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Introduction: Biomaterials and Implant Surgery

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Advances in Materials Science and Implant Orthopedic Surgery

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((NSSE,volume 294))

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Abstract

Over the last century, synthetic substances have been chosen for surgical implant devices based upon physical, mechanical, chemical, electrical, and biological properties. Early device selections were made from general trial-and-error experiences with many types of available industrial-grade materials. Evaluation criteria usually emphasized availability, strength, elastic compliance, chemical inertness, and relative costs. The recent era of inert synthetic biomaterials was initiated in about 1925, with emphasis on metals and their alloys, ceramics, carbons, and polymers. Since the 1970s, emphasis has been placed on relative comparisons of both host and implant biomaterial and biomechanical properties. Trends have moved towards biomaterials with active surfaces that integrate with the surrounding tissues and have incorporated considerations of implant properties that are anisotropic and more like the tissues being replaced. Where possible, the synthetic biomaterials are constituted specifically for surgical applications, with some biomaterials intended for complete replacement by host tissues. Biodegradation products from the fully degradable synthetic biomaterials would be metabolized by normal physiological pathways. These classifications of bio-inert, active, and degradable will be utilized for discussions about previous, existing, and anticipated (future) biomaterials. This paper will provide an overview of biomaterials and devices based on experiences from 1970 to 1994, using examples of biomaterial-to-tissue interfacial interactions to make key points. Correlations among material and tissue properties will demonstrate how and why specific biocompatibility profiles have evolved. The paper will close with a review of existing trends for surgical implant biomaterials and with predictions for the future.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Biomaterials and Surgery Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1919 Seventh Avenue South, SDB Box 29, Birmingham, AL, 35209-0007, USA

    Jack E. Lemons Ph.D.

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  1. Jack E. Lemons Ph.D.
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Emerging Technologies, Inc., 6327 Burchfield Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15217, USA

    Ram Kossowsky

  2. Pathology Department, UCLA Medical Center, Leconte Ave IP 245 Path., Los Angeles, CA, 90024-1723, USA

    Nir Kossovsky

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© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

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Lemons, J.E. (1995). Introduction: Biomaterials and Implant Surgery. In: Kossowsky, R., Kossovsky, N. (eds) Advances in Materials Science and Implant Orthopedic Surgery. NATO ASI Series, vol 294. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0157-8_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0157-8_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4070-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-0157-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

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