, Right to Die 1993 Supplement. ss 4.14;78. NY; John Wiley and Sons. 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  233. Meisel, A.: 1994, Right to Die, Cumulative Supplement No. 1, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  234. Menzel, P.: 1990, Strong Medicine: The Ethical Rationing of Health Care, New York: Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  235. Merrick, J.C.: 1993, Maternal Substance Abuse During Pregnancy, Journal of Legal Medicine 14, 57–71.

    Google Scholar 

  236. Merigan, T.C.: 1990, “You Can Teach an Old Dog New Tricks: How AIDS Trials are Pioneering New Strategies”, NEJM 323, 1341–1343.

    Google Scholar 

  237. Michaels, D., Levine, C: 1992, “Estimates of the Number of Motherless Youth Orphaned by AIDS in the United States”, JAMA 268, 3456–3461.

    Google Scholar 

  238. Michaels, M.G. et al.: 1993, “Ethical Considerations in Listing Fetuses as Candidates for Neonatal Heart Transplantation”, JAMA 269, 401–403.

    Google Scholar 

  239. Michigan Public Act 270 of 1992, 1992 Michigan Legislature Serv. P.A. 270 (H.B. 4501).

    Google Scholar 

  240. Miles, S.H. et al.: 1992, “Health Care Reform in Minnesota”, NEJM 327(15), 1092–1095.

    Google Scholar 

  241. Minnesota Develops Advance Directives for Mental Illness: 1992, Hospital Ethics, 8(4), 3.

    Google Scholar 

  242. Mishu, B., Schaffner, W.: 1993, “HIV-infected Surgeons and Dentists: Looking Back and Looking Forward”, JAMA 269, 1843–1844.

    Google Scholar 

  243. Moore, T.H.: 1993, “Some States Get Ahead of the Game”, Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report September. 25, 32.

    Google Scholar 

  244. Moreno, J.D., Minkoff, H.: 1992, “Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection During Pregnancy”, Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 35(4), 813–820.

    Google Scholar 

  245. Morreim, E.H.: 1991, Balancing Act: The New Medical Ethics of Medicine’s New Economics. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  246. Muyskens, J.: 1992, “Should Receiving Depend Upon Willingness to Give?”, Transplantation Proceedings 24, 2181–2184.

    Google Scholar 

  247. Nathan, H.M. et al.: 1991, “Estimation and Characterization of the Potential Renal Donor Pool in Pennsylvania. Report of the Pennsylvania Statewide Donor Study”, Transplantation 51(1), 142–149.

    Google Scholar 

  248. National Kidney Foundation Inc.: 1991, “Controversies in Organ Donation: Financial Incentives”, Consensus Conference, New Orleans, February.

    Google Scholar 

  249. Navarro, M.: 1993a, “New York City to Detain Recalcitrant TB Patients”, New York Times, March 10.

    Google Scholar 

  250. Navarro, M.: 1993b, “New York Needle Exchange Called Unusually Effective”, New York Times, February 18.

    Google Scholar 

  251. Navarro, M.: 1993c, “Testing Newborns for AIDS Virus Raises Issue of Mothers’ Privacy”, New York Times, August 8.

    Google Scholar 

  252. Nelson, J.L.: 1992, “Transplantation Through a Glass Darkly”, Hastings Center Report 22, 6–8.

    Google Scholar 

  253. “New Drug, Antibiotic, and Biological Drug Product Regulations; Accelerated Approval”, Federal Register 57, April 15, 1992, 13234–13242.

    Google Scholar 

  254. New Jersey (State of) v. Smith, NJ, Super. Ct., Nos. 2114–8–89, I–2890–11–89 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  255. “New OPTN, Scientific Registery Contracts Foretell Increased Responsibilities”: 1993, UNOS Update 9(9), 2–12.

    Google Scholar 

  256. New York (People of) v. Bordowitz et al., New York City Criminal Court, Jury 5, Nos. 90No 28423–90No 28426 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  257. Nightingale, S.L.: 1992, “From the Food and Drug Administration: Parallel Track Policy Issued”, JAMA 267, 3262.

    Google Scholar 

  258. Nightingale, S.L.: 1993, “From the Food and Drug Administration: FDA Guidelines on Women in Clinical Trials”, JAMA 270, 1290.

    Google Scholar 

  259. Noble, B.P.: 1993, “Clashing Over AIDS Coverage”, New York Times, October 16.

    Google Scholar 

  260. Nossiter, A.: 1992, “Man is the First Convicted in Louisiana for Putting Partner at Risk of HIV”, New York Times, November 27.

    Google Scholar 

  261. In re O’Connor, 72 NY 2d 517, 531 NE 2d 607, 534 NYS 2d 886 [Ct App 1988 amended 1989].

    Google Scholar 

  262. “Of Racketeers and Klansmen”, Economist January 23, 1993, 29.

    Google Scholar 

  263. Oliver, T.R.: 1993, “Analysis, Advice, and Congressional Leadership: The Physician Payment Review Commission and the Politics of Medicare”, Journal of Health Policy, Politics and Law 18(1), 113–174.

    Google Scholar 

  264. Oregon (State of) v. Gonzalez, OR. Cir. Ct., No. C92–0331747 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  265. “Overturning of Abortion Law is Upheld”, New York Times, September 23, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  266. Owens v. Storehouse, Inc. 987 F.2d 394 (11th Circ. 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  267. Oxman, R.B.: 1993, “California’s Experiment in Surrogacy”, Lancet 341, 1468–1469.

    Google Scholar 

  268. “Pain Management Finally Receiving Official Recognition and Study”: 1992, Hospital Ethics 8(3), 9–10.

    Google Scholar 

  269. Parker, L.S. et al.: 1992, “Bioethics in the United States: 1989–1991”,Bioethics Yearbook, Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, The Netherlands, 2, 1–50.

    Google Scholar 

  270. Peabody, J.L.: 1988, Anencephalic Infant Donor Protocol at M.C. Temporarily Suspended, Today 1(10),1,7,9.

    Google Scholar 

  271. Peabody, J.L. et al.: 1989, “Experience with Anencephalic Infants as Prospective Organ Donors”, NEJM 321(6),344–350.

    Google Scholar 

  272. Pear, R.: 1993a, “Experts Grades: “A” in Security, “C” in Simplicity, “D +” in Savings”, New York Times, September 24.

    Google Scholar 

  273. Pear, R.: 1993b, “Medicaid and Medicare Cutbacks Sought to Finance Health Plan”, New York Times, September 9.

    Google Scholar 

  274. Pear, R.: 1994a, “HMO’s Propose Nationwide Uniform Standards for Health Plans”, New York Times, February 16.

    Google Scholar 

  275. Pear, R.: 1994b, “New Health Plan Stresses Medicare”, New York Times, March 1.

    Google Scholar 

  276. Pear, R.: 1994c, “What is “Universal” is Center of Fight Over a Health Plan”, New York Times, February 16.

    Google Scholar 

  277. Pellegrino, E.D.: 1991, “Families’ Self Interest and the Cadaver’s Organs. What Price Consent?”, JAMA 265, 1305–6.

    Google Scholar 

  278. Pennsylvania Abortion Control Act of 1982 as ammended in 1988 and 1989, 18 PA. Cons. Stat. Ann, 3203-3214 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  279. Peters, T.G.: 1991, “Life or Death: The Issue of Payment in Cadaveric Organ Donation”, JAMA 265, 1302–1305.

    Google Scholar 

  280. “Pill Used in Brain Tumors”, New York Times, April 2, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  281. Pine, R.N.: 1992, “Benten v. Kessler: The RU-486 Import Case”, Law, Medicine and Health Care 20(3), 238–242.

    Google Scholar 

  282. Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 744 F Supp. 1323, 1354 (EDPa 1990)

    Google Scholar 

  283. Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, 112 S.Ct. 2791 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  284. Pope, G.C. and Schneider, J.E.: 1992, “Trends in Physician Income”, Health Affairs 11(1), 181–193.

    Google Scholar 

  285. “Post-trial Settlement Ends Suit against CA AIDS Patient”, AIDS Litigation Reporter Oct. 26, 1993, 10805.

    Google Scholar 

  286. “Presidential News Conference: Former State Health Chief Named First AIDS Czar”, Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 51, 1676-1677.

    Google Scholar 

  287. President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 1981, “Defining Death: A Report on the Medical, Legal and Ethical Issues in the Determination of Death”, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  288. Prottas, J.M.: 1992, “Buying Human Organs: Evidence that Money Doesn’t Change Everything”, Transplantation 53, 1371–1373.

    Google Scholar 

  289. “PSDA Applied to Minors”: 1992, Hospital Ethics, 8(4), 2-3.

    Google Scholar 

  290. “PSDA Status: Good Institutional Compliance but Little Overall Effect”: 1993, Hospital Ethics, 9(4), 13-14.

    Google Scholar 

  291. “PSDA Well Received in Hospitals, Despite Early Confusion”: 1992,Medical Ethics Advisor, 8(3), 25-28.

    Google Scholar 

  292. “Public Shows Support for Euthanasia, But Hedges on Assisted Suicide”: 1992, Hospital Ethics 8(4), 6-8.

    Google Scholar 

  293. Rae, T.: 1994, “Prevention Funding: No New Dollars in President’s Budget for 1995”, AIDS Treatment News 1992, February 4.

    Google Scholar 

  294. Randall, J.: 1993, “The Jackson Hole Gang”, The Progressive 57(3), 25.

    Google Scholar 

  295. Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Pub.L. 93-112.

    Google Scholar 

  296. Reitz, N.N., Callender, C.O.: 1993, “Organ Donation in the African-American Population: A Fresh Perspective with a Simple Solution”, Journal of the National Medical Association 85, 353–358.

    Google Scholar 

  297. Relman, A.S.: 1993, “Medical Practice Under the Clinton Reforms”, NEJM 329(21), 1574.

    Google Scholar 

  298. Report of the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs: 1993, “Financial Incentives for Organ Procurement: Ethical Aspects of Future Contracts for Cadaveric Donors”, Adopted by the AMA House of Delegates, December 7. CEJA Report 1-93-6.

    Google Scholar 

  299. Reske, H.J.: 1992a, “Ban on Abortion Pill Challenged”, ABA Journal (October), 24.

    Google Scholar 

  300. Reske, H.J.: 1992b, “Is this the End of Roe? The Court Revisits Abortion”, ABA Journal (May), 64–67.

    Google Scholar 

  301. Rhymes J.: 1990, “Hospice Care in America”, JAMA 264, 369–372.

    Google Scholar 

  302. Rich, S.: 1993, “Health Plan Funding Passes Muster”, The Washington Post, December 9, A4.

    Google Scholar 

  303. Richman, D.D.: 1989, “Public Access to Experimental Drug Therapy: AIDS Raises Yet Another Conflict Between Freedom of the Individual and Welfare of the Individual and the Public”, Journal of Infectious Diseases 159, 412-415.

    Google Scholar 

  304. “’Right to Die’, Guidelines Published for State Courts”: 1992, Hospital Ethics 8(4), 10.

    Google Scholar 

  305. Rimer, S.: 1993a, “Abortion Clinics Search for Doctors in Scarcity”, New York Times, March 31.

    Google Scholar 

  306. Rimer, S.: 1993b, “Abortion Foes’ Boot Camp Ponders Doctor’s Death”, New York Times, March 19.

    Google Scholar 

  307. Rimer, S.: 1993c, “Forceps and Fear on Abortion Circuit” New York Times, September 3.

    Google Scholar 

  308. Rippey, S.E.: 1991, “Criminalizing Substance During Pregnancy”, Criminal and Civil Confinement 17 (1), 69–106.

    Google Scholar 

  309. Robertson, J.A.: 1990, “In the Beginning: The Legal Status of Early Embryos”, Virginia Law Review 76, 437–517.

    Google Scholar 

  310. Robertson, J.A.: 1992a, “Casey and the Resuscitation of Roe v. Wade”, Hastings Center Report (September/October), 24-28.

    Google Scholar 

  311. Robertson, J.A.: 1992b, “Ethical and Legal Issues in Preimplantation Genetic Screening”, Fertility and Sterility 57(1), 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  312. Roe v. Wade, 410 US 113 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  313. Roels, L. et al.: 1990, “Effect of Presumed Consent Law on Organ Retrieval in Belgium”, Transplantation Proceedings 22(4),2078-2079.

    Google Scholar 

  314. Roels, L. et al.: 1991, “Three Years Experience With a Presumed Consent Legislation in Belgium: Its Impact on Multi-Organ Donation in Comparison With Other European Countries”, Transplantation Proceedings 23(1),903–904.

    Google Scholar 

  315. Roels, L., Michielsen, P.: 1991, “Altruism, Self-Determination, and Organ Procurement Efficiency: The European Experience”, Transplantation Proceedings 23(5), 2514–2515.

    Google Scholar 

  316. Rogers, D.E., Osborn, J.E.: 1993, “AIDS Policy: Two Divisive Issues”, JAMA270, 494–495.

    Google Scholar 

  317. Rogers, M. et al.: 1989, “Use of the Polymerase Chain Reaction for early detection of the Proviral Sequences of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Infants Born to Seropositive Mothers”, NEJM 320, 1649–1654.

    Google Scholar 

  318. Rohter, L.: 1993a, “Doctor is Slain During Protest Over Abortions”, New York Times, March 11.

    Google Scholar 

  319. Rohter, L.: 1993b, “Florida Blazes Trail to a New Health Care System”, New York Times, April 4.

    Google Scholar 

  320. Rosenfield, A.: 1993, “Mifepristone (RU-486) in the United States: What does the Future Hold?”, NEJM 328 (21), 1560–1561

    Google Scholar 

  321. Rubin, A.J.: 1993a, “Ingredients for the Cure”, Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 51, 1083.

    Google Scholar 

  322. Rubin, A.J.: 1993b, “Provisions: NIH Reauthorization”, Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 51, 1992–1994.

    Google Scholar 

  323. Schaeffer, M.J., Alexander, D.C.: 1992, “U.S. System for Organ Procurement and Transplantation”, American Journal Hospital Pharmacy 49, 1733–1740.

    Google Scholar 

  324. Schaffer, M.: 1992, “Baboon Liver in Man: The Beginning of the Xenograft Era?”, Medical World News August, 27-28.

    Google Scholar 

  325. Schiff, N.K.: 1991, “Legislation Punishing Drug Use During Pregnancy: Attack on Women’s Rights in the Name of Fetal Protection”, Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 19, 198–209.

    Google Scholar 

  326. Schlesinger, M., Mechanic, D.: 1993, “Challenges for Managed Competition from Chronic Illness”, Health Affairs 12(Suppl.), 213–137.

    Google Scholar 

  327. Senate Bill 1702. November 19, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  328. Sexton, P.A.: 1993, “Imposing Criminal Sanctions on Pregnant Drug Users: Throwing the Baby Out With the Bath Water”, Washbum Law Journal 32, 410–430.

    Google Scholar 

  329. Shaw, B.W., Jr.: 1993, “Conflict of Interest in the Procurement of Organs from Cadavers Following Withdrawal of Life Support”, Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 3(2), 179–188.

    Google Scholar 

  330. Sherer, J.L.: 1993, “Pionner’s Progress: Three States Move Ahead with Reforms”, Hospitals and Health Networks 67(20), 14–16.

    Google Scholar 

  331. Sherman, R.: 1991, “Criminal Prosecutions on AIDS Growing”, National Law Journal October 14.

    Google Scholar 

  332. Shoop, J.G.: 1992a, “Court Sites Privacy Rights in Embryo Decision”, Trial 28(9), 16.

    Google Scholar 

  333. Shoop, J.G.: 1992b, “States Cannot Punish Pregnant Women for Fetal Harms”, Trial (May), 11–14.

    Google Scholar 

  334. Skolnick, A.A.: 1993, “Doctors Help HIV-positive Haitian Refugees Gain Frredom from US Government Detention Camp”, JAMA 270, 563–564.

    Google Scholar 

  335. Sleeper, B.: 1993, “Spare Parts or Spare Animals?”, Animals 126(3), 26–30.

    Google Scholar 

  336. Smolowe, J.: 1993, “New, Improved and Ready for Battle”, Time June 14, 48–51.

    Google Scholar 

  337. Specter, M.: 1992, “Panel Proposes Stronger Steps to Curb TB”, New York Times, November 30.

    Google Scholar 

  338. Spencer, D.D. et al.: 1992, “Unilateral Transplantation of Human Fetal Mesenaphalic Tissue into the Caudate Nucleus of Patients with Parkinson’s Disease”, NEJM, 327(22), 1541–1548.

    Google Scholar 

  339. Stack, B.W.: 1993, “Bill Presumes Donor Willingness”, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, July 2, A12.

    Google Scholar 

  340. Starzl, T.E.: 1993, “Liver Allo-and Xenotransplantation”, Transplantation Proceedings 25(1), 15–17.

    Google Scholar 

  341. Starzl, T.E. et al..: 1992a, “Cell Migration, Chimerism and Graft Acceptance”, Lancet 339, 1579–1582.

    Google Scholar 

  342. Starzl, T.E. et al.: 1992b, “Systematic Chimerism in Human Female Recipients of Male Livers”, Lancet 340, 876–877.

    Google Scholar 

  343. Starzl, T.E. et al.: 1993a, “Baboon-to-Human Liver Transplantation”, Lancet 341, 65–71.

    Google Scholar 

  344. Starzl, T.E. et al.: 1993b, “Drug Development and Testing in Relation to Cell Migration and Chimerism”,Transplantation Proceedings 25, 469–472.

    Google Scholar 

  345. “State Lawmakers and Citizen Groups Choose Sides in Euthanasia Debate”: 1992, Hospital Ethics 8(3), 4–5.

    Google Scholar 

  346. State v. Johnson, No. E89-890-CFA (18th Jud. Cir. for Seminole County, Ha. July 13, 1989).

    Google Scholar 

  347. Steinfels, P.: 1993, “The Latest Advances in Cloning Challenge Bioethicists”, New York Times, October 30.

    Google Scholar 

  348. Stoffer, H.: 1993, “Multiple-Organ Policy Takes Immediate Effect”, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, July 2, A1.

    Google Scholar 

  349. Stone, D.A.: 1993, “The Struggle for the Soul of Health Insurance”, Journal of Health Policy, Politics and Law 18(2), 287–318.

    Google Scholar 

  350. Swartz, K.: 1994, “Dynamics of People Without Health Insurance: Don’t Let the Numbers Fool You”, JAMA 271, 64–66.

    Google Scholar 

  351. In re T.A.C.P., 79,582, Supreme Court of Florida, March 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  352. “Terminally Ill Man Gets Baboon’s Liver in Untried Operation”, 1992, New York Times, June 29.

    Google Scholar 

  353. Texas Anatomical Gift Act, Vernon’s Texas Codes Annotated: 1992, Health and Safety Code ss. 671.001 to End, West Publishing Co. St. Paul, Minn. Chapter 692.

    Google Scholar 

  354. Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 476 US 747 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  355. Tomlinson, T.: 1993, “The Irreversibility of Death: Reply to Cole”, Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 3(2), 157–166.

    Google Scholar 

  356. Toner, R.: 1993a, “Health Care in Minnesota: Model for U.S. or Novelty?”, New York Times, October 9.

    Google Scholar 

  357. Toner, R.: 1993b, “Middle Ground on Abortion Shifting into Terra Incognita”, New York Times, July 15.

    Google Scholar 

  358. Toner, R.: 1994, “G.O.P. on Health Care: Seeking a Second Opinion”, New York Times, March 4.

    Google Scholar 

  359. Twedt, S.: 1993a, “Transplant Groups Raise Questions on Multiple Organs”, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, June 16, A1.

    Google Scholar 

  360. Twedt, S.: 1993b, Transplant System Is Ill, Doctors Say,Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, June 20, A12.

    Google Scholar 

  361. Uniform Status of Children of Assisted Conception Act (USCACA), 9B U.LA. 104, 115 (Supp. 1992) in Goodwin, A.: 1992, “Determination of Legal Parentage in Egg Donation, Embryo Transplantation, and Gestational Surrogacy Arrangements”, Family Law Quarterly 26(3), 275–291.

    Google Scholar 

  362. United Network for Organ Sharing database. Personal Communication from B. Wilson; October 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  363. Vawter, D.E.: 1992, “Fetal Tissue Update”, Hastings Center Report (March-April), 3.

    Google Scholar 

  364. Veatch, R.M.: 1986, “The Ethics of Xenografts”, Transplantation Proceedings 18(3)supp. 2, 93–97.

    Google Scholar 

  365. Verhovek, S.H.: 1993, “Michigan’s High Court Says Adopted Girl Must Be Sent to Biological Parents”, New York Times, July 3.

    Google Scholar 

  366. Voelker, R.: 1993, “Federal Ruling Reins In Liberal HIV Testing Law, Consensus Still Lacking on Controversial Issue”, JAMA 270, 2530–2531.

    Google Scholar 

  367. Wachter, R.M.: 1992, “AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Health”, NEJM 326, 128–133.

    Google Scholar 

  368. Wadlington, W.J.: 1992–3, “Contracts to Bear a Child: The Mixed Legislative Signals”, Idaho Law Review 29, 383–410.

    Google Scholar 

  369. Walters, J.W., Aschwal, S.: 1988, “Organ Prolongation in Anencephalic Infants: Ethics and Medical Issues”, Hastings Center Report 18(5),19–27.

    Google Scholar 

  370. In re Wanglie, No. PX-91-283 (4th Dist. Ct. Hennepin County, Minn., July 1, 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  371. Wanzer, S.H. et al.: 1989, “The Physician’s Responsibility Toward Hopelessly Ill Patients”, NEJM 320, 844–849.

    Google Scholar 

  372. In re Warren, 858 S.W.2d 263 (Mo. Q. App. 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  373. Washington Hospital Consensus Conference on Trauma Victims and Organ Donors. 1993, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  374. Washington (State of) v. Stark, WA Super. Ct., No. 90-1-00030-2 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  375. Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 109 S.Q. 3040 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  376. Weisbard, A.J.: 1993, “A Polemic on Principles: Reflections on the Pittsburgh Protocol”, Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 3(2), 217–230.

    Google Scholar 

  377. Welch, W.P. et al.: 1993, “Geographic Variation in Expenditures for Physicians Services in the United States”, NEJM 328(9), 621–627.

    Google Scholar 

  378. White House Domestic Policy Council. The President’s Health Security Plan: The Clinton Blueprint. NY: Times Books, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  379. Widner, H. et al.: 1992, “Bilateral Fetal Mesencephalic Grafting in two patients with Parkinsonism Induced by 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)”, NEJM 327(22), 1556–1563.

    Google Scholar 

  380. Winslow, R., Felsenthal, E.: 1993, “Physicians Fight Back as Insurers Cut Them from Health Networks”, Wall Street Journal, December 30, A1.

    Google Scholar 

  381. “With Fetal Tissue Moratorium Lifted, Applications Begin Reaching National Institutes of Health”, JAMA 269, 1086.

    Google Scholar 

  382. Woodward, K.L. et al.: 1993, “A Search for Limits”, Newsweek (February 22), 52–53.

    Google Scholar 

  383. World Health Organization. Human Organ Transplantation: A Report on Developments Under the Auspices of WHO (1987–1991). Geneva: WHO, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  384. Wujciak, T., Opelz, G.: 1993, “Computer Analysis of Cadaver Kidney Allocation Procedures”, Transplantation 55(3), 516–521.

    Google Scholar 

  385. Yawn, B.P. et al.: 1993, “Minnesota Care (HealthRight): Myths and Miracles”, JAMA 269, 511–515.

    Google Scholar 

  386. York v. Jones, 717 F. Supp. 423–5 (E.D.Va. 1989).

    Google Scholar 

  387. Youngner, S., Arnold, R.: 1993, “Ethical, Psychosocial, and Public Policy Implications of Procuring Organs from Non-Heart-Beating Cadaver Donors”, JAMA 289, 2669–2774.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Lisa A. Parker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Athena Beldecos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Donald Ainslie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nathaniel Hupert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Rachel Ankeny Majeske
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Robert Arnold
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

B. Andrew Lustig

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Parker, L.A., Beldecos, A., Ainslie, D., Hupert, N., Majeske, R.A., Arnold, R. (1995). Bioethics in the United States: 1991–1993. In: Lustig, B.A. (eds) Bioethics Yearbook. Bioethics Yearbook, vol 4. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0197-4_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0197-4_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4089-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-0197-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation