Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Predictive value of hormone measurements in threatened abortion

  • Chapter
Spontaneous Abortion

Part of the book series: Advances in Reproductive Health Care ((ARHE,volume 2))

  • 88 Accesses

Abstract

Threatened abortion is the most frequently encountered complication in early human pregnancy. The exact incidence is unknown, but an incidence of vaginal bleeding before the 28th week of pregnancy of 16% has been reported (South and Naldrett, 1973). The study, however, only included singleton pregnancies carried beyond the 28th week and not pregnancies with vaginal bleeding ending in spontaneous abortion. With reference to incidences of spontaneous abortion from about 27–28% (Stickle,1968; Hertig, 1975) to 43% (Miller et al., 1980) an estimated incidence of 20–30% of all pregnancies recognized clinically and/or biochemically seems reasonable.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Bennett, M. J., Grudzinskas, J. G., Gordon, Y. B. and Turnbull, A. C. (1978). Circulating levels of alpha-fetoprotein and pregnancy specific ß, glycoprotein in pregnancies without an embryo. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 85, 348

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braunstein, G. D., Karow, W. G., Gentry, W. C., Rasor, J. and Wade, M. E. (1978). First-trimester chorionic gonadotropin measurements as an aid in the diagnosis of early pregnancy disorders. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 131, 25

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Csapo, A. I., Pulkkinen, M. O. and Wiest, W. G. (1973). Effects of luteectomy and progesterone replacement therapy in early pregnant patients. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 115, 759

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chard, T. (1977). Placental function. In Stallworthy, J. and Bourne, G. (eds.) Recent Advances in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, No. XII, pp. 105–125. ( Edinburgh, London, New York: Churchill Livingstone )

    Google Scholar 

  • Diczfalusy, E. (1974). Endocrine functions of the human fetus and placenta. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 119, 419

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duff, G. B., Evans, J. J. and Legge, M. (1980). A study of investigations used to predict outcome of pregnancy after threatened abortion. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 87, 194

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Editorial (1979). Origin of maternal serum AFP. Lancet, 2, 999

    Google Scholar 

  • Fylling, P. (1970). Disappearance rate of progesterone following simultaneous removal of the corpus luteum and the foeto-placental unit in women. Acta Endocrinol., 65, 284

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garoff, L. and Seppälä, M. (1975). Prediction of fetal outcome in threatened abortion by maternal serum placental lactogen and alpha fetoprotein. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 121, 257

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gartside, M. W. and Tindall, V. R. (1975). The prognostic value of human placental lactogen (HPL) levels in threatened abortion. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 82, 303

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerhard, I. and Runnebaum, B. (1978). Aussagewert von HCG-, HPL-, progesteron-and östriolbestimmungen bei frauen mit drohender fehlgeburt. Geburtsh. Frauenheilk., 38, 785

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gitlin, D., Perricelli, A. and Gitlin, G. M. (1972). Synthesis of a-fetoprotein by liver, yolk sac, and gastrointestinal tract of the human conceptus. Cancer Res., 32, 979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grudzinskas, J. G., Jeffrey, D., Gordon, Y. B. and Chard, T. (1977). Specific and sensitive determination of pregnancy-specific ß,-glycoprotein by radioimmunoassay. Lancet, 1, 333

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, R. F. and Kitchin, Y. (1980). Maternal plasma unconjugated oestrogens in early human pregnancy. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 87, 686

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hertig, A. T. (1975). Implantation of the human ovum. In Behrman, S. J. and Kistner, R. W. (eds.) Progress in Infertility. 2nd Edn., pp. 411–438. ( Boston: Little, Brown )

    Google Scholar 

  • Hertz, J. B., Larsen, J. F., Svenstrup, B. and Johnsen, S. G. (1979). Estradiol, estriol and human placental lactogen in serum in threatened abortion. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand., 58, 365

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hertz, J. B., Larsen, J. F., Arends, J. and Nielsen, J. (1980a). Progesterone and human chorionic gonadotrophin in serum and pregnandiol in urine in threatened abortion. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand., 59, 23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hertz, J. B., Mantoni, M. and Svenstrup, B. (1980b). Threatened abortion studied by estradiol17ß in serum and ultrasound. Obstet. Gynecol., 55, 324

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hertz, J. B. and Schultz-Larsen, P. (1983). Human placental lactogen, pregnancy-specific ßl-glycoprotein and a-fetoprotein in serum in threatened abortion. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 21, 111

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holmdahl, T. H., Johansson, E. D. B. and Wide, L. (1971). The site of progesterone production in early pregnancy. Acta Endocrinol., 67, 353

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horne, C. H. W., Towler, C. M., Pugh-Humphreys, R. G. P., Thompson, A. W. and Bohn, H. (1976). Pregnancy specific ß,-glycoprotein — a product of the syncytiotrophoblast. Experientia, 32, 1197

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jandial, V., Towler, C. M., Horne, C. H. W. and Abramovich, D. R. (1978). Plasma pregnancyspecific ß1-glycoprotein in complications of early pregnancy. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 85, 832

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jouppila, P., Huhtaniemi, I. and Tapanainen, J. (1980). Early pregnancy failure: Study by ultrasonic and hormonal methods. Obstet. Gynecol., 55, 42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karg, N. J., Csaba, I. F., Than, G. N., Vereczkey, G. and Szalmâsy, M. (1981). The diagnostic value of maternal pregnancy-specific ß,-glycoprotein in threatened abortion. Z. Geburtsh. Perinatol., 185, 38

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klopper, A., Buchan, P. and Wilson, G. (1978). The plasma half-life of placental hormones. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 85, 738

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kunz, J. and Keller, P. J. (1976). HCG, HPL, oestradiol, progesterone and AFP in serum in patients with threatened abortion. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 83, 640

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leznoff, A. and Davis, B. A. (1963). The cytological localization of human chorionic gonadotropin. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol., 41, 2517

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lidbjörk, G., Kjessler, B. and Johansson, S. G. O. (1977). Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in maternal serum and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) in urine in 77 patients with vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. Suppl., 69, 54

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindberg, B. S., Nilsson, B. A. and Johansson, E. D. B. (1974). Plasma progesterone levels in normal and abnormal pregnancies. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand., 53, 329

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacNaughton, M. C. (1976). Hormone assays in early pregnancy. In Klopper, A. (ed.) Plasma Hormone Assays in Evaluation of Fetal Wellbeing, pp. 36–47. ( Edinburgh, London, New York: Churchill Livingstone )

    Google Scholar 

  • Manganiello, P. D., Nazian, S. J., Ellegood, J. O., McDonough, P. G. and Mahesh, V. B. (1981). Serum progesterone, 17a-hydroxyprogesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin, and prolactin in early pregnancy and a case of spontaneous abortion. Fertil. Steril., 36, 55

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. F., Williamson, E., Glue. J., Gordon, Y. B., Grudzinskas, J. G. and Sykes, A. (1980). Fetal loss after implantation. Lancet, 2, 554

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niven, P. A. R., Landon, J. and Chard, T. (1972). Placental lactogen levels as guide to outcome of threatened abortion. Br. Med. J., 3, 799

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nygren, K.-G., Johansson, E. D. B. and Wide, L. (1973). Evaluation of the prognosis of threatened abortion from the peripheral plasma levels of progesterone, estradiol, and human chorionic gonadotropin. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 116, 916

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quagliarello, J., Steinetz, B. G. and Weiss, G. (1979). Relaxin secretion in early pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol., 53, 62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quagliarello, J., Szlachter, N., Nisselbaum, J. S., Schwartz, M. K., Steinetz, B. and Weiss, G. (1981). Serum relaxin and human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations in spontaneous abortions. Fertil. Steril., 36, 399

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radwanska, E., Frankenberg, J. and Allen, E. I. (1978). Plasma progesterone levels in normal and abnormal early human pregnancy. Fertil. Steril., 30, 398

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosal, T. P., Saxena, B. B. and Landesman, R. (1975). Application of a radioreceptorassay of human chorionic gonadotropin in the diagnosis of early abortion. Fertil. Steril., 26, 1105

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sande, H. A., Reiertsen, O., Ftnstelien, E. and Torjesen, P. (1980). Evaluation of threatened abortion by human chorionic gonadotropin levels and ultrasonography. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 18, 123

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sciarra, J. J.,Kaplan, S. L. and Grumbach, M. M. (1963). Localization of anti-human growth hormone serum within the human placenta: Evidence for a human chorionic growth hormoneprolactin. Nature (tond.), 199, 1005

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz-Larsen, P. and Hertz, J. B. (1978). The predictive value of pregnancy-specific ß1-glycoprotein (SP,) in threatened abortion. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol., 8, 253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scommegna, A., Burd, L., Bieniarz, J., Seals, C. and Wineman, C. (1972). Progesterone and pregnenolone sulfate in pregnancy plasma. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 113, 60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seppälä, M. and Ruoslahti, E. (1972a). Alpha-fetoprotein in abortion. Br. Med. J., 4, 769

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seppälä, M. and Ruoslahti, E. (1972b). Radioimmunoassay of maternal serum alpha fetoprotein during pregnancy and delivery. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 112, 208

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • South, J. and Naldrett, J. (1973). The effect of vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy on the infant born after the 28th week of pregnancy. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw., 80, 236

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stickle, G. (1968). Defective development and reproductive wastage in the United States. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 100, 442

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tulchinsky, D. and Abraham, G. E. (1971). Radioimmunoassay of plasma estriol. J. Clin. Endocr., 33, 775

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tulchinsky, D. and Korenman, S. G. (1971). The plasma estradiol as an index of fetoplacental function. J. Clin. Invest., 50, 1490

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tulchinsky, D. and Hobel, C. J. (1973). Plasma human chorionic gonadotropin, estrone, estradiol, estriol, progesterone, and 17a-hydroxyprogesterone in human pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 117, 884

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, G., O’Byme, E. M. and Steinetz, B. G. (1976). Relaxin: A product of the human corpus luteum of pregnancy. Science, 194, 948

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yen, S. S. C., Llerena, O., Little, B. and Pearson, O. H. (1968). Disappearance rates of endogeneous luteinizing hormone and chorionic gonadotropin in man. J. Clin. Endocrinol., 28, 1763

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimi, T., Strott, C. A., Marshall, J. R. and Lipsett, M. B. (1969). Corpus luteum function in early pregnancy. J. Clin. Endocrinol., 29, 225

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. J. B. Hertz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. IVF/Andrology International, Reproductive Health Center (USA), 78 Switsong, 29455, Kiawah Island, SC, USA

    E. S. E. Hafez (Executive Director) (Executive Director)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 MTP Press Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hertz, J.B. (1984). Predictive value of hormone measurements in threatened abortion. In: Hafez, E.S.E. (eds) Spontaneous Abortion. Advances in Reproductive Health Care, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9789-5_22

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9789-5_22

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-9791-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-010-9789-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation