Abstract
The problems which arise when it is attempted to frame a theoretical explanation of the phenomena of viscosity are intimately connected with the entire problem of the internal structure of liquids. It does not lie upon our way to give a comprehensive picture of the present position of the latter problem; in connection, however, with various points to be considered in the subsequent chapters it may be useful to collect a few remarks of a more general nature in these introductory pages. The whole subject of the internal structure of liquids is in a state of intense development, and though many parts of it are yet awaiting an adequate treatment, great progress has been made in recent years, of which the reader may obtain an interesting view in the report of the general discussion on “Structure and Molecular Forces in (a) Pure Liquids and (b) Solutions”, held by the Faraday Society in 1936 1)). It is also this report upon which the following pages mainly have been inspired and from which several statements have been taken.
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References
See: Transactions of the Faraday Society 33, pp. 1–282, 1937.
See F. London, The general theory of molecular forces, Trans. Farad. Soc. 33, p. 8. 1937; here also further references have been given.
This is illustrated by a diagram given by J. E. Lennard-Jones, Proc. Physic. Soc. London 43, p. 471, 1931.
See: J. C. Slater and J. G. Kirkwood, Physic. Review 37, p. 682, 1931.
See J. E. Lennard-Jones, l.c. and F. London, l.c
The first formula is given by J. C. Slater, Physic. Review 32. p. 349. 1928;
the second one has been obtained from data given by J. E. Lennard-Jones, l.c. p. 475.
By way of examples we mention: J. D. Bernal and R. H. Fowler, fourn. of Chem. Physics 1, p. 515, 1933 (on water: see below, p. 26);
J. H. De Boer, Trans. Farad. Soc. 32, p. 13, 1936 (on benzene);
A. Müller. Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 154, p. 624, 1936 (on solid paraffins).
F. Zernike and J. A. Prins, Zeitschr. f. Physik 41, p. 184, 1927;
J. A. Prins. Zeitschr. f. Physik 56, p. 617, 1929;
J. A. Prins Die Naturwissenschaften 19, p. 435, 1931. — Compare below, p. 35.
J. A. Prins and H. Petersen, Physica 3, p. 147, 1936.
J. D. Bernal, An attempt at a molecular theory of liquid structure, Trans. Farad. Soc. 33, p. 27, 1937 (apparently there are some errors of print: in a few of the equations of this paper).
Bernal in this paper does not give an explicit expression for the vibrational energy; it is assumed that for all liquids (except He, and possibly Ne and A) the thermal vibrations are fully excited.
L. Brillouin, On thermal agitation in liquids, Trans. Farad. Soc. 33, p. 54, 1937,
L. Brillouin Journ. de Physique (VII) 7, p. 153, 1936. A remark pointing in the same direction is made by Bernal, 1.c. p. 36.
See: J. D. Bernal, 1.c.; J. Frenkel, On the liquid state and the theory of fusion, Trans. Farad. Soc. 33, p. 58, 1931;
F. Simon, On the range of stability of the fluid state, Trans. Farad. Soc., 33 p. 65 1931 and other papers in the same volume.
See also below, p. 30.
Compare: A. Smekal, Strukturempfindliche Eigenschaften der Kristalle, in: Handbuch der Physik, IInd Edition. Vol. XXIV/2 (Berlin 1933), pp. 861, 862.
L. Prandtl, Zeitschr. f. angevv. Math. u. Mech. 8, p, 85, 1928. Compare First Report, pp. 41–64.
Compare: M. Born. Dynamik der Krystallgitter (Leipzig 1915), p. 34;
M. Born Probleme der Atomdynamik (Berlin 1926), p. 135;
or also M. Born and M. Göppert- Mayer, Dynamische Gittertheorie der Kristalte, in. Handbuch der Physik, IInd Edition, Vol. XXIV/2 (Berlin 1933). p. 632.
J. D. Van Der Waals Jr., On the theory of viscosity, Proc. Acad. Amsterdam 21, p. 743, 1918/19 (= Verslagen 27, p. 744, 1918/19). Compare below, Chapter II, p. 39. The formula originally given had an extra factor 2, which according to a private communication by Prof. Van Der Waals should be omitted.
Andrade in his second paper, Philos. Magaz. (VII) 17, p. 705, 1934, takes the frequency to be proportional to (V M)1/6 x-1/2, where V M — molar volume and x = compressibility, but this assumption is dropped again afterwards, and the most important temperature effect is sought for in an exponential factor.
J. D. Van Der Waals Jr., On the theory of viscosity II. Proc. Acad. Amsterdam 21, p. 1283, 1918/19 (= Verslagen 27, p. 1350, 1918/19).
Compare various numbers of the “Communications from the Kamerlingh-Onnes Laboratory of the University of Leiden”, especially No’s 221d (= Proc. Acad. Amsterdam 35, p. 736, 1932) and 224d, 224e (= Proc. Acad. Amsterdam>.36, pp. 482, 612, 1933). A general discussion of the experimental results concerning the “λ-phenomena” has been given by W. H. Keesom in Comm. Leiden Suppl. No. 806 (June 1936), in which also all references up to this date are given.
W. H. Keesom, Comm. Leiden Suppl. No. 71e.
W. H. Keesom, Comm. Leiden Suppl. No. 61b.
See: F. Simon, Nature 133, p. 529, 1934:
F. Simon Trans. Farad. Soc. 33 p. 66. 1937.
E. F. Burton, Nature 135, p. 265, 1935.
Compare below, Chapter II, fig. 14 and p. 74.
W. H. Keesom and Miss A. P. Keesom, Physica 3, p. 359. 1936.
F. London, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 153, p. 576, 1936. Reference also may be made to a discussion by
A. Bljl, Physica 4, p. 329. 1937.
One hesitates to write that condensed helium is a liquid. It might be considered as a solid in which gliding is extremely easy. Compare J. D. Bernal, Trans. Farad. Soc., 1.c., pp. 38, 42,
F. Slmon, Trans. Farad. Soc., 1.e., p. 43, 42.
Compare also F. Slmon, l.c. p. 66: “on cooling it down still nearer to the absolute 2ero one should expect no appreciable changes in its behaviour, such as passing into the vitreous state or becoming unstable compared with a crystalline form”.
See W. H. Keesom and K. Cluslus, Comm. Leiden No. 219f (= Proc. Acad. Amsterdam 35, p. 320, 1932)
W. H. Keesom and Miss A. P. Keesom, Comm. Leiden No. 224d (Proc. Acad. Amsterdam 36, p. 482, 1936).
M. Born, Zeitschr. f. Physik 58, p. 306, 1929.
H. Kamerlingh Onnes and J. D. A. Boks, Comm. Leiden No. 170b, give as limiting value for the density at 0° K: 0,1452. W. H. Keesom and Miss A. P. Keesom, Comm. Leiden 224d (= Proc. Acad. Amsterdam 36, p. 482, 1933) state that their values are 0,3% below those found by Kamerlingh Onnes and Boks, and so we have taken the value: t,= 0,1448.
R. H. Fowler and J. D. Bernal. Trans. Farad. Soc. 29, p. 1499. 1933;
J. D Bernal and R. H. Fowler, Journ, of Chem. Physics 1, p. 515. 1933.
It must be remarked that a few cases have been described where the solvent is an organic liquid, and where the solution also has a viscosity smaller than that of the pure solvent. See Chapter II, p. 85
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Burgers, J.M. (1995). Introductory Remarks on Recent Investigations Concerning the Structure of Liquids. In: Nieuwstadt, F.T.M., Steketee, J.A. (eds) Selected Papers of J. M. Burgers. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0195-0_8
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