Abstract
The foundations for the understanding of the major mechanisms of polymer synthesis, that is, radical, anionic, cationic and coordination addition polymerizations, and stepwise condensation and rearrangement polymerizations, were laid during the period from 1930 to 1960. Of the mechanisms mentioned above, which we can regard as being the primary methods for the synthesis of polymers, the most recently discovered is coordination (or Ziegler-Natta) polymerization.1 Today, literally hundreds of different types of polymers are produced by these mechanisms, ranging from bulk thermoplastics such as polyethylene, polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride), through fibre-forming materials such as polyacrylonitrile, polyesters and polyamides (nylons), elastomers such as cis-1,4-polyisoprene, polychloroprene and ethylene-propylene copolymers, to high-performance engineering materials such as polycarbonates, epoxy resins, polyimides and aromatic polyethers and polysulphones. Much of the research and development in polymer synthesis over the past thirty years has been concerned with improvements to, and refinements of, the above primary methods aimed at achieving one or more of the following objectives:
-
1.
the better control of polymer molecular weight and molecular weight distribution;
-
2.
the better control of polymer microstructure, i.e. stereoisomerism, geometrical isomerism, regioisomerism and, in the case of copolymers, also composition and monomer sequence distribution; and
-
3.
the generation of polymers based on new monomers and hence of polymers with new properties and new applications.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ziegler, K. Belgian Patent 533,362 (1953).
Allen, G. and Bevington, J.C. (eds.) Comprehensive Polymer Science, Pergamon Press, Oxford, (1989).
Kroschwitz, J.I. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Wiley, New York (2nd edn.), (1985–1989).
Otsu, T. and Yoshida, M. Markromol. Chem., Rapid Commun. 3, 127 (1982).
Otsu, T., Yoshida, M. and Kuriyama, A. Polym. Bull. 7, 45 (1982).
Otsu, T. and Kuriyama, A. Polym. Bull. 11, 135 (1984).
Otsu, T. and Kuriyama, A. J. Macromol. Sci. A21, 961 (1984).
Bledzki, A. and Braun, D. Makromol. Chem. 182, 1047 (1981).
Otsu, T. and Tazaki, T. Polym. Bull. 17, 187 (1987).
Bednarek, D., Moad, G., Rizzardo, E. and Solomon, D.H. Macromolecules 21, 1522 (1988).
Kuriyama, A. and Otsu, T. Polym. J. 16, 511 (1984).
Otsu, T. and Kuriyama, A. Polym. J. 17, 97 (1985).
Tan, Y.Y. and Challa, G. Makromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp. 10/11, 215 (1987).
Tan, Y.Y. in Reference 2, Volume 3, Chapter 19.
Shima, K., Kakui, Y., Kinoshita, M. and Imoto, M. Makromol. Chem. 154, 247 (1972).
Shima, K., Kakui, Y., Kinoshita, M. and Imoto, M. Makromol. Chem. 155, 299 (1972).
Miura, Y., Kakui, Y. and Kinoshita, M. Makromol. Chem. 176, 1567 (1975).
Blumstein, A., Kakivaya, S.R., Blumstein, R. and Suzuki, T. Macromolecules 8, 435 (1975).
Rajan, V.S. and Ferguson, J. Eur. Polym. J. 18, 633 (1982).
Bartels, T., Tan, Y.Y. and Challa, G. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 15, 341 (1977).
Koetsier, D.W., Tan, Y.Y. and Challa, G. Polymer 22, 1709 (1981).
Alberda van Ekenstein, G.O.R. and Tan, Y.Y. Polym. Commun. 25, 105 (1985).
Nishi, S. and Kotaka, T. Macromolecules 18, 1519 (1985).
Nishi, S. and Kotaka, T. Macromolecules 19, 978 (1986).
Sherrington, D.C. and Hodge, P. (eds.) Synthesis and Separations using Functional Polymers Wiley, Chichester (1988).
Bailey, W.J. in Reference 2, Volume 3, Chapter 22.
Bailey, W.J. Polymer 17, 85 (1985).
Bailey, W.J., Ni, Z. and Wu, S.-R. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 20, 2420 (1982).
Tsang, R., Dickson, Jr., J.K., Pak, H., Walton, R. and Fraser-Reid, B. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 109, 3484(1987).
Bailey, W.J. and Feng, P.-Z. Polym. Prepr. 28(1), 154 (1987).
Bailey, W.J., Amone, M.J. and Chou, J.L. Polym. Prepr. 29(1), 178 (1988).
Bailey, W.J. and Gapud, B. ACS Symp. Ser. 280, 423 (1985).
Thompson, V.P., Williams, E.F. and Bailey, W.J. J. Dent. Res. 58, 522 (1979).
Mayo, F.R. and Lewis, F.M. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 66, 1594 (1944).
Harwood, H.J. Makromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp. 10/11, 331 (1987).
Chapiro, A. Eur. Polym. J. 7/8, 713 (1989).
Bamford, C.H. in Alternating Copolymers, (ed. Cowie, J.M.G.), Plenum Press, New York (1985), Chapter 3 and references cited therein.
Takamatsu, T., Ohnishi, O., Nishikida, T. and Furukawa, J. Rubber Age 105, 33 (1973).
Polowinski, S. Eur. Polym. J. 19, 679 (1983).
Polowinski, S. J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed. 22, 2887 (1984).
Polowinski, S. and Janowska, G. Eur. Polym. J. 11, 183 (1975).
Polowinski, S. Eur. Polym. J. 14, 563 (1978).
Hedrick, R.M., Gabbert, J.D. and Wohl, M.D. in Reaction Injection Moulding (Ed. Kresta, J.E.), ACS Symp. Ser. 270 (1985), Chapter 10.
Ivin, K.J. and Saegusa, T. (eds.), Ring-opening Polymerization, Elsevier, London (1984).
McGrath, J.E. (ed.), Ring-opening Polymerization, ACS Symp. Ser. 286 (1985).
Reference 2, Volume 3, Chapters 31–37 and 45–53.
Webster, O.W., Hertler, W.R., Sogah, D.Y., Farnham, W.B. and RajanBabu, T.V. J Amer. Chem. Soc. 105, 5706(1983).
Price, C.C. and Carmelite, D.D. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 88, 4039 (1966).
Aida, T. and Inoue, S. Macromolecules 14, 1166 (1981).
Asano, S., Aida, T. and Inoue, S. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1148 (1985).
Aida, T., Maekawa, Y., Asano, S. and Inoue, S. Macromolecules 21, 1195 (1988).
Dale, J. and Daasvatn, K. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 295 (1976).
Penczek, S., Kubisa, P., Matyjaszewski, K. and Szymanski, R. Pure Appl. Chem., 140 (1984).
Penczek, S., Kubisa, P. and Szymanski, R. Makromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp. 3, 203 (1986).
Miyamoto, M., Sawamoto, M. and Higashimura, T. Macromolecules 17, 265 (1984).
Miyamoto, M., Sawamoto, M. and Higashimura, T. Macromolecules 18, 123 (1985).
Miyamoto, M., Sawamoto, M. and Higashimura, T. Macromolecules 18, 611 (1985).
Hashimoto, T., Ibuki, H., Sawamoto, M. and Higashimura, T. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 26, 3361 (1988) and references cited therein.
Maerov, S.R. J. Polym. Sci. 3, 487 (1965).
Bellus, D., Manasek, Z., Hrdlovic, P. and Slama, P. J. Polym. Sci., Part C 16, 267 (1967).
Chiellini, E. and Lenz, R.W. in Reference 2, Volume 5, Chapter 38.
Johnson, R.N., Farnham, A.G., Clendinning, R.A., Hale, W.F. and Merriam, C.N. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 5, 2375 (1967).
Rose, J.B. and Staniland, P.A. (ICI pic), European Patent 879 (1979).
Attwood, T.E., Dawson, P.C., Freeman, J.L., Hoy, L.R.J., Rose, J.B. and Staniland, P.A. Polym. J. 22, 1096(1981).
Tomalia, D.A., Baker, H., Dewald, J., Hall, M., Kallos, G., Martin, S., Roeck, J., Ryder, J. and Smith, P. Polym. J. 17, 117(1985).
Tomalia, D.A., Baker, H., Dewald, J, Hall, M., Kallos, G., Martin, S., Roeck, J., Ryder, J. and Smith, P. Macromolecules 19, 2466 (1986).
Wilson, L.R. and Tomalia, D.A. Polym. Prepr., 30(1), 115 (1989).
Newkome, G.R., Yao, Z., Baker, G.R. and Gupta, V.K. J. Org. Chem. 50, 2003 (1985).
Newkome, G.R., Yao, Z., Baker, G.R., Gupta, V.K., Russo, P.S. and Saunders, M.J. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 108, 849 (1986).
Tomalia, D.A., Hall, M. and Hedstrand, D.M. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 109, 1601 (1987).
Tomalia, D.A., Berry, V., Hall, M. and Hedstrand, D.M. Macromolecules 20, 1164 (1987).
Naylor, A.M., Goddard III, W.A., Kiefer, G.E. and Tomalia, D.A. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 111, 2339 (1989).
Wallen, L.L. and Rohwedder, W.K. Environ. Sci. Technol. 8, 576 (1974).
Collins, S.H. European Patent 111,231 (1982).
Doi, Y., Kunioca, M. and Soga, K. Macromolecules, 19, 2860 (1986).
Ballard, D.G.H., Courtis, A., Shirley, I.M. and Taylor, S.C. Macromolecules 21, 294 (1988).
McKean, D.R. and Stille, J.K. Macromolecules 20, 1787 (1987).
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Blackie & Son Ltd
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ebdon, J.R. (1991). Developments in polymerization. In: Ebdon, J.R. (eds) New Methods of Polymer Synthesis. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9552-5_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9552-5_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-9554-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-010-9552-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive