Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic illness characterized by inflammatory polyarticular synovitis. Proliferative and invasive synovial tissues lead to joint swelling, pain and erosion of cartilage and juxta-articular bone. Although the aetiology of RA is not known, the pathogenesis of the disease involves complex interactions between cells of the immune system and resident cells of the synovia. A number of mediators, including cytokines, growth factors and eicosanoids, produced by infiltrating mononuclear cells as well as by endothelial cells and fibroblast-like cells (synoviocytes), contribute to the proliferative and invasive phenotype of inflamed synovial tissues in RA.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Salmon JA, Higgs GA, Vane JR et al. Synthesis of arachidonate cyclo-oxygenase products by rheumatoid and nonrheumatoid synovial lining in nonproliferative organ culture. Ann Rheum Dis. 1983; 42: 36–9.
Davies P, Bailey PJ, Goldenberg MM, Ford-Hutchinson AW. The role of arachidonic acid oxygenation products in pain and inflammation. Annu Rev Immunol. 1984; 2: 335–57.
Robinson DR, Tashijian AHJ, Levine L. Prostaglandin-stimulated bone resorption by rheumatoid synovia: a possible mechanism for bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest. 1975; 56: 1181–8.
Dayer J-M, Krane SM, Russell RGG, Robinson DR. Production of collagenase and prostaglandins by isolated adherent rheumatoid synovial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1976; 73: 945–9.
Mehindate K, Al-Daccak R, Dayer J-M et al. Superantigen-induced collagenase gene expression in human IFN-y-treated fibroblast-like synoviocytes involves prostaglandin E2. J Immunol. 1995; 155: 3570–7.
DeWitt DL. Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase: regulation of enzyme expression. Biochem Biophys Acta. 1991; 1083: 121–34.
Lai CY, Wada K. Phospholipase A2 from human synovial fluid: purification and structural homology to the placental enzyme. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988; 157: 488–93.
Kramer RM, Hession C, Johansen B et al. Structure and properties of a human non-pancreatic phospholipase A2. J Biol Chem. 1989; 264: 5768–75.
Clark JD, Milona N, Knopf JL. Purification of a 1 l0-kilodalton cytosolic phospholipase A2 from the human monocytic cell line U937. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990; 87: 7708–12.
Kramer RM, Roberts EF, Mannetta J, Putnam JE. The Cat’ sensitive cytosolic phospholipase A2 is a 100-kDa protein in human monoblast U937 cells. J Biol Chem. 1991; 266: 5268–72.
Funk CD, Funk LB, Kennedy ME, Pong AS, Fitzgerald GA. Human platelet/erythroleukemia cell prostaglandin G/H synthase: cDNA cloning, expression, and gene chromosomal assignment. FASEB J. 1991; 5: 2304–12.
Hoff T, DeWitt D, Kaever V, Resch K, Goppelt-Strueber M. Differentiation-associated expression of prostaglandin G/H synthase in monocytic cells. FEBS Lett. 1993; 320: 38–42.
Smith CJ, Morrow JD, Roberts Li, Mamett Li. Differentiation of monocytoid THP-1 cells with phorbol ester induces expression of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-1 (COX-1). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993; 192: 787–93.
Murakami M, Matsumoto R, Urades Y, Austen KF, Arm JP. c-Kit ligand mediates increased expression of cytosolic phospholipase A2, prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-1, and hematopoietic prostaglandin D2 synthase and increased IgE-dependent prostaglandin D2 generation in immature mouse mast cells. J Biol Chem. 1995; 270: 3239–46.
Crofford LJ, Wilder RL, Ristimaki AP, Remmers EF, Epps HR, Hia T. Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 expression in rheumatoid synovial tissues: effects of interleukin-1ß, phorbol ester, and corticosteroids. J Clin Invest. 1994; 93: 1095–101.
O’Banion MK, Sadowski HB, Winn V, Young DA. A serum-and glucocorticoid-regulated 4kilobase mRNA encodes a cyclooxygenase-related protein. J Biol Chem. 1991; 266: 23261–7.
Lee SH, Soyoola E, Chanmugam P et al. Selective expression of mitogen-inducible cyclooxygenase in macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. J Biol Chem. 1992; 267: 25934–8.
Fu J-I, Masferrer JL, Seifert K, Raz A, Needleman P. The induction and suppression of prostaglandin HZ synthase (cyclooxygenase) in human monocytes. J Biol Chem. 1990; 265: 16737–40.
Koehler L, Hass R, DeWitt DL, Resch K, Goppelt-Struebe M. Glucocorticoid-induced reduction of. prostanoid synthesis in TPA-differentiated U937 cells is mainly due to a reduced cyclooxygenase activity. Biochem Pharmacol. 1990; 40: 1307–16.
Hulkower KI, Wertheimer SJ, Levin Wet al. Interleukin-113 induces cytosolic phospholipase A2 and prostaglandin H synthase in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. Evidence for their roles in the production of prostaglandin E2. Arthritis Rheum. 1994; 37: 653–61.
Wilder RL. Streptococcal cell wall-induced polyarthritis in rats. In: Greenwald RA, Diamond HS, editors. CRC Handbook of Animal Models for the Rheumatic Diseases. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Inc., 1988: 33–40.
Crofford LJ, Wilder RL. Arthritis and autoimmunity in animals. In: McCarty DJ, Koopman WJ, editors. Arthritis and Allied Conditions. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger; 1993: 525–39.
Sano H, HIa T, Maier JAM et al. In vivo cyclooxygenase expression in synovial tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and rats with adjuvant and streptococcal cell wall arthritis. J Clin Invest. 1992; 89: 97–108.
Masferrer JL, Zweifel BS, Manning PT et al. Selective inhibition of inducible cyclooxygenase 2 in vivo is antiinflammatory and nonulcerogenic. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994; 91: 3228–32.
Vane JR, Mitchell JA, Appleton I et al. Inducible isoforms of cyclooxygenase and nitric-oxide synthase in inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994; 91: 2046–50.
Sugiyama E, Taki H, Kuroda A, Mino T, Hori T, Kobayashi M. Interleukin-4 inhibits prostaglandin E2 production by freshly prepared rheumatoid synovial cells via inhibition of biosynthesis and gene expression of cyclooxygenase II but not those of cyclooxygenase I. Arthritis Rheum. 1995; 38 (suppl): S352.
Xie W, Fletcher BS, Andersen RD, Herschman HR. v-src induction of the TIS 10/PGS2 prostaglandin synthase gene is mediated by an ATF/CRE transcription response element. Mol Cell Biol. 1994; 14: 6531–9.
Sirois J, Richards JS. Transcription regulation of the rat prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2 gene in granulosa cells: Evidence for the role of a cis-acting C/EBPß promoter element. J Biol Chem. 1993; 268: 21931–8.
Shaw G, Kamen R. A conserved AU sequence from the 3’ untranslated region of GM-CSF mRNA mediates selective mRNA degradation. Cell. 1986; 29: 659–67.
Rïstimaki A, Garfinkel S, Wessendorf J, Maciag T, Hla T. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 by interleukin- I alpha. Evidence for post-transcriptional regulation. J Biol Chem. 1994; 269: 11769–75.
Brinckerhoff DR, Harris ED Jr. Survival of rheumatoid synovium implanted into nude mice. Am J Pathol. 1981; 103: 411–8.
Lafyatis R, Remmers EF, Roberts AB, Yocum DE, Sporn MB, Wilder RL. Anchorage-independent growth of synoviocytes from arthritis and normal joints: Stimulation by exogenous platelet derived growth factor and inhibition by transforming growth factor-beta and retinoids. J Clin Invest. 1989; 83: 1267–76.
Arend WP, Dayer J-M. Cytokines and cytokine inhibitors or antagonists in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1990; 33: 305–15.
Hempel SL, Monick MM, He B, Yano T, Hunninghake GW. Synthesis of prostaglandin H synthase-2 by human alveolar macrophages in response to lipopolysaccharide is inhibited by decreased cell oxidant tone. J Biol Chem. 1994; 269: 32979–84.
Wilbom J, DeWitt DL, Peters-Golden M. Expression and role of cyclooxygenase isoforms in alveolar and peritoneal macrophages. Am J Physiol. 1995; 268: L294–301.
de Brum-Fernandes Ai, Laporte S, Heroux M et al. Expression of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase- I and prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 in human osteoblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994;198:955 —60.
Morrisset S, Lora M, Leduc R, de Brum-Femandes AJ. Regulation of the expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in bovine chondroblasts in culture. Arthritis Rheum. 1995; 39 (suppl.): S389.
Abramson SB, Weissman G. The mechanisms of action of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Arthritis Rheum. 1989; 32: 1–9.
Hench PS, Kendall EC, Slocumb LH, Polley HF. The effect of a hormone of the adrenal cortex (17-hydroxy-Il-dehydrocorticosterone: compound E) and of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone on rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Mayo Clin. 1949; 24: 181–97.
Neeck G, Federlin K, Graef V, Rusch D, Schmidt KL. Adrenal secretion of cortisol in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1989; 17: 24–9.
Cash JM, Crofford LJ, Gallucci WT et al. Pituitary-adrenal responsiveness to ovine corticotropin releasing hormone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with lose dose prednisone. J Rheumatol. 1992;19:1692— 6.
Chikanza IC, Petrou P, Kingsley G, Chrousos G, Panayi GS. Defective hypothalamic response to immune and inflammatory stimuli in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1991; 35: 1281–8
Kirwan JR. The effect of glucocorticoids on joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 1995; 333: 142–6.
Bjamason I, Macpherson A, Schupp J, Hayllar J. A randomised, double blind, crossover comparative endoscopy study on the tolerability of flosulide, a selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor, and naproxen. Arthritis Rheum. 1995; 38 (suppl.): S280.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers and William Harvey Press
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Crofford, L.J. (1996). Expression and regulation of COX-2 in synovial tissues of arthritic patients. In: Vane, J., Botting, J., Botting, R. (eds) Improved Non-Steroid Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: COX-2 Enzyme Inhibitors. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9029-2_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9029-2_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-9031-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-010-9029-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive