Abstract
The low-molecular-weight organic acids which comprise 20 to 30 percent of the DOC in natural waters can now be isolated by a tandem XAD-8/XAD-4 resin procedure. These acids are hydrophilic relative to XAD-8 resin, but are hydrophobic (sorbed) to the second resin column of XAD-4. This low-molecular-weight fraction is referred to as XAD-4 acids. The theory and procedural details of isolation of XAD-4 acids will be discussed. The general characteristics of the XAD-4 acids have been determined by elemental analyses, protonation analysis, proton and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, molecular-weight distribution, amino acid content, saccharide content, IR analysis, and pyrolysis/mass spectroscopy. The XAD-4 acids are very different from humic acids or fulvic acids in that they are higher in oxygen and carboxyl contents, and much lower in aromatic carbon percentage and total carbon content.
XAD-4 acids isolated from surface waters in France, England, Norway, and the United States have been found to have high TOX formation potentials and THM formation potentials as high as other humic fractions. For example, the TOX formation potential for Norway XAD-4 acids is 240 μg Cl-/mg C as compared to 305 μg Cl-/mg C for fulvic acid and 400 μg Cl-/mg C for humic acids, at a chlorine dosage of 2 mg Cl2/mg C, and a 72-hour contact time. The importance of XAD-4 acids (low-molecular weight acids) in natural water s in relation to TOX formation potentials, THM formation potentials, water acidity , and many geochemical reactions and proces ses can now be evaluated using isolate s of the tandem XAD-8/XAD-4 isolation procedure.
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Malcolm, R.L., Croue, JP., Martin, B. (1995). Isolation of XAD-4 acids from natural waters and their importance as precursors to TOX and THM upon chlorination. In: Grimvall, A., de Leer, E.W.B. (eds) Naturally-Produced Organohalogens. Environment & Chemistry, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0061-8_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0061-8_5
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