Abstract
In the past two centuries, mainly because the sources have been fragmentary and widely dispersed and because some scholars have found it rather easy to repeat the mistakes of others, biographical studies of Van Swieten have appeared which, in their varying commitments to accuracy, have tended to mix facts indiscriminately with conjecture.1 The result has been the creation of a tangled web of truths, improbabilities, unlikelihoods, and absurdities. It is essential that the confusion be ended — especially the confusion concerning his family and youth. There is much that we do not know. Once this is admitted, the actual story — necessarily imperfect — must be carefully constructed from the genealogical records which do survive.2
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LeidGA, Doop-en trouwboeken van de R.K. kerken (Jesuites), 1700 It was customary to baptize infants immediately; birth and baptismal dates, therefore, usually are identical.
Born November 19, 1698. LeidGA, Doop-en trouwboeken van de R.K. kerken (Hooigracht), 1698
Born, respectively, October 16, 1701; May 27, 1703; August 22, 1705; and December 2, 1708. LeidGA, Doop-en trouwboeken van de R.K. kerken, respectively, (Hooigracht), 1701; (Jesuites), r7o5; and (Fransche Karmelieten),17o8
LeidGA, Notarieel Archief, 1469, doc. 220.
Married in Haarlem in August, 1661. LeidGA, Rechterlijk Archief, 88, Vol. D, fol. 347. There seems to be a strong inclination among some authorities to identify Catharina with the more socially prominent family Brederode, as in Müller, p. 2; D. L. van Swieten, col. 5; and Wurzbach, p. 49. The archival records and the studies of Bijleveld do not bear this out.
“On the Breestraat near the Posthouse,” according to the Naamwyzer, waar in vertoond werden de namen van de ... Heeren Regenten der Stad Leyden... met derselver woonplaatsen, e.g., 1712, p. 26. The 1700 Naamwyzer, p. 14, indicates that he held this occupation since 1694. See also Bijleveld, Maandblad.., col. 262. The occupation of notary was evidently a family tradition; the Van Swietens often served the prosperous Roman Catholic community.
She was the daughter of Gerard and Sara (van Bancken) Loo. For the first civil notice of marriage, November 9, 1697, see LeidGA, Rechterlijk Archief, 88, Vol. G, fol. 204 verso. Bijleveld, Maandblad.., col. 263. notes a civil marriage in Haarlem on November 25, 1697. LeidGA, Doop-en trouwboeken van de R.K. kerken (Hooigracht), 1697, records the ecclesiastical ceremony in Leiden on November 26, 1697.
According to LeidGA, Register van begrafenizen 1704–1709, she was buried in the Pieters-kerk between December 29, 1708 and January 5, 1709; LeidGA, Rechterlijk Archief, 213, records the impost on her burial paid on December 29. After her death, according to Bijleveld, Maandblad.., col. 263, Thomas’ second marriage was short-lived.
Not July 14 as in Bijleveld, Maandblad. , col. 263. The LeidGA, Register van begrafe-nizen 1709–1714, records that he was buried in the Pieterskerk during the week of July 9–16, 1712; and according to LeidGA, Rechterlijk Archief, 213, the burial tax was paid on July 13. The inventory of his property made by Johannes Swanenburg, dated October 25, 1712 (LeidGA, Notarieel Archief, 1469, doc. 22o) is explicit: Thomas died on July 8. Cf. Bijleveld, Maandblad.., col. 264, on Thomas’ wealth.
Also executed by Swanenburg the day before Thomas died and delivered to the orphans’ court July 19. LeidGA, Weeskamer Archief, 142, fol. 222.
On July 14, 1712, according to LeidGA, Notarieel Archief, 1469, doc. 196. She was buried in the Hooglandse Kerk between July 16–23 (LeidGA, Register van begrafenizen 1709–1714) and the impost was paid July 18 (LeidGA, Rechterlijk Archief, 213 — which also records the fact that she was an “unmarried klopje”)
Testament executed by Swanenburg July 3, 1712 (LeidGA, Notarieel Archief, 1469, doc. 176) and inventory of August 27 (Ibid, doc. 196).
She was buried in that town on March 1, 1717. LeidGA, Secretarie Archief, 1575–1851, 4165. Bijleveld, Maandblad.., col. 262, believes she cared for Gerard after his father’s death; but there is no evidence to indicate where he lived.
Louvain, Université Catholique, Matricule de l’Université de Louvain (8 vols., Brussels, 1903–63), VII, 325. Thus, the often stated age of sixteen (e.g., Fischer, p. 3; Gerster, p. 163; Morel, p. 213; Müller, p. 3; Wurzbach, p. 37) is incorrect.
John Lothrop Motley, The rise of the Dutch Republic (3 vols., New York, 1856), and History of the United Netherlands (4 vols., New York, 1867).
Pieter Geyl, The revolt of the Netherlands (1555-1609) (New York, 1958) ; the history of the country is continued in his The Netherlands in the seventeenth century (2 vols., New York, 1961–64), Part I covering 1609–48 and Part II 1648–1715.
Geyl, The Netherlands in the seventeenth century, I, 142
For example in Lisse, a town not very far from Leiden, as described by J. A. Schimmel, “Katholiek reveil in Lisse,” ,Jaarboekje your geschiedenis en oudheidkunde van Leiden en omstreken, XLVI (1954), 128–36. (This journal will hereafter be referred to by its popular cover title, Leids jaarboekje.)
Léopold Willaert, Les origines du Jansénisme dans les Pays-Bas catholiques (Gembloux, 1948), Vol. I, Pt. II, chap. III; Préclin and Jarry, chap. XI.
On the Church of Utrecht (which later developed into the Old Catholic Church) see B. A. van Kleef, Geschiedenis van de Oud-Katholieke Kerk van Nederland (Assen, 1953), an indis-pensable book with a valuable bibliography, and, the only recent work in English, C. B. Moss, The Old Catholic movement, its origins and history (2nd ed., London, 1964). Rogier, Vol. II, chaps. IX and X, also traces the events in considerable detail.
E. Préclin, Les gansénistes du XVllle siècle et la constitution civile du clergé; le développement du Richérisme, sa propagation dans le bas clergé 1713–1791 (Paris, 1929), p. 278.
This is the valuable thesis of Emile Appolis, Le “tiers parti” Catholique au XVIlle siècle; entre jansénistes et zelanti (Paris, 196o). Unfortunately Appolis identifies Van Swieten (pp. 265, 373, 50o) as an outright, declared Jansenist — a judgment which we hope to qualify here. Also, except for a brief mention (p. 30) and a notice on Neercassel (pp. 44–45), Appolis does not treat the situation in the United Provinces.
It was little affected by the Huguenot exiles of 1685; by 1709 all but a few of them had moved on to other places; see W. J. J. C. Bijleveld, “Leiden, stad der refugié’s,” Leids jaar-boekje, XXXV (1943), 106–07. On the Jewish population, which in 1737 numbered 65 adults and 88 children, see D. S. van Zuiden, “lets uit de geschiedenis der joden te Leiden,” Leids jaarboekje, XVII (1920), 76–96.
Ibid, pp. 396–97; and H. E. van Berckel, “De admissie van Pater Des Martins, bewerkt door de Leidsche studenten. 1726–1727,” Bijdragen voor de geschiedenis van het bisdom van Haarlem, XXV (Igoo), Appendix A, 183–84.
J. Barten, “Cathechismusonderricht en eerst communie bij de Jesuiten te Leiden ge-durende de zeventiende en achttiende eeuw,” Archief voor de geschiedenis van de Katholieke kerk in Nederland, I (1959),250
P. J. Blok, Geschiedenis eener Hollandsche stad (4 vols., The Hague, 1910–18, III, 306.
It is no longer standing but visitors may see its interior restored in the city museum, the Lakenhal
A good study is Eugenia Theissing’s doctoral dissertation for the University of Utrecht, Over klopjes en kwezels (Utrecht, 1935) ; also Rogier, II, 368–72.
Rogier, II, 370, outrightly rejects this popular explanation.
Blok, III, 305; Theissing, pp. 193-94.
Theissing, p. 194. Yet a convent was reported in 1680 (Ibid, p. 62).
WienHHSA, Belgien, Repertorium DD, Abteilung B, 3, Fasz. 149–51 (hereafter re-ferred to as “Marianne Reports”) : Königsegg to Francis, November g, t 744.
LeidGA, Secretarie Archief, 2278, p. 69.
Henri Pirenne, “Le régime Autrichien,” in his Histoire de Belgique (2nd ed., Brussels, 1926), V, Bk. III, 391.
Edmond Reusens, ed., Documents relatifs a l’histoire de l’Université de Louvain (1425–1797) (Louvain, 1881–1902), I, 2. On the history of the university see also F. Claeys Bouuaert, L’ancienne Université de Louvain; études et documents (Louvain, 1956) ; Paul Delannoy, L’ Univer-sité de Louvain (Paris, 1915); the rather popular work by Valentin Denis, Catholic University of Louvain, 1425–1958, trans. Bartholomew Egan (London, 1958) ; the anonymous L’ Université de Louvain; coup d’oeil sur son histoire et ses institutions, 1425–1900 (Brussels, 1900); and the excel-lent essays on various topics in Léon van der Essen, ed., L’ Université de Louvain a travers cinq siècles (Brussels, 1927).
F. Christophre Butkens, Trophées tant sacrés que profanes du duché de Brabant (The Hague, 1724–26), Supplement II, 398.
On the constitution of the university see Delannoy, chap. IV; Reusens, I, 241ff.; and L’Université de Louvain; coup d’oeil.., pp. 23–34. (The two Faculties of Law were sometimes
Delannoy, pp. 146–54; Reusens, Vol. IV; L’Université de Louvain; coup d’oeil. ., pp. 30–34.
The house was on the Penninckstrate (later the Rue de Savoie) ; but the college also occupied several other neighboring buildings, including the Cauldron on the Rue Tirlemont. On the Falcon, see Reusens, IV, 299–442.
Ibid, pp. 377, 420–22.
Claeys Bouuaert, L’ancienne Université, p. 128.
Ibid, p. 152; Willaert, I, 351.
Quoted in Claeys Bouuaert, L’ancienne Université, p. 153.
Quoted by Geyl, The Netherlands in the seventeenth century, II, 209.
Willaert, I, Pt. III, especially p. 372.
Claeys Bouuaert, L’ancienne Université, pp. 161–64.
Ibid, chap. VIII, pays particular attention to the legal aspects.
On Van Espen’s involvement see Bertrand van Bilsen, De invloed van Zeger Bernard van Espen op het ontstaan van de kerk van Utrecht (The Hague, 1942); and Leclerc, pp. 86–105.
UtrAOBC, 758: Letter [1702]. Copy? (not in Van Espen’s hand but possibly dictated by him) in Dutch.
Lucianus Ceyssens, “P. Bernard Désirant en de `Fourberie’ van Leuven (1707–1708),” in his Jansenistica, II (Mechlin, 1953), 231–304; Leclerc, pp. 69–71
Claeys Bouuaert, L’ancienne Université, p. 174.
Clacys Bouuaert, L’ancienne Université, p. 173
Claeys Bouuaert, L’ancienne Université, p. 178.
For a checklist see Leclerc, pp. xiii—xx.
On the development of Jansenism in Italy see Leclerc, pp. 390–41o; and Préclin and Jarry, XIX:i, 265–7o, and XIX:2, 794–801 (including bibliography).
Reusens, IV, 419–20; Académie... Brussels, Biographie nationale, XXVI, cols. 562–67.
Reusens, IV, 42o; Leclerc, pp. 79, 363; Académie... Brussels, Biographie nationale, II
Reusens, IV, 377; Leclerc, pp. 8o, 92, 95, 125; Claeys Bouuaert, L’ancienne Université, pp. 174, 267–70; Académie... Brussels, Biographie nationale, XVI, cols 243–45.
Claeys Bouuaert, L’ancienne Université, p. 177. 100 Reusens, IV, 420–21.
Ibid, III, 113–16; IV, 422–23> 440–41•
Ibid, IV, 401; Claeys Bouuaert, L’ancienne Université, P. 177, n. 91.
Préclin, Les Jansénistes, pp. 432-33.
Rudolf Kink, Geschichte der kaiserlichen Universität zu Wien (Vienna, 1854), I:,, 490, n. 644.
Revolt of the Netherlands p. 267.
Essen, L’Université de Louvain, p. 121.
Essen, L’Université de Louvain, p. 200; and by the same author, “Un document inédit sur la décadence de l’Université de Louvain au commencement du XVIIIe siècle,” Bulletin de la Commission Royale d’Histoire (Académie Royale de Belgique), LXXXVII (1923), 191–222; Maurits Sabbe, “Het leven ende den cours der studenten.” Tijdschraft voor boek-en bibliotheek-wezen, VI (1908), 75–87.
Essen, L’Université de Louvain, p. 198.
Académie... Paris, Histoire, 1772:1, p. 115; Louis, p. 233.
Essen, L’ Université de Louvain, p. 172.
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Brechka, F.T. (1970). The Early Years. In: Gerard Van Swieten and His World 1700–1772. Archives Internationales D’Histoire Des Idées/International Archives of the History of Ideas, vol 36. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-3223-0_2
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