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Stable Isotopic Constraints on Sandstone Diagenesis in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin

  • Chapter
Quantitative Diagenesis: Recent Developments and Applications to Reservoir Geology

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((ASIC,volume 453))

Abstract

The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of diagenetic minerals can be used to provide constraints on the origin and evolution of porewaters during the life cycle of a sedimentary basin. In the first part of this chapter, general controls on the oxygen and hydrogen isotope fractionations in diagenetic systems are discussed. In the second part, stable isotope results for diagenetic minerals from sandstones and conglomerates of the western Canada sedimentary basin are reviewed as an example of this approach. This review illustrates the importance of meteoric water throughout the diagenetic evolution of these rocks. For many units, the isotopic data show that meteoric water was abundant during early diagenesis, either because of depositional environment or because of early, post-depositional processes related to sea-level fluctuation. During burial, the oxygen isotope values of porewaters increased not only because of rock-water interaction, but also because of mixing with brines derived from underlying Paleozoic carbonates. The oxygen isotopic compositions of late diagenetic minerals indicate crystallization during regional, gravity-driven flow of meteoric water that was initiated in response to uplift of the western Canada sedimentary basin in early Eocene time.

The final part of the chapter describes Cretaceous oil sands from the Cold Lake and Primrose areas of Alberta, and shows how stable isotope measurements have provided information on both naturally occurring and artificially induced diagenesis. In the first instance, the oxygen isotope composition of early diagenetic berthierine (an unususal clay mineral abundant in some Clearwater Formation reservoirs in the Cold Lake area) suggests that early diagenesis occurred in brackish to fresh water-Ubiquitous crystallization of early diagenetic calcite was initially controlled by carbon dioxide of inorganic origin, but later calcite formation was driven by reactions in the methanogenic zone (reduction of carbon dioxide in particular). The association between berthierine and 13C-rich calcite in these oil sands indicates that microbial activity played an important role in berthierine genesis. In the second instance, oxygen isotope geochemistry was used to examine the reactions that occurred during in situ steam injection of the Wabiskaw Member oil sands in the Primrose area. The results demonstrated that (i) calcite-cemented sandstones used to channel and confine steam and steam-condensate were not significantly affected by hot water-rock interaction, (ii) abundant smectilic clays formed at the expense of pore-filling kaolinite in certain sand intervals characterized by retention of bitumen, and (iii) neoformation of clays was not an important process in sand intervals that were swept of bitumen. Dctrital clay minerals, however, had accumulated in these intervals because of migration of fines during steaming.

The erratum of this chapter is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0189-9_10"

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    F. J. Longstaffe

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© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

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Longstaffe, F.J. (1994). Stable Isotopic Constraints on Sandstone Diagenesis in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. In: Parker, A., Sellwood, B.W. (eds) Quantitative Diagenesis: Recent Developments and Applications to Reservoir Geology. NATO ASI Series, vol 453. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0189-9_7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0189-9_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4085-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-0189-9

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