Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Understanding Chemical Reactivity ((UCRE,volume 13))

Abstract

This article reviews the applications of accurate quantum chemical techniques to the study of atomic clusters. In particular, we focus on clusters of the main group elements boron, aluminum, carbon, silicon, phosphorus, and sulfur. Only smaller cluster systems are included since calculations with chemical accuracy are available only for these systems. Particular emphasis is placed on the applications of Gaussian-1 and Gaussian-2 theories. Comparisons with recent experimental values for the binding energies of carbon clusters (C2–C7) and silicon clusters (Si2–Si7) indicate an accuracy of about 0.1-0.2 eV for these methods.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. K. Raghavachari and L. A. Curtiss, in Modern Electronic Structure Theory, D. R. Yarkony, Ed. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1994), and references therein.

    Google Scholar 

  2. L. A. Curtiss and K. Raghavachari, in Quantum Mechanical Electronic Structure Calculations with Chemical Accuracy, S. R. Langhoff, Ed. (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, 1994), and references therein.

    Google Scholar 

  3. C. W. Bauschlicher and S. R. Langhoff, Science 254, 394 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Chem. Rev. 86 (1986), Special Issue on Gas Phase Clusters.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Atomic and molecular clusters, E. R. Bernstein, Ed. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  6. The Chemical Physics of Atomic and Molecular Clusters, G. Scoles, Ed. (North-Holland, New York, 1990)}.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Proceedings of the 5th International Meeting on Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters, Z. Phys. D 19-20 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  8. V. Bonacic-Koutecky, P. Fantucci and J. Koutecky, Chem. Rev. 91, 1035 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. D. C. Parent and S. L. Anderson, Chem. Rev. 92, 1541 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Physics and Chemistry of Finite Systems: From Clusters to Crystals, Vols. 1-2, P. Jena, S. N. Khanna, and B. K. Rao, Eds., (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, 1992).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Proceedings of the 6th International Meeting on Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters, Z. Phys. D 26-26S (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Clusters and Fullerenes, V. Kumar, T. P. Martin, and E. Tosatti, Eds., (World Scientific, Singapore, 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Advances in Metal and Semiconductor Clusters, Vol. 2, M. A. Duncan, Ed. (JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, 1994).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Clusters of Atoms and Molecules, H. Haberland, Ed. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1994).

    Google Scholar 

  15. J. A. Pople, M. Head-Gordon, D. J. Fox, K. Raghavachari, and L. A. Curtiss, J. Chem. Phys. 90, 5622 (1989); L. A. Curtiss, C. Jones, G. W. Trucks, K. Raghavachari, and J. A. Pople J. Chem. Phys. 93, 2537 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. L. A. Curtiss, K. Raghavachari, G. W. Trucks and J. A. Pople, J. Chem. Phys. 94, 7221 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. L. A. Curtiss, K. Raghavachari, and J. A. Pople J. Chem. Phys. 98, 1293 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. L. A. Curtiss, J. E. Carpenter, K. Raghavachari, and J. A. Pople, J. Chem. Phys. 96, 9030 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. L. D. Brown and W. N. Lipscomb, Inorg. Chem. 16, 2989 (1977); “Boron Hydride Chemistry”, E. L. Muetterties, Ed. (Academic, New York, 1975).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. A. E. Douglas and G. Herzberg, Can. J. Res. A 18, 165 (1940); W. R. M. Graham and W. Weltner, J. Chem. Phys. 65, 1516 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  21. J. Berkowitz and W. A. Chupka, J. Chem. Phys. 40, 2735 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. S. Becker and H. J. Dietze, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion. Proc. 73, 157 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. R. Woodward, P. N. Le, M. Temmen, and J. L. Gole, J. Phys. Chem. 91, 2637 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. L. Hanley, J. L. Whitten, and S. L. Anderson, J. Phys. Chem. 92, 5803 (1988); S. A. Ruatta, L. Hanley, and S. L. Anderson, J. Chem. Phys. 91, 226 (1989); P. A. Hintz, S. A. Ruatta, and S. L. Anderson, J. Chem. Phys. 92, 292 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. S. J. La Placa, P. A. Roland, and J. J. Wynne, Chem. Phys. Lett. 190, 163 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  26. (a) M. Dupuis and B. Liu, J. Chem. Phys. 68, 2902 (1978); (b) P. J. Bruna and J. S. Wright, J. Chem. Phys. 91, 1126 (1989); J. Phys. Chem. 94, 1774 (1990). (c) S. R. Langhoff and C. W. Bauschlicher, J. Chem. Phys. 95, 5882 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. P. W. Deutsch, L. A. Curtiss, and J. A. Pople, Chem. Phys. Lett. 174, 33 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. J. M. L. Martin, J. P. Francois, and R. Gijbels, J. Chem. Phys. 90, 6469 (1989); Chem. Phys. Lett. 189, 529 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. F. Marinelli and A. PcUegatti, Chem. Phys. Lett. 158, 545 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. R. A. Whiteside, “Small Homonuclear Clusters of Beryllium and Boron”, Ph.D. Thesis, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  31. J. Koutecky, G. Pacchioni, G. H. Jeung, and E. C. Hass, Surface Sci. 156, 650 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. H. Kato, K. Yamashita, and K. Morokuma, Chem. Phys. Lett. 190, 361 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. R. Kawai and J. H. Weare, J. Chem. Phys. 95, 1151 (1991); R. Kawai and J. H. Weare, Chem. Phys. Lett. 191, 311 (1992). R. Kawai, M. W. Sung, and J. H. Weare, in “Physics and Chemistry of Finite Systems: From Clusters to Crystals”, P. Jena et al. Eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Vol I, 441.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. A. C. Tang, Q. S. Li, C. W. Liu, and J. Li, Chem. Phys. Lett. 201, 465 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. I. Boustani (to be published).

    Google Scholar 

  36. M. W. Chase, C. A. Davies, J. R. Downey, D. J. Frurip, R. A. McDonald and A. N. Syverud, JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Supplement 1, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  37. K. P. Huber and G. Herzberg, Constants of Diatomic Molecules (Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1979).

    Google Scholar 

  38. M. Y. Chou and M. L. Cohen, Phys. Lett. A, 113, 420 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  39. D. M. Cox, D. J. Trevor, R. L. Whetten, E. A. Rohlfing, and A. Kaldor, J. Chem. Phys. 84, 4651 (1986); D. M. Cox, D. J. Trevor, R. L. Whetten, and A. Kaldor, J. Phys. Chem. 92, 421 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. W. A. de Heer, P. Milani, and A. Chatelain, Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 2834 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  41. M. F. Jarrold, J. E. Bower, and J. S. Kraus, J. Chem. Phys. 86, 3876 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. L. Hanley, S. A. Ruatta, and S. L. Anderson, J. Chem. Phys. 87, 260 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. G. Gantefor, M. Gausa, K. H. Meiwes-Broer, and H. O. Lutz, Z. Phys. D 9, 253 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. K. J. Taylor, C. L. Pettiette, M. J. Craycraft, O. Cheshnovsky, and R. E. Smalley, Chem. Phys. Lett. 152, 347 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. U. Ray, M. F. Jarrold, J. E. Bower, and J. S. Kraus, Chem. Phys. Lett. 159, 221 (1989); J. Chem. Phys. 91, 2912 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. R. E. Lauchtner, A. C. Harms, and A. W. Castleman, J. Chem. Phys. 94, 1093 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  47. J. L. Persson, R. L. Whetten, H.-P. Chang, and R. S. Berry, Chem. Phys. Lett. 186, 215 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. K. E. Schriver, J. L. Persson, E. C. Honea, and R. L. Whetten, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2539 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. J. Lerme, M. Pellarin, J. L. Vialle, B. Baguenard, and M. Broyer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2818 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  50. T. P. Martin, U. Näher, and H. Schaber, Chem. Phys. Lett. 199, 470 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. M. F. Cai, T. P. Djugan, and V. E. Bondybey, Chem. Phys. Lett. 155, 430 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. J. A. Howard, R. Sutcliffe, J. S. Tse, H. Dahmane, and B. Mile, J. Phys. Chem. 89, 3595 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Z. Fu, G. W. Lemke, Y. M. Hamrick, S. Taylor, J.-C. Shui, and M. D. Morse, J. Chem. Phys. 88, 3524 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. C. W. Bauschlicher, H. Partridge, S. R. Langhoff, P. R. Taylor, and S. P. Walch, J. Chem. Phys. 86, 7007 (1987); C. W. Bauschlicher, L. A. Barnes, and P. R. Taylor, J. Phys. Chem. 93, 2932 (1989); C. W. Bauschlicher and S. R. Langhoff, J. Chem. Phys. 90, 4627 (1989); S. R. Langhoff and C. W. Bauschlicher, J. Chem. Phys. 92, 1879 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. K. K. Sunil and K. D. Jordan, J. Phys. Chem. 92, 2774 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. U. Meier, S. D. Peyerimhoff, and F. Grein, Z. Phys. D. 17, 209 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. G. Pacchioni and J. Koutecky, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 88, 242 (1984); J. Koutecky, G. Pacchioni, G. H. Jeung, and E. C. Hass, Surface Sci. 156, 650 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. H. Basch, Chem. Phys. Lett. 136, 289 (1987); J. S. Tse, J. Mol. Struc. (Theochem) 165, 21 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. T. H. Upton, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 2168 (1986); J. Phys. Chem. 90, 754 (1986); J. Chem. Phys. 86, 7054 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. C. W. Bauschlicher and L. G. M. Pettersson, J. Chem. Phys. 87, 2198 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. K. Jug, H. P. Schluff, H. Kupka, and R. Iffert, J. Comput. Chem. 9, 803 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. H. P. Cheng, R. S. Berry, and R. L. Whetten, Phys. Rev. B 43, 10647 (1991); J.-Y. Yi, D. J. Oh, and J. Bernholc, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 1594 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. D. R. Salahub and R. P. Messmer, Phys. Rev. B 16. 2526 (1977); C. W. Bauschlicher and L. G. M. Pettersson, J. Chem. Phys. 84, 2226 (1986); M. C. McHenry, M. E. Eberhart, R. C. O’Handley, and K. H. Johnson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 81 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. L. G. M. Pettersson, C. W. Bauschlicher, and T. Halicioglu, J. Chcm. Phys. 87, 2205 (1987); T. Halicioglu, Z. Phys. D 12, 73 (1989); T. Halicioglu and H. O. Pamuk, Surface Sci. 215, 272 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. R. O. Jones, J. Chem. Phys. 99, 1194 (1993); R. O. Jones, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 224 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. K. Raghavachari and L. A. Curtiss (to be published).

    Google Scholar 

  67. Review: W. Weltner and R. Van Zee, Chem. Rev. 89, 1713 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  68. Acc. Chem. Res. 25, (1992), Special Issue on Fullcrenes.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Buckrninsterfullerenes, W. E. Billups and M. A. Ciufolini, Eds., (VCH Publishers, New York, 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  70. J. Cioslowski, Electronic Structures of Fullerenes and Their Derivatives, (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994).

    Google Scholar 

  71. E. A. Rohlfing, D. M. Cox, and A. Kaldor, J. Chem. Phys. 81, 3322 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. H. W. Kroto, J. R. Heath, S. C. O’Brien, R. F. Curl, and R. E. Smalley, Nature 318, 162 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. M. E. Geusic, M. F. Jarrold, T. J. McIlrath, R. R. Freeman, and W. L. Brown, J. Chem. Phys. 86, 3862 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. S. W. McElvany, B. I. Dunlap, and A. O’Keefe, J. Chem. Phys. 86, 715 (1987); S. W. McElvany, J. Chem. Phys. 89, 2063 (1988); D. C. Parent and S. W. McElvany, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111, 2393 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. P. P. Radi, T. Bunn, P. R. Kemper, M. Molchan, and M. T. Bowers, J. Chem. Phys. 88, 2809 (1988); P. Radi, M. E. Rincon, M.-T. Hsu, J. Brodbelt-Lustig, P. Kemper, and M. T. Bowers, J. Phys. Chem. 93, 6187 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. S. Yang, K. J. Taylor, M. J. Craycraft, J. Conceicao, C. L. Pettiette, O. Cheshnovsky and R. E. SmaUey, Chem. Phys. Lett. 144, 431 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. W. Kratschmer, L. D. Lamb, K. Fostiropoulos, and D. R. Huffman, Nature 347, 354 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  78. M. B. Sowa, P. A. Hintz, and S. L. Anderson, J. Chem. Phys. 95, 4719 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. D. W. Arnold, S. E. Bradforth, T. N. Kitsopoulos, and D. M. Neumark, J. Chem. Phys. 95, 8753 (1991); T. N. Kitsopoulos, C. J. Chick, Y. Zhao, and D. M. Neumark, J. Chem. Phys. 95, 5479 (1991); C. C. Arnold, Y. Zhao, T. N. Kitsopoulos, and D. M. Neumark, J. Chem. Phys. 97, 6121 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. C. C. Arnold and D. M. Neumark, in Advances in Metal and Semiconductor Clusters, Vol. III, M. A. Duncan, Ed. (JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, 1994).

    Google Scholar 

  81. R. Ramanathan, J. A. Zimmerman, and J. R. Eyler, J. Chem. Phys. 98, 7838 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. G. von Helden, M. T. Hsu, P. R. Kemper, and M. T. Bowers, J. Chem. Phys. 95, 3835 (1991); G. von Helden, N. G. Gotts, and M. T. Bowers, Science 259, 1300 (1993). G. von Helden, M. T. Hsu, N. G. Gotts, and M. T. Bowers, J. Phys. Chem. 97, 8182 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  83. J. Hunter, J. Fye, and M. F. Jarrold, Science 260, 784 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. J. R. Heath and R. J. Saykally, in On Clusters and Clustering, P. J. Reynolds, Ed. (North Holland, New York, 1993), pp 7–21, and references therein; K. H. Hinkle, J. J. Keady, and P. F. Bernath, Science, 145, 74 (1991); N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, A. R. W. McKellar, J. Chem. Phys. 98, 7757 (1993); J. R. Heath and R. J. Saykally, J. Chem. Phys. 94, 3271 (1990); P. F. Bernath, K. H. Hinkle, and J. J. Keady, Science 244, 562 (1989); N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, S. D. Flatt, and A. R. W. McKellar, Chem. Phys. Lett. 186, 291 (1991); H. J. Hwang, A. Van Orden, K. Tanaka, E. W. Kuo, J. R. Heath, and R. J. Saykally, Mol. Phys. 79, 769 (1993); J. R. Heath and R. J. Saykally, J. Chem. Phys. 93, 8392 (1990); A. Van Olden, H. J. Hwang, E. W. Kuo, and R. J. Saykally, J. Chem. Phys. 98, 6678 (1993); T. F. Giesen, A. Van Orden, H. J. Hwang, R. S. Fellers, R. A. Provencal, and R. J. Saykally, (to be published).

    Google Scholar 

  85. (a) W. R. M. Graham, K. I. Dismuke, and W. Weltner, Astrophys. J. 204, 301 (1976); (b) R. J. Van Zee, R. F. Ferrante, K. J. Zeringue, W. Weltner, and D. W. Ewing, J. Chem. Phys. 88, 3465 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. A. Faibis, E. P. Kanter, L. M. Tack, E. Bakke, and B. J. Zabransky, J. Phys. Chem. 91, 6445 (1987). Z. Vager and E. P. Kanter, J. Phys. Chem. 93, 7745 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. M. Algranati, H. Feldman, D. Kella, E. Malkin, E. Miklazky, R. Naaman, Z. Vager, and J. Zajfman, J. Chem. Phys. 90, 4617 (1989); Z. Vager, H. Feldman, D. Kella, E. Malkin, E. Miklazky, J. Zajfman, and R. Naaman, Z. Phys. D 19, 413 (1991). H. Feldman, D. KeUa, E. Malkin, E. Miklazky, Z. Vager, and J. Zajfman, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 86, 2469 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. G. von Helden, N. G. Gotts, and M. T. Bowers, Chem. Phys. Lett. 212, 241 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  89. M. Doverstal, B. Lindgren, U. Sassenberg, and H. Yu, Z. Phys. D 19, 447 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  90. R. S. Urdahl, Y. Bao, and W. M. Jackson, Chem. Phys. Lett. 178, 425 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. (a) K. A. Gingerich, H. C. Finkbeiner, and R. W. Schmude, (to be published); (b) K. A. Gingerich, H. C. Finkbcinei, and R. W. Schmude, Chem. Phys. Lett. 207, 23 (1993); (c) K. A. Gingerich, Chem. Phys. Lett. 196, 245 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  92. A. Fura, F. Turecek, and F. McLafferty (to be published).

    Google Scholar 

  93. K. S. Pitzer and E. Clementi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 81, 4477 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. K. Raghavachari and J. S. Binkley, J. Chem. Phys. 87, 2191 (1987); K. Raghavachari, Z. Phys. D 12, 61 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. J. D. Watts and R. J. Bartlett, J. Chem. Phys. 97, 3445 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. J. V. Ortiz and V. G. Zakrzewski, J. Chem. Phys. 100, 6614 (1994).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. J. M. L. Martin, J. P. Francois, and R. Gijbels, J. Chem. Phys. 90, 3403 (1989); 93, 8850 (1990); 95, 9420 (1991). J. Comput. Chem. 12, 52 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. K. K. Sunil, A. Orendt, K. D. Jordan, and D. J. DeFrees, Chem. Phys. 89, 245 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. K. Raghavachari, Chem. Phys. Lett. 171, 249 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. R. S. Grev, I. L. Alberts and H. F. Schaefer, J. Phys. Chem. 94, 3379 (1990); 94, 8744 (1990); J. M. L. Martin, J. P. Francois, and R. Gijbels, J. Chem. Phys. 93, 5037 (1990); G. Scuseria, Chem. Phys. Lett. 176, 27 (1991); J. D. Watts, J. F. Stanton, and R. J. Bartlett, J. Chem. Phys. 94, 4320 (1991); P. R. Taylor, J. M. L. Martin, J. P. Francois, and R. Gijbels, J. Phys. Chem. 95, 6530 (1991); J. V. Ortiz, J. Chem. Phys. 97, 7531 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. R. A. Whiteside, R. Krishnan, D. J. DeFrees, J. A. Pople, and P. v. R. Schleyer, Chem. Phys. Lett. 78, 538 (1981); D. H. Magers, R. J. Harrison, and R. J. Bartlett, J. Chem. Phys. 84, 3284 (1986); D. E. Bernholdt, D. H. Magers, and R. J. Bartlett, J. Chem. Phys. 89, 3612 (1988); J. M. L. Martin, J. P. Francois, and R. Gijbels, J. Chem. Phys. 94, 3753 (1991); J. D. Watts, J. Gauss, J. F. Stanton, and R. J. Bartlett, J. Chem. Phys. 97, 8372 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Z. Slanina, Chem. Phys. Lett. 173, 164 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. L. Adamowicz, Chem. Phys. Lett. 180, 466 (1991). J. V. Ortiz, Chem. Phys. Lett. 216, 319 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. K. Raghavachari, R. A. Whiteside, and J. A. Pople, J. Chem. Phys. 85, 6623 (1986); W. Parasuk and J. Almlöf, J. Chem. Phys. 91, 1137 (1989). L. Adamowicz, Chem. Phys. 182, 45 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Z. Slanina, Chem. Phys. Lett. 142, 512 (1987); Thermochim. Acta 127, 237 (1988)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. G. von Helden, W. E. Palke, and M. T. Bowers, Chem. Phys. Lett. 212, 247 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  107. Z. Slanina, J. Kurtz, and L. Adamowicz, Chem. Phys. Lett. 196, 208 (1992); Mol. Phys. 76, 387 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. C. Liang and H. F. Schaefer, J. Chem. Phys. 93, 8844 (1990); J. D. Watts and R. J. Bartlett, Chem. Phys. Lett. 190, 19 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. R. E. Honig, J. Chem. Phys. 22, 1610 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  110. T. P. Martin and H. Schaber, Z. Phys. B 35, 61 (1979); T. P. Martin and H. Schaber, J. Chem. Phys. 83, 855 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. T. T. Tsong, Appl. Phys. Lett. 45, 1149 (1984); T. T. Tsong, Phys. Rev. B 30, 4946 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. L. A. Bloomfield, R. R. Freeman, and W. L. Brown, Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 2246 (1985); L. A. Bloomfield, M. E. Geusic, R. R. Freeman, and W. L. Brown, Chem. Phys. Lett. 121, 33 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. W. Begemann, K. H. Meiwes-Broer, and H. O. Lutz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 2248 (1986); W. Begemann, S. Dreihöfer, G. Gantetor, H. R. Siekmann, K. H. Meiwes-Broer, and H. O. Lutz, “Elemental and Molecular Clusters”, T. P. Martin, Ed. Springer, Berlin, 1987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. J. R. Heath, Y. Liu, S. C. O’Brien, Q.-L. Zhang, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, and R. E. Smalley, J. Chem. Phys. 83, 5520 (1985); Y. Liu, Q.-L. Zhang, F. K. Tittel, R. F. Curl, and R. E. Smalley, J. Chem. Phys. 85, 7434 (1986); Q.-L. Zhang, Y. Liu, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, and R. E. Smalley, J. Chem. Phys. 88, 1670 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. M. L. Mandich, W. D. Reents, and V. E. Bondybey, J. Phys. Chem. 90, 2315 (1986); W. D. Reents, A. M. Mujsce, V. E. Bondybey and M. L. Mandich, J. Chem. Phys. 86, 5568 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. S. W. McElvany, B. I. Dunlap and A. O’Keefe, J. Chem. Phys. 86, 715 (1987); W. R. Creasy, A. O’Keefe and J. R. McDonald, J. Phys. Chem. 91, 2848 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. J. M. Alford, F. D. Weiss, R. T. Laaksonen and R. E. Smalley, J. Phys. Chem. 90, 4480 (1986); J. L. Elkind, J. M. Alford, F. D. Weiss, R. T. Laaksonen and R. E. Smalley, J. Chem. Phys. 87, 2397 (1987); S. Maruyama, L. R. Anderson, and R. E. Smalley, J. Chem. Phys. 93, 5349 (1990); J. M. Alford, R. T. Laaksonen, and R. E. Smalley, J. Chem. Phys. 94, 2618 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. M. F. Jarrold and J. E. Bower, J. Phys. Chem. 92, 5702 (1988). M. F. Jarrold, J. E. Bower, and K. Creegan, J. Chem. Phys. 90, 3615 (1989). U. Ray and M. F. Jarrold, J. Chem. Phys. 94, 2631 (1991); M. F. Jarrold, Y. Ijiri, and U. Ray, J. Chem. Phys. 94, 3607 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. D. J. Trevor, D. M. Cox, K. C. Reichmann, R. O. Brickman and A. Kaldor, J. Phys. Chem. 91, 2598 (1987). K. Fuke, K. Tsukamoto, and F. Misaizu, Z. Phys. D 26, S 204 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. M. F. Jarrold and V. Constant, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 2994 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. K. D. Rinnen and M. L. Mandich, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 1823 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. E. C. Honea, A. Ogura, C. A. Murray, K. Raghavachari, W. O. Sprenger, M. F. Jarrold, and W. L. Brown, Nature 366, 42 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. O. Cheshnovsky, S. H. Yang, C. L. Pettiette, M. J. Craycraft, Y. Liu and R. E. Smalley, Chem. Phys. Lett. 138, 119 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  124. M. R. Nimlos, L. B. Harding, and G. B. Ellison, J. Chem. Phys. 87, 5116 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. (a) T. N. Kitsopoulos, C. J. Chick, Y. Zhao, and D. M. Neumark, J. Chem. Phys. 95, 1441 (1991); (b) C. C. Arnold, T. N. Kitsopoulos, and D. M. Neumark, J. Chem. Phys. 99, 766 (1993); (c) T. N. Kitsopoulos, C. J. Chick, A. Weaver, and D. M. Neumark, J. Chem. Phys. 93, 6108 (1990); (d) C. C. Arnold and D. M. Neumark, J. Chem. Phys. 99, 3353 (1993); (e) C. C. Arnold and D. M. Neumark, J. Chem. Phys. (in press).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. (a) R. W. Schmude, Q. Ran, K. A. Gingerich, and J. E. Kingcade, (to be published); (b) R. W. Schmude, Q. Ran, and K. A. Gingerich, J. Chem. Phys. 99, 7998 (1993); (c) Q. Ran, M. Miller, R. W. Schmude, and K. A. Gingerich, (to be published); (d) R. W. Schmude and K. Gingerich (private communication).

    Google Scholar 

  127. For a review on silicon clusters, see: K. Raghavachari, Phase Irans. 24-26, 61 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  128. W. L. Brown, R. R. Freeman, K. Raghavachari and M. Schlüter, Science 235, 860 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. (a) K. Kirby and B. Liu, J. Chem. Phys. 70, 893 (1979); (b) P. J. Bruna, S. D. Peyerimhoff and R. J. Buenker, J. Chem. Phys. 72, 5437 (1980); (c) C. W. Bauschlicher and S. R. Langhoff, J. Chem. Phys. 87, 2919 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. K. Raghavachari, J. Chem. Phys. 83, 3520 (1985); G. H. F. Diercksen, N. E. Gruner, J. Oddershede and J. R. Sabin, Chem. Phys. Lett. 117, 29 (1985); R. S. Grev and H. F. Schaefer, Chem. Phys. Lett. 119, 111 (1985); R. O. Jones, Phys. Rev. A 32, 2589 (1985); K. Balasubramanian, Chem. Phys. Lett. 125, 400 (1986); D. A. Dixon and J. L. Gole, Chem. Phys. Lett. 188, 560 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. K. Balasubramanian, Chem. Phys. Lett. 135, 283 (1987). L. Adamowicz, Chem. Phys. Lett. 185, 244 (1991); D. G. Dai and K. Balasubramanian, J. Chem. Phys. 96, 8345 (1992); L. Adamowicz, Chem. Phys. Lett. 188, 131 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. C. M. Rohlfing and K. Raghavachari, J. Chem. Phys. 96, 2114 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. (a) K. Raghavachari and V. Logovinsky, Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 2853 (1985); (b) K. Raghavachari, J. Chem. Phys. 84, 5672 (1986); (c) K. Raghavachari and C. M. Rohlfing, Chem. Phys. Lett. 143, 428 (1988); (d) K. Raghavachari and C. M. Rohlfing, J. Chem. Phys. 89, 2219 (1988); (e) C. M. Rohlfing and K. Raghavachari, Chem. Phys. Lett. 167, 559 (1990); (f) K. Raghavachari and C. M. Rohlfing, J. Chem. Phys. 94, 3670 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. L. A. Curtiss, P. W. Deutsch, and K. Raghavachari, J. Chem. Phys. 96, 6868 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. G. Pacchioni and J. Koutecky, J. Chem. Phys. 84, 3301 (1986). G. Pacchioni and J. Koutecky, in Physics and Chemistry of Small Clusters; P. Jena, B. K. Rao, and S. N. Khanna, Eds., (Plenum Press: New York, 1987) pp. 439.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. C. H. Patterson and R. P. Messmer, Phys. Rev. B, 42, 7530 (1990). R. P. Messmer and C. H. Patterson, Chem. Phys. Lett. 192, 277 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. W. von Niessen and V. G. Zakrzewski, J. Chem. Phys. 98, 1271 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  138. D. Tomzanek and M. Schluter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 1055 (1986); D. Tomzanek and M. Schluter, Phys. Rev. B 36, 1208 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  139. P. Ballone, W. Andreoni, R. Car and M. Parrinello, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 271 (1988). W. Andreoni and G. Pastore, Phys. Rev. B 41, 10243 (1990). U. Rothlisberger, W. Andreoni, and P. Giannozzi, J. Chem. Phys. 96, 1248 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. R. Founder, S. B. Sinnott, and A. DePristo, J. Chem. Phys. 97, 4149 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  141. E. Kaxiras and K. Jackson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 727 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. K. Jug, H.-P. Schluff, H. Kupka, and R. Iffert, J. Comput. Chem. 9, 803 (1988); H. Kupka and K. Jug, Chem. Phys. 130, 23 (1989); H. J. Nolte and K. Jug, J. Chem. Phys. 93, 2584 (1990). K. Jug and M. Krack, Int. J. Quant. Chem. 44, 517 (1992); K. Jug and M. Krack, Chem. Phys. 173, 439 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. J. C. Phillips, Chem. Rev. 86, 619 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. F. H. Stillinger and T. A. Weber, Phys. Rev. B 31, 5262 (1985); R. Biswas and D. R. Hamann, Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 2001 (1985); Phys. Rev. B 36, 6434 (1987). J. Tersoff, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 632 (1986); B. W. Dodson, Phys. Rev. B 35, 2795 (1987); A. D. Mistriotis, N. Flytzanis, and S. C. Farantos, Phys. Rev. B 39, 1212 (1989). B. C. Bolding and H. C. Andersen, Phys. Rev. B 41, 10568 (1990). H.-X. Wang and R. P. Messmer, Phys. Rev. B 41, 5306 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. S. Saito, S. Ohnishi and S. Sugano, Phys. Rev. B33, 7036 (1986); E. Blaisten-Barojas and D. Levesque, Phys. Rev. B 34, 3910 (1986); B. Feuston, R. Kalia and P. Vashishta, Phys. Rev. B 35, 6222 (1987); 37, 6297 (1988); D. A. Jelski, Z. C. Wu, and T. F. George, Chem. Phys. Lett. 150, 447 (1988); J. R. Chelikowsky and R. Redwing, Solid State Commun. 64, 843 (1987); J. R. Chelikowsky, Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 2669 (1988); J. R. Chelikowsky, J. C. Phillips, M. Kamal and M. Strauss, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 292 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  146. J. C. Phillips, J. Chem. Phys. 88, 2090 (1988); E. Kaxiras, Chem. Phys. Lett. 163, 323 (1989); E. Kaxiras, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 551 (1990); D. A. Jelski, B. L. Swift, T. T. Rantala, X. Xia, and T. F. George, J. Chem. Phys. 95, 8552 (1991); J. Pan and M. V. Ramakrishna (to be published).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. T. Slee, L. Zhenyang, and D. M. P. Mingos, Inorg. Chem. 28, 2256, (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. J. R. Van Wazer, Phosphorus and its Compounds (Interscience Publishers, New York, 1958).

    Google Scholar 

  149. (a) H. Bock and H. Müller, Inorg. Chem. 23, 4365 (1984); (b) T. P. Martin, Z. Phys. D 3, 211 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. M. F. Guest, I. H. Hillier, and V. R. Saunders, Trans. Far. Soc. 68, 2070 (1972); C. R. Brundie, N. A. Kuebler, M. B. Robin, and H. Basch, Inorg. Chem. 11, 20 (1972); R. Osman, P. Coffey, and J. R. Van Wazer, Inorg. Chem. 15, 287 (1976); E. Fluck, C. M. E. Pavlidou, and R. Janoschek, Phosphorus Sulfur 6, 469 (1979); G. Trinquier, J.-P. Malrieu, and J.-P. Daudey, Chem. Phys. Lett. 80, 552 (1981).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. E. A. Halevi, H. Bock, and B. Roth, Inorg. Chem. 23, 4376 (1984). C. Baird, Can. J. Chem. 62, 341 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. K. Raghavachari, R. C. Haddon, and J. S. Binkley, Chem. Phys. Lett. 122, 219 (1985); M. W. Schmidt and M. S. Gordon, Inorg. Chem. 24, 4503 (1985); G. Trinquier, J.-P. Daudey, and N. Komiha, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107, 7210 (1985); R. Ahlrichs, S. Brode, and C. Ehrhardt, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107, 7260 (1985); P. Lazzeretti and J. A. Tosseil, J. Phys. Chem. 91, 800 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. S. Nagase and K. Ito, Chem. Phys. Lett. 126, 43 (1986); M. T. Nguyen and A. F. Hegarty, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 383 (1986); R. Janoschek, Chem. Ber. 122, 2121 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. R. O. Jones and D. Hohl, J. Chem. Phys. 92, 6710 (1990); R. O. Jones and G. Seifert, J. Chem. Phys. 96, 7564 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. M. Häser, U. Schneider, and R. Ahlrichs, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114, 9551 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  156. R. Steudel, Topics in Current Chemistry, 102, 149 (1982); R. Steudel, Studies in Inorganic Chemistry 5, edited by A. Muller and B. Krebs (Elsevier, New York, 1974), pp. 3-37.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. J. Berkowitz and J. R. Marquart, J. Chem. Phys. 39, 275 (1963). W. Rosinger, M. Grade and W. Hirschwald, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 87, 536 (1983). P. Lenain, E. Picquenard, J. L. Lesne and J. Corset, J. Mol. Struc. 142, 355 (1986). B. Meyer and T. Stroyer-Hansen, J. Phys. Chem. 76, 3968 (1972). V. W. Genz and P. W. Schenk, Z. Anorg. Alleg. Chem. 379, 300 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. G. D. Brabson, Z. Mielke, and L. Andrews, J. Phys. Chem. 95, 79 (1991); P. Hassanzadeh and L. Andrews, J. Phys. Chem. 96, 6579 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. J. Steidel, J. Pickardt and R. Steudel, Z. Naturforsch. 33B, 1554 (1978). R. Steudel, Spectrochim. Acta 31A, 1065 (1975}). R. Steudel and F. Schuster, J. Mol. Struc. 44, 143 (1978). S. J. Rettig and J. Trotter, Acta Cryst. C43, 2260 (1987). R. Steudel and H.-J. Mausle, Z. Naturforsch. 33A, 951 (1978). R. Reinhardt, R. Steudel and F. Schuster, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 17, 57 (1978). J. Steidel and R. Steudel, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1312 (1982). R. Steudel and D. F. Eggers, Spectrochim. Acta 31A, 879 (1975).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. N. C. Baird, J. Comput. Chem. 5, 35 (1984). K. Jug and R. Iffert, J. Mol. Struc. (Theochem) 186, 347 (1989). R. S. Laitinen, B. Randolph and T. A. Pakkanen, J. Comput. Chem. 8, 658 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. J. Kao, Inorg. Chem. 16, 2085 (1977). N. R. Carlsen and H. F. Schaefer, Chem. Phys. Lett. 48, 390 (1977). R. O. Jones, J. Chem. Phys. 84, 318 (1986). J. E. Rice, R. D. Amos, N. C. Handy, T. J. Lee and H. F. Schaefer, J. Chem. Phys. 85, 963 (1986). H. Basch, Chem. Phys. Lett. 157, 129 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. D. A. Dixon and E. Wasserman, J. Phys. Chem. 94, 5772 (1990); G. E. Quelch, H. F. Schaefer, and C. Marsden, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112, 8719 (1990); W. von Niessen, J. Chem. Phys. 95, 8301 (1991); V. G. Zakrzewski and W. von Niessen (to be published).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. J. Kao, Inorg. Chem. 16, 3347 (1977).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Z. S. Herman and K. Weiss, Inorg. Chem. 14, 1592 (1975).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. G. L. Carlson and L. G. Pedersen, J. Chem. Phys. 62, 4567 (1975).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. D. Hohl, R. O. Jones, R. Car and M. Parrinello, J. Chem. Phys. 89, 6823 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. K. Raghavachari, C. M. Rohlfing, and J. S. Binkley, J. Chem. Phys. 93, 5862 (1990)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Raghavachari, K., Curtiss, L.A. (1995). Accurate Theoretical Studies of Small Elemental Clusters. In: Langhoff, S.R. (eds) Quantum Mechanical Electronic Structure Calculations with Chemical Accuracy. Understanding Chemical Reactivity, vol 13. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0193-6_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0193-6_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4087-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-0193-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics