Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of national economic goals (Section 2), and proceeds to a review of the system of national income and product accounts (3). Although there are several important economic issues that don’t seem to be implied in any obvious way by the issues systematically summarized in the national accounts, there are many issues that seem to be easier to grasp in the context of the accounts. The gross national product is an excellent example of an idea that is particularly well-suited to examination within the accounts, and that is the subject of (4). In (5) I consider manufacturing productivity, which is merely an important feature of national productivity.
“And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying, speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them: when a man shall make a singular vow, the persons shall be for the Lord by thy estimation.
And thy estimation shall be of the male from twenty years old even unto sixty years old,… fifty shekels of silver
And if it be a female, then thy estimation shall be thirty shekels.”
Leviticus 27: 1–4.
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Notes
J. K. Galbraith, Money: Whence It Came, Where It Went (New York: Bantam Books, 1975), p. 100.
C. Frankel, The Moral Framework of the Idea of Welfare’, Welfare and Wisdom (ed. by J. S. Morgan), (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1966), p. 147.
C. Frankel, The Moral Framework of the Idea of Welfare’, Welfare and Wisdom (ed. by J. S. Morgan), (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1966), pp. 147–148.
Economic Council of Canada, Sixth Annual Review: Perspective 1975 (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer for Canada, 1969), pp. 2–3.
Ibid., p. 3.
N. Rescher, Welfare: The Social Issues in Philosophical Perspective (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1972), pp. 157–158.
C. L. Schultze, National Income Analysis (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964), p. 11.
It is characteristic of all double entry bookkeeping systems that a record is kept of the value of everything taken in (credits, revenues) and given out (debits, expenditures). Moreover, the credit side of the accounting system is always equal to the debit side.
My discussion follows Schultze, op. cit., pp. 28–49.
W. Beckerman, An Introduction to National Income Analysis (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968), pp. 9–12,21–31.
Schultze, op. cit., p. 29.
The shorter phrase ‘national income’ has become common usage, replacing the longer ‘net national income’. (Beckerman, op. cit., p. 56) I have also adopted common practice by using some abbreviations, e.g., GNP, GNI, and NNP.
Schultze, op. cit., p. 46.
Economic Council of Canada, op. cit., p. 93.
F. T. Juster, ‘A Framework for the Measurement of Economic and Social Performance’, The Measurement of Economic and Social Performance (ed. by M. Moss), (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1973), pp. 28–29.
M. Olson Jr., ‘Community Values, Social Measurement, and Transportation Policy’, Transportation and Community Values (ed. by Highway Research Board), (Washington: National Academy of Science-National Academy of Engineering, 1969), p. 96;
B. M. Gross, The State of the Nation: Social Systems Accounting’, Social Indicators (ed. by R. A. Bauer), (Cambridge: The M.I.T. Press, 1966), pp. 164–165.
Juster, ‘Community Values, Social Measurement, and Transportation Policy’, Transportation and Community Values (ed. by Highway Research Board), (Washington: National Academy of Science-National Academy of Engineering, 1969), pp. 31–32.
Gross, ‘Community Values, Social Measurement, and Transportation Policy’, Transportation and Community Values (ed. by Highway Research Board), (Washington: National Academy of Science-National Academy of Engineering, 1969), p. 167.
Juster, ‘Community Values, Social Measurement, and Transportation Policy’, Transportation and Community Values (ed. by Highway Research Board), (Washington: National Academy of Science-National Academy of Engineering, 1969), p. 32.
Olson, ‘Community Values, Social Measurement, and Transportation Policy’, Transportation and Community Values (ed. by Highway Research Board), (Washington: National Academy of Science-National Academy of Engineering, 1969), p. 96.
Gross, ‘Community Values, Social Measurement, and Transportation Policy’, Transportation and Community Values (ed. by Highway Research Board), (Washington: National Academy of Science-National Academy of Engineering, 1969), pp. 165–166.
‘Game Theorist Morgenstern Dies’, Science (1977), p. 649.
Advisory Committee on Gross National Product Data Improvement, U.S. Department of Commerce, Gross National Product Data Improvement Project Report (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977), p. 11. The quotation is from J. R. Hicks, The Scope and Status of Welfare Economies’, Oxford Economic Papers Vol. 27, Nov. 1975, No. 3, pp. 318–319.
Panel to Review Productivity Statistics, Committee on National Statistics, National Research Council, Measurement and Interpretation of Productivity (Washington: National Academy of Sciences, 1979), p. 54.
Royal Commission on the Status of Women in Canada, Report (Ottawa: Information Canada, 1970), p. 32.
Ibid.
R. Lekachmm, Economists at Bay: Why the Experts Will Never Solve Your Problems (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1976), p. 119.
Advisory Committee on Gross National Product Data Improvement, op. cit., p. 19.
Ibid.
Similar points were made concerning expenditures for the system of criminal justice, Volume II, Chapter 4.15.
Advisory Committee on Gross National Product Data Improvement, op. cit., p. 18.
Lekachman, op. cit., p. 113; Panel to Review Productivity Statistics, op. cit., p. 89.
M. Moss, ‘Introduction’, The Measurement of Economic and Social Performance (ed. by M. Moss), (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1973), p. 1.
Commission on Population Growth and the American Future, Report (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972), p. 48.
I. Bernolak, ‘Is Growth Obsolete?’ The Measurement of Economic and Social Performance (ed. by M. Moss), (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1973), p. 538). An excellent review of the literature relating satisfaction, happiness and per capita GNP may be found in A. Inkeles and L. Diamond, ‘Personal Development and National Development: A Cross-National Perspective’, The Quality of Life: Comparative Studies (ed. by A. Szalai and F. M. Andrews), (Beverly Hills: SAGE Pub. Inc., 1980), pp. 73–109.
J. R. Meyer, ‘Is Growth Obsolete?’ The Measurement of Economic and Social Performance (ed. by M. Moss), (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1973), p. 549.
Economic Council of Canada, op. cit., p. 4.
Ibid., p. 5; R. Phidd, The Economic Council Annual Review: Whither Economic Planning in Canada’, Canadian Public Policy — Analyse de Politiques (1976), p. 264.
Ibid.
‘Government Statistics — Can You Believe All That You Read?’ U.S. News and World Report, March 10, 1975, p. 65: T. K. Rymes, ‘On the National Accounts’, Canadian Perspectives in Economics (ed. by J. Chant, ed. al.), (Don Mills: Collier-Macmillan Canada, Ltd., 1972), p. B-8.
Beckerman, op. cit., p. 33.
Rymes, op. cit., p. B-8.
Panel to Review Productivity Statistics, op. cit., pp. 3,25. The manufacturing sector is a subset of the private business sector.
Schultze, op. cit., p. 135.
Ibid.
Panel to Review Productivity Statistics, op. cit., p. 51.
Ibid., p. 32. According to R. Peterson, Small Business: Building a Balanced Economy (Erin: Press Porcépic Ltd., 1977), p. 102, ‘No generally accepted measure of total productivity, that includes all the inputs (labor, capital, energy, natural resources), exists’.
Panel to Review Productivity Statistics, op. cit., p. 11.
Ibid., p. 11; J. P. Robinson and P. E. Converse, ‘Social Change Reflected in the Use of Time’, The Human Meaning of Social Change (ed. by A. Campbell and P. E. Converse), (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1972), pp. 46–47.
Panel to Review Productivity Statistics, op. cit., p. 11.
Ibid., p. 28.
Ibid., p. 19.
Ibid., p. 20.
Ibid., pp. 20, 32.
Ibid., p.8.
J. G. Frank, Assessing Trends in Canada’s Competitive Position: The Case of Canada and the United States (Ottawa: The Conference Board in Canada, 1977), p. 10.
L. R. Christensen, D. Cummings, and D. W. Jorgenson, ‘Productivity Growth, 1947–73: An International Comparison’, The Impact of International Trade and Investment on Employment (ed. by W. G. Dewald, et al,), Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978), p. 226.
E. C. West, Canada-United States Price and Productivity Differences in Manufacturing Industries, 1963, Economic Council of Canada, Staff Study No. 32 (Ottawa: Information Canada, 1971), p. 23.
Canadian Institute of Public Opinion (CIPO) and American Institute of Public Opinion (AIPO), i.e., The Gallup Opinion Polls.
Toronto Star, July 29,1972, p. 11; September 20,1975, p. B3; The Gallup Opinion Index;c,Aprill973,p.26.
Toronto Star, July 29,1972, p. 11; September 20,1975, p. B3; The Gallup Opinion Index, April 1973, p. 27.
Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, The National Income and Product Accounts of the United States, 1929–74: Statistical Tables (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977), p. 66.
Ibid.
CIPO release October 8, 1969.
Economic Council of Canada, Thirteenth Annual Review: The Inflation Dilemma (Ottawa: Supply and Services, 1976), p. 5.
Volume II, p. 2.
A. M. Okun, Equality and Efficiency: The Big Tradeoff (Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1975), pp. 47, 50, 86, 88; (C. H. Hession), John Kenneth Galbraith and His Critics (New York: New American Library, 1972), p. 74.
Okun, Equality and Efficiency: The Big Tradeoff (Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1975), p. 48.
Hession, Equality and Efficiency: The Big Tradeoff (Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1975), p. 74.
Hession, Equality and Efficiency: The Big Tradeoff (Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1975), p. 74.
Hession, Equality and Efficiency: The Big Tradeoff (Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1975), p. 74.
Hession, Equality and Efficiency: The Big Tradeoff (Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1975), p. 74.
Hession, Equality and Efficiency: The Big Tradeoff (Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1975), p. 74.
Frankel, op. cit., p. 160; N. Rescher, Distributive Justice: A Constructive Critique of the Utilitarian Theory of Distribution (Indianapolis: The Boobs-Merrill Co., Inc., 1966), pp. 47–72.
Okun, op. cit., p. 53.
Ibid., p. 119.
Ibid.
G. Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York: Harper and Row, Pub., 1944), p. 210.
Lekachman, op. cit., p. 265; Okun, op. cit., p. 47.
Ibid.
Ibid., p. 49.
Ibid., p.93.
Ibid., p. 77.
Ibid.
C. Gonick, Out of Work: Why There’s So Much Unemployment, and Why It’s Getting Worse (Toronto: James Lorimer and Co., Pub., 1978), pp. 48–50; Schultze, op. cit., p. 51.
It’s a mistake he could not consistently make; e.g., compare pp. 4,5,50,51,79,82.
For example, see Volume IV, Chapter 9.3 and A. C. Michalos, ‘Efficiency and Morality’, The Journal of Value Inquiry (1972), pp. 137–143.
Economic Council of Canada, Sixth Annual Review, p. 5 3.
L. R. Christensen and D. W. Jorgenson according to Moss, op. cit., p. 12.
E. L. Snider, Towards the Development of a Socio-Political Data Bank for Alberta (Edmonton: Alberta Human Resources Research Council, 1972), p. 122.
Ibid.’, Okun, op. cit., p. 70; Congressional Budget Office, The Congress of the United States, Poverty Status of Families Under Alternative Definitions of Income (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977), p. 3.
Ibid.; M. Moon and E. Smolensky, ‘Introduction’, Improving Measures of Economic Well-Being (ed. by M. Moon and E. Smolensky), (New York: Academic Press, 1977), pp. 3–4.
Ibid.; Snider, op. cit., p. 122.
S. Pipes, et al, How Much Tax Do You Really Payl: Your Real Tax Guide (Vancouver: The Fraser Institute, 1976), p. 25; ‘Hidden Raises — Those ‘Fringes’ Keep On Growing’, U.S. News and World Report, October 31,1977, pp. 88–89.
Pipes, et al, op. cit., p. 25.
Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, Social Indicators III (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980), p. 413; Statistics Canada, Perspectives Canada III (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services, 1980), p. 99.
CIPO #348 July 1971; The Gallup Opinionlndex, December 1973, p. 19.
Volume I, Chapter 2, p. 122, Table 49.
M. Boyd and E. Humphreys, Labor Markets and Sex Differences in Canadian Incomes, Discussion Paper No. 143, Economic Council of Canada (Ottawa: Supply and Services, 1979), p. 1.
Ibid., p. i.
Ibid.
Ibid., p. 55.
M. Whitman in U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee, Hearings, Economic Problems of Women, 93rd Cong., 1st Sess., Part 1, 1973, p. 18. See also pp. 3,51, and 66.
Whitman, op. cit., p. 21.
P. A. Samuelson in U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee, Hearings, Economic Problems of Women, 93rd Cong., 1st Sess., Part 1,1973, p. 66.
M. Gunderson, ‘Work Patterns’, Opportunity for Choice: A Goal for Women in Canada (ed. by G. C. A Cook), (Ottawa: Information Canada, 1976), pp. 119–120.
Boyd and Humphries, op. cit., p. 5.
Ibid., p. ii; S. Bould van Til, Work and the Culture of Poverty: The Labor Force Activity of Poor Men (San Francisco: R. and E. Research Associates, 1976), pp. 23–24.
Boyd and Humphries, op. cit., pp. 12–14.
National Council of Welfare, Women and Poverty (Ottawa: National Council of Welfare, 1979), p. 23.
D. M. Gordon, Theories of Poverty and Underemployment: Orthodox, Radical, and Dual Labor Market Perspectives (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1972), pp. 57–66.
As indicated in Section 15, poverty is not simply the result of labor market disadvantages.
A. M. Maslove, The Pattern of Taxation in Canada (Ottawa: Information Canada, 1973), pp. 12–15.
Ibid.; Bureau of the Census, op. cit., p. 413.
References may be found in D. W. Henderson and J. C. R. Rowley, Decomposition of An Aggregate Measure of Income Distribution, Discussion Paper No. 107, Economic Council of Canada (Ottawa: Supply and Services, 1978), p. 1.
Beckerman, op. cit., pp. 50–51.
B. K. MacClaury in the Forward of J. A. Brittain, Inheritance and the Inequality of Material Wealth (Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1978).
Irving Fisher, according to Juster, op. cit., p. 41.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Brittain, op. cit., pp. 7–8.
Okun, op. cit., pp. 65–66.
According to I. Adams, et al, The Real Poverty Report (Edmonton: M. G. Hurtig Ltd., 1971), p. 18; “Wages and salaries tend to be almost one hundred percent truthfully reported; eighty-six percent of government transfer payments are reported; but investment income, which is concentrated among the rich, is another story. DBS [Dominion Bureau of Statistics, now Statistics Canada] reports that the wealthy ‘underreport’ their investment income by as much as fifty percent. Obviously, the wealthy do not care to reveal their wealth.”
office of Management and Budget, Social Indicators 1973 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973), p. 182, Table 5/15.
Ibid.
Ibid., p. 172.
J. Podoluk, The Size Distribution of Personal Wealth in Canada’, The Review of Income and Wealth, Series 20, No. 2, June 1974, p. 212. Net worth equals total assets less total debts, which may yield a negative value.
Okun, op. cit., p. 33.
L. C. Thurow, Generating Inequality: Mechanisms of Distribution in the U.S. Economy (New York: Basic Books, 1975), p. 129.
Brittain, op. eft., p. 11.
Ibid., p. 12.
Toronto Star, January 17,1973, p. 7.
Louis Harris and Associates release August 15,1966; April 15,1968.
See also U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee, The Profit and Price Performance of Leading Food Chains, 1970–74,95th Cong., 1st Sess., April 12,1977, p. 111: ‘The study concludes that retail food chain prices are significantly higher in markets where few firms compete than in more competitive markets.” Similarly, J. C. H. Jones and L. Laudadio, ‘Corporate Size and Concentration: Excursions in Normative Analysis’, Perspectives on the Royal Commission on Corporate Concentration (ed. by P. K. Gorecki and W. T. Stanbury), (Scarborough: Butterworth and Co. (Canada) Ltd., 1979), p. 83: “In the United States, the bulk of the considerable statistical evidence on the profit-concentration relationship supports the proposition that there is a significant positive relationship between profitability and concentration___The Canadian evidence is more modest in quantity although fairly consistent in its results. The studies on the profit-concentration relationship seem to show a positive relationship.”
For example, see Volume I, Chapter 3.11 on food additives; Volume IV, 9.5 on problems the U.S. Federal Trade Commission has getting information on oil companies; 9.9 on problems the U.S. Internal Revenue Service has determining oil company tax avoidance; 9.15 on problems the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has monitoring the introduction of new chemical compounds.
The best general sources of information on concentrations of economic power in North America are W. Clement, The Canadian Corporate Elite: An Analysis of Economic Power (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Ltd., 1975) and Continental Corporate Power: Economic Elite Linkages Between Canada and the United States (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Ltd., 1977); P. C. Newman, The Canadian Establishment-Volume One (Toronto: McClelland and Steward Ltd., 1975); F. Lundberg, The Rich and The Super-Rich (New York: Bantam Books, 1968).
Clement, Continental Corporate Power, pp. 10–11.
Director of Investigation and Research, Combines Investigation Act, Concentration in the Manufacturing Industries of Canada (Ottawa: Information Canada, 1971), pp. 5–6.
Ibid., p. 50.
Clement, Continental Corporate Power, pp. 163–164.
Royal Commission on Corporate Concentration, Report (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services, 1978), p. xix.
G. Radwanski, The Royal Commission on Corporate Concentration: A Political Perspective’, Perspectives on the Royal Commission on Corporate Concentration (ed. by P. K. Gorecki and W. T. Stanbury), (Scarborough: Butterworth and Co. (Canada) Ltd., 1979), p. 71.
P. Johnston, ‘Corporate Concentration: The View from Below’, Perspectives on the Royal Commission on Corporate Concentration (ed. by P. K. Gorecki and W. T. Stanbury), (Scarborough: Butterworth and Co. (Canada) Ltd., 1979), p. 9.
G. Nakitsas, ‘Labor’s View of the Report of The Royal Commission on Corporate Concentration’, Perspectives on The Royal Commission on Corporate Concentration (ed. by P. K. Gorecki and W. T. Stanbury), (Scarborough: Butterworth and Co. (Canada) Ltd., 1979), p. 63.
Radwanski, op. cit., p. 74.
Jones and Laudadio, op. cit., p. 77.
Ibid.
D. J. Daly, ‘Size and Economies of Scale’, Perspectives on The Royal Commission on Corporate Concentration (ed. by P. K. Gorecki and W. T. Stanbury), (Scarborough: Butterworth and Co. (Canada) Ltd., 1979), p. 96.
W. T Stanbury and L. Waverman, ‘Merger Policy of the Royal Commission on Corporate Concentration: Conclusions Without Evidence’, Perspectives on the Royal Commission on Corporate Concentration (ed. by P. K. Gorecki and W. T. Stanbury), (Scarborough: Butterworth and Co. (Canada) Ltd., 1979), p. 128.
P. K. Gorecki, The Conglomerate Enterprise in Canada: Evidence and Policy’, Perspectives on the Royal Commission on Corporate Concentration (ed. by P. K. Gorecki and W. T. Stanbury), (Scarborough: Butterworth and Co. (Canada) Ltd., 1979), p. 147.
J. D. Fleck, ‘The Royal Commission’s Analysis of Direct Foreign Investment’, Perspectives on the Royal Commission on Corporate Concentration (ed. by P. K. Gorecki and W. T. Stanbury), (Scarborough: Butterworth and Co. (Canada) Ltd., 1979), p. 187.
R. M. Bird, Taxation: Much Ado About (Almost) Nothing’, Perspectives on The Royal Commission on Corporate Concentration (ed. by P. I. Gorecki and W. T. Stan-bury), (Scarborough: Butterworth and Co. (Canada) Ltd., 1979), p. 203.
W. Clement, ‘An Exercise in Legitimation: Ownership and Control in the Report of the Royal Commission on Corporate Concentration’, Perspectives on The Royal Commission on Corporate Concentration (ed. by P. K. Gorecki and W. T. Stanbury), (Scarborough: Butterworth and Co. (Canada) Ltd., 1979), p. 219.
Royal Commission on Corporate Concentration, op. cit., p. 13.
Lundberg, op. cit., p. 270. See also U.S. Department of Commerce, Foreign Direct Investment in the United States, Volume I (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976), p. 5.
Lundberg, op. cit., p. 271.
Bill Melody is quoted by R. Chodos and D. Burgess, ‘Ma Bell Joins the Jet Set’, Let Us Prey (ed. by R. Chodos and R. Murphy), (Toronto: James Lorimer and Co., Pub., 1974), p. 45.
Ibid.
Royal Commission on Corporate Concentration, op. cit., p. 413.
W. T Stanbury, Business Interests and The Reform of Canadian Competition Policy, 1971–1975 (Toronto: Methuen Pub., 1977), p. 45.
Ibid.
See references in footnote 136 above.
Clement, Continental Corporate Power, p. 233.
Ibid., p. 232.
Ibid., pp. 183–184.
Economic Council of Canada, Sixth Annual Review, p. 4.
J. Carr, ‘Wage and Price Controls Panacea for Inflation or Prescription for Disaster’, The Illusion of Wage and Price Control: Essays on Inflation, Its Causes and Its Cures (ed. by M. Walker), (Vancouver: The Fraser Institute, 1976), p. 6.
Schultze, op. cit., p. 109; ‘Where the Jobs Are’, U.S. News and World Report, December 25,1972, p. 47.
Schultze, op. cit., p. 109.
P. Wonnacott and R. Wonnacott, An Introduction to Macroeconomics (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1979), pp. 125–126.
Schultze, op. cit., p. 109; Statistics Canada, Canada Year Book 1976–77 (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services, 1977), p. 999.
‘Government Statistics — Can You Believe All That You Read?’ p. 64.
Ibid.; I. S. Friedman, Inflation: A Growing World-wide Disaster (Garden City: Anchor Books, 1975), p. 116.
Ibid.; Frank, op. cit., p. 31.
‘Where the Jobs Are’, p. 46.
‘Government Statistics — Can You Believe All That You Read?’ p. 64.
Statistics Canada, op. cit., p. 999.
Friedman, op. cit., p. 116; ‘Where the Jobs Are’, p. 47.
Ibid.
Gross, op. cit., p. 170.
Schultze, op. cit., p. 110.
Carr, op. cit., p. 51.
Phidd, op. cit., p. 264; R. Blauer, “Inflation in Canada,” Canadian Perspectives in Economies (ed. by J. Chant, et al.), (Don Mills: Collier-Macmillan Canada Ltd., 1972), p. A3.
Friedman, op. cit., p. 117.
Ibid., p.118.
Can, op. cit., p. 9; Schultze, op. cit., p. 120.
Can, op. cit., p. 9.
Gonick, op. cit., pp. 84–85.
Schultze, op. cit., p. 120.
Friedman, op. cit., p. 111; Adams, et al., op. cit., p. 85; Lekachman, op. cit., p. 800.
Carr, op. cit., p. 15. See also Galbraith, op. cit., pp. 347–348; Friedman, op. cit., pp. 135–136; D. A. Auld and F. C. Miller, Principles of Public Finance: A Canadian Text (Toronto: Methuen Pub., 1975), p. 262.
Can, op. cit., p. 18; Friedman, op. cit., pp. xv, 131.
Can, op. cit., p. 19.
Ibid., pp. 29–30.
Blauer, op. cit. p. A3; M. Hudson, Canada in the New Monetary Order: Borrow? Devalue? Restructurel (Scarborough: Butterworth and Co. (Canada) Ltd., 1978), p. 50.
Can, op. cit., pp. 19–26.
Schultze, op. cit., p. 118.
Good critiques may be found in Carr, op. cit.; Galbraith, op. cit.; Friedman, op. cit.; Gonick, op. cit.; Schultze, op. cit. and Hudson, op. cit.
Volume II, pp. 237–238.
Galbraith, op. cit., p. 57.
Auld and Miller, op. cit., p. 51; Maslove, op. cit., p. 37.
National Council of Welfare, Bearing the Burden, Sharing the Benefits (Ottawa: National Council of Welfare, 1978), p. 3.
Auld and Miller, op. cit., pp. 61–62; J. A. Johnson, The Canadian Tax System and Tax Reform’, Canadian Perspectives in Economics (ed. by J. Chant, et al.), (Don Mills: Collier-Macmillan Canada Ltd., 1972), p. 131.
Ibid.
Ibid.
J. A. Pechman, International Trends in the Distribution of Tax Burdens: Implications for Tax Policy (Bell Yard: Institute for Fiscal Studies, 1973), pp. 3–4 and Who Bears the Tax Burden! (Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1974), pp. 4–6,10,48, 55.
Maslove, op. cit., p. 64.
W. I. Gillespie, ‘On the Redistribution of Income in Canada’, Canadian Tax Journal (1976), pp. 420, 433. See also N. C. Kakwani, Income Inequality and Poverty: Methods of Estimation and Policy Applications (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 257; Task Force on Social Security, Canadian Council on Social Development, Social Security for Canada 1973 (Ottawa: Canadian Council on Social Development, 1973), p. 22.
Maslove, op. cit., p. 39.
In the United States it was income taxes.
Toronto Star, July 4,1973, p. 7.
J. Ortega y Gasset, Meditations on Hunting (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1972), pp. 28,29.
B. Suits, The Grasshopper: Games, Life and Utopia (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1978), p. 15.
Ibid., p. 9.
S. Peitchinis, ‘Emerging Concepts of Work — The Economic Circumstances’, New Concepts of Work: Proceedings of a Conference Sponsored by The Canadian Councuil on Social Development, March 26–27,1973 (Ottawa: Canadian Council on Social Development, 1974), p. 11.
R. Blauner, Alienation and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964), p. 183.
R. S. Wiess and D. Riesman, ‘Work and Automation’, Contemporary Social Problems (ed. by R. K. Merton and R. A. Nisbet), (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Inc., 1966), pp. 579–580.
K. Svenson, ‘Work — The Government Connection’, New Concepts of Work: Proceedings of a Conference Sponsored by the Canadian Council on Social Development, March 26–27, 1973 (Ottawa: Canadian Council on Social Development, 1974), p. 81. See also E. J. Tyler, ‘Leisure Goals and Objectives for the ‘70’s’, Leisure in Canada: The Proceedings of the Second Montmorency Conference on Leisure, Montmorency, Quebec — September 7–10, 1971 (Ottawa: Ontario, 1973), p. 94; R. L. Kahn, The Meaning of Work: Interpretation and Proposals for Measurement’, The Human Meaning of Social Change (ed. by A. Campbell and P. E. Converse), (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1972), p. 166.
Peitchinis, op. cit., p. 4.
O. Hawrylyshyn, ‘The Economic Nature and Value of Volunteer Activity in Canada’, Social Indicators Research (1978), p. 43.
O. Hawrylyshyn, ‘The Economic Nature and Value of Volunteer Activity in Canada’, Social Indicators Research (1978), p. 43.
O. Hawrylyshyn, ‘The Economic Nature and Value of Volunteer Activity in Canada’, Social Indicators Research (1978), p. 43.
Bureau of the Census, op. cit., p. 576; Statistics Canada, op. cit., p. 376. Calvin Coolidge didn’t need as many words. ‘When more and more people are thrown out of work’, he said, ‘unemployment results’. J. Schrank, Snap, Crackle, and Popular Taste: The Illusion of Free Choice in America (New York: Dell Pub. Co., 1977), p. 174.
Gonick, op. cit., pp. 38–39,50–51,160–161.
Ibid., p. 150–151; H. G. Grubel and M. A. Walker, ‘Moral Hazard, Unemployment Insurance and the Rate of Unemployment’, Unemployment Insurance: Global Evidence of Its Effects on Unemployment (ed. by H. G. Grubel and M. A. Walker), (Vancouver: The Fraser Institute, 1978), p. 21;
B. Niemi, ‘Geographic Immobility and Labor Force Mobility: A Study of Female Unemployment’, Sex, Discrimination and the Division of Labor (ed. by C. B. Lloyd), (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), p. 65.
226Grubel and Walker, op. cit., pp. 1–6,10–14.
Gonick, op. cit., pp. 20–22.
Ibid; Adams, et al., op. cit., pp. 30–31; Gordon, op. cit., p. 6.
Gonick, op. cit., p. 22.
Ibid.
Ibid., pp. 22–23.
Auld and Miller, op. cit., p. 229.
Galbraith, op. cit., p. 319.
Ibid., p. 321.
Ibid., pp. 322–323.
Van Til, op. cit., p. 154.
Gonick, op. cit., p. 13.
Whitman, op. cit., p. 36.
Volume I, pp. 106–108, Table 37, Chart 26.
Whitman,op.cit.,p.98.
Ibid.
Ibid., p. 99; Niemi, op. cit., p. 67.
Whitman, op. cit., p. 99; Royal Commission on the Status of Women, op. cit., p. 56.
Volume I, p. 109, Table 38; p. 110, Chart 28.
Adams, et al, op. cit., p. 31; Special Senate Committee on Poverty, Poverty in Canada (Ottawa: Information Canada, 1972), p. 43.
In Canada there was ‘a moderate decline in occupational segregation’ in the 1970–71 period, according to Gunderson, op. cit., p. 116. Representative M. W. Griffiths claimed in U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee, Hearings, Economic Problems of Women, 93rd Cong., 1st Sess., Part 1, 1973, p. 2, ‘In spite of the legislation and public discussion devoted to this subject, the occupation distribution of jobs by sex has shown no improvement in the last 20 years’.
Bureau of the Census, op. cit., p. 143; Gunderson, p. 117.
Ibid., p. 108.
Ibid., p. 117; Bureau of the Census, op. cit., p. 143.
Gunderson, op. cit., p. 108.
Ibid., p. 117; Bureau of the Census, op. cit., 143.
Galbraith, op. cit., pp. 127–128.
U.S. Department of Labor, Job Satisfaction: Is There a Trendl ‘Manpower Research Monograph No. 30’, (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974), p. 3.
Van Til, op. cit., p. 8; Moon and Smolensky, op. cit., pp. 2–9.
Rescher, op. cit., p. 94.
Special Senate Committee on Poverty, op. cit., p. 200.
Rescher, op. cit., p. 94.
Adams, et al, op. cit., p. 11.
Rescher, op. cit., p. 103.
Ibid., p.l02.
Adams, et al., op. cit., pp. 11–12.
Frankel, op. cit., pp. 151–152; Gordon, op. cit., p. 4.
Social Security Research Division, The Measurement of Poverty, ‘Memorandum 19 — Social Security Series’, (Ottawa: Department of National Health and Welfare, 1970), p. 4.
Ibid., pp. 4–5.
Research and Analysis Section, Consumer Income and Expenditure Division, Revision of Low Income Cut-Offs (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, December 17, 1973), pp. 4–5.
Congressional Budget Office, op. cit., p. 5.
CIPO release October 17,1964; Gallup Opinion Index, July 1967, p. 17.
For some interesting history on this point, see Van Til, op. cit., pp. 1–2.
‘Can Affluent America End Poverty?’ U.S. News and World Report, August 14, 1972, p. 24.
For examples, see Van Til, op. cit., pp. 21–22, 125; Lekachman, op. cit., p. 63; L. Goodwin, Do the Poor Want to Work?: A Social-Psychological Study of Work Orientations (Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1972), pp. 5–6,50–51,112.
Special Senate Committee on Poverty, op. cit., p. 27, Table 10.
National Council of Welfare, The Working Poor’, Social Indicators Research (1978), p. 345.
Ibid., p. 361.
National Council of Welfare, Jobs and Poverty (Ottawa: National Council of Welfare, 1977), p. 3.
Van Til, op. cit., p. 146. Similarly, see Goodwin, op. cit., pp. 51–52; Gordon, op. cit., p. 29; National Council of Welfare, Women and Poverty (Ottawa: National Council of Welfare, 1979), p. 2.
Lekachman, op. cit., pp. 42–44.
A. M. M. Smith, J. E. Cloutier, and D. W. Henderson, Poverty and Government Income Support in Canada, 1971–1975: Characteristics of The Low Income Population, Discussion Paper No. 130, Economic Council of Canada (Ottawa: Supply and Services, 1979), p. 23; Adams et al, op. cit., pp. 168–169.
‘Can Affluent America End Poverty?’ op. cit., p. 23.
Griffiths, op. cit., p. 3.
C. S. Bell in Congress of the United States, Joint Economic Committee, Hearings, Economic Problems of Women, 93rd Cong., 1st Sess., Part 2, p. 299.
Smith, Cloutier and Henderson, op. cit., p. 21.
National Council of Welfare, Women and Poverty, p. 7.
Ibid.
Ibid., p. 2.
Schultze, op. cit., p. 30, Table 2–1.
Calculated from Tables 1 and 52.
Wonnacott and Wonnacott, op. cit., p. 372.
Economic Council of Canada, Sixth Annual Review, p. 2.
Hudson, op. cit., p. 17.
Economic Council of Canada, Sixth Annual Review, p. 7 3.
Friedman, op. cit., pp. 61–62.
Economic Council of Canada, Thirteenth Annual Review, p. 111.
Ibid.
‘Empty Pockets on a Trillion Dollars a Year’, Time, March 13,1972, p. 55.
Ibid.
Gonick, op. cit., p. 176.
Named after the British economist, J. M. Keynes.
Galbraith, op. cit., p. 280.
‘Empty Pockets on a Trillion Dollars a Year’, op. cit., p. 55.
Galbraith, op. cit., p. 282.
Volume II, Chapter 5.14; Volume III, 8.3.
See especially the sections cited in the previous footnote and Fleck, op. cit., pp. 183–184.
U.S. Department of Commerce, op. cit., p. 1.
Ibid.
P. M. Flanigan in U.S. Senate, Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs, Subcommittee on International Finance, Hearings, Foreign Investment in the United States, 93rd Cong., 2nd Sess., Part 1,1974, p. 4.
U.S. Department of Commerce, op. cit., p. 11.
S. L. Jones in U.S. Senate, Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs, Subcommittee on International Finance, Hearings, Foreign Investment in the United States, 93rd Cong., 2nd Sess., Part 1,1974, p. 29.
In 1964 U.S. dollars the figure is 16.7 billion.
That is 15.9 billion in 1964 U.S. dollars.
That is 3.4 (1964 U.S.) million.
That is 468 (1964 U.S.) million. Statistics Canada, op. cit., p. 1027, Table 21.31.
That is 397 (1964 U.S.) billion.
Statistics Canada, op. cit., p. 1027, Table 21.31.
‘Why Foreign Investors Put Their Money on U.S.’, U.S. News and World Report, July 9,1979, p. 31.
Statistics Canada, op. cit., p. 1027, Table 21.31.
T. Farmer in U.S. Senate, Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs, Subcommittee on International Finance, Hearings, Foreign Investment in the United States, 93rd Cong., 2nd Sess., Part 1,1974, p. 129.
Flanigan, op. cit., p. 8.
Royal Commission on Corporate Concentration, op. cit., p. 207.
Clement, Continental Corporate Power, pp. 20–21.
D. J. Daly and S. Globerman, Tariff and Science Policies: Applications of a Model of Nationalism (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976), p. 9.
C. F. Bergsten in U.S. Senate, Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs, Subcommittee on International Finance, Hearings, Foreign Investment in the United States, 93rd Cong., 2nd Sess., Part 1,1974, p. 79.
For example, see M. H. Finley, ‘Foreign Trade and U.S. Employment’, The Impact of International Trade and Investment on Employment (ed. by W. G. Dewald, et al.), (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978), pp. 129–130,132–133. See also Gonick, op. cit., p. 81; J. Laxer, Canada’s Energy Crisis (Toronto: James Lorimer and Co., 1975), p. 120–121.
‘Why Foreign Investors Put Their Money on U.S.’, op. cit., p. 29; ‘More Foreign Investors are Beating a Path to America’, U.S. News and World Report, April 26,1976, p. 66; U.S. Department of Commerce, op. cit., p. xiii; U.S. Senate, Committee on Finance, Implications of Multinational Firms for World Trade and Investment and for U.S. Trade and Labor (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973), pp. 6–7, 20–21.
‘Why Foreign Investors Put Their Money on U.S.’, op. cit., p. 32.
H. Gray, Foreign Direct Investment in Canada (Ottawa: Information Canada, 1972), p. 41.
Ibid., pp. 5–6.
Fleck, op. cit., pp. 184–185.
Ibid.
Clement, Continental Corporate Power, p. 300.
U.S. Senate, Committee on Finance, op. cit., pp. 38–39.
Clement, op. cit., p. 88.
Gray, op. cit., p. 25.
For example, see the Prime Minister’s remarks in ‘United States and Canada: Good Neighbors, But — ‘, U.S. Newsand World Report, July 3,1972, p. 33.
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Michalos, A.C. (1982). Economics. In: North American Social Report. North American Social Report, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9559-4_1
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