Abstract
In 1858, on the eve of those dramatic political and diplomatic developments which led to the creation of the Kingdom of Italy, Carlo Cattaneo was perhaps even more aloof from political involvement than he had been prior to the revolution of 1848. He was certainly not free of worries, resulting from personal difficulties and from the frustrating political events of the decade, but, on the whole, he was grateful for his small Swiss “paradise” as he called Castagnola. And he could be proud of his contribution to Canton Ticino, a contribution which the local authorities recognized and for which they rewarded him with an honorary citizenship.1 As in 1847–48, however, he found it difficult to avoid debate with his politically committed friends, who expected him to play a role in Italy’s future or, at least, to express his opinion on the important issues of the day.
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References
Carte Cattaneo, I/20/2 (May 1858) and ibid., I/21/1 (April 1859).
F. Della Peruta, I democratici e la rivoluzione italiana is useful on this question, but see also Alfonso Scirocco, I democratici italiani da Sapri a Porta Pia (Naples: ESI, 1969).
Cattaneo to Macchi, Lugano, Christmas 1858, Epistolario C.C., III, 89–90. “And Meneghino (the Milanese common man) believes everything, as usual,” he wrote, “… may God help him.”
Macchi to Cattaneo, ibid., IV, 663–65.
Macchi to Cattaneo, Turin, January 1, 1859, Epistolario C.C., IV, 663–65.
See, for instance, Tito Omboni to Cattaneo, Turin (?), January 24, 1859, Carte Cattaneo, VII/25/6; and Cattaneo to Bertani, Lugano, January 11, 1859, Epistolario C.C., III, 93–94.
The series of letters is available in Scritti politici, II, 483–519.
Scritti politici, II, 494.
Scritti politici, II, 500.
Ibid., II, 514–16. See also Cattaneo to Brénier, Lugano, February 1, 1859, Epistolario C.C., III, 98–100.
Scritti politici, II, 515. In the summer of 1849, Cattaneo had protested strongly against the French intervention in Rome and had suggested a boycott of French goods. See “Circolare contro il commercio francese” (July 1849), Tutte le Opere de C.C., IV, 739–41.
Bertani to Cattaneo, Genoa, February 1, 1859, Epistolario C.C., III, 551–52.
Same to Same, Genoa, March 13, 1859, ibid., 552–55.
Brénier to Same, Paris (?), February 9, 1859, Carte Cattaneo, VII/25/8.
Macchi to Same, Turin, March 13, 1859, ibid., VII/25/15.
Lugano, May 1859, Epistolario C.C., III, 138–44. In April 1859, Cattaneo expressed his view of Bonapartism in several other letters to his brother-in-law, which were apparently not sent. See Carte Cattaneo, II/19/19 and 21.
Lugano, May 1859, Epistolario C.C., III, 142.
For Mazzini’s declaration, see The Making of Italy, 1796–1870 edited by Denis Mack Smith (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), 263–65.
Lugano, May 1, 1859, Epistolario C.C., III, 132–37.
Ibid.
Epistolario C.C., III, 132–37.
Ibid.
See Cattaneo’s answer to Daelli, Lugano, June 9, 1859, Epistolario C.C., III, 150–52.
Same to the Congregazione Municipale, Lugano, June 18, 1859, ibid., 156–57.
See Same to the President of the Istituto Lombardo, Lugano, November 23, 1859, ibid., 219–221. A letter of thanks for helping him resolve the controversy over his pension.
See Same to Luigi Manzoni, Lugano, August 11, 1859, ibid., 184–85.
Cattaneo to C. Negri, Lugano, June 28, 1859, Epistolario C.C., III, 161–66. Certainly Cattaneo remembered that Vacani in 1844–45 had presented Notizie naturali e civili su la Lombardia to the highest officials of the Habsburg Empire. For this issue, see also Storia di Milano, XV, 7–8.
See Cattaneo to C. Negri, Lugano, June 28, 1859, Epistolario C.C., III, 161–66.
See, for instance, Osvaldo Perini to Same, Milan, July 3, 1859, Carte Cattaneo, VII/25/38.
See Cattaneo’s comments to Daelli, Lugano, July 10, 1859, Epistolario C.C., III, 169–72.
Daelli to Cattaneo, Milan, late July 1859, Carte Cattaneo, VII/25/46.
See Cattaneo’s “L’armistizio di Villafranca,” originally written for Gazzetta Ticinese, Epistolario C.C., III, 559–60.
See the Manifesto for vol. VIII of Il Politecnico [New Series (November 1859)], Scritti filosofici, letterari e vari, 722–25.
Daelli to Cattaneo, Milan, January 6–7, 1860, Carte Cattaneo, VII/26/6–7.
Cattaneo to Daelli, Lugano, January 25, 1860, Epistolario C.C., III, 257–58.
Lugano, January 28, 1860, ibid., 263–64.
For a discussion of Cattaneo’s candidacy and of the political climate in Lombardy during the campaign, see R. Caddeo, “Lo spirito pubblico nella Lombardia agli inizi del 1860. Gruppi politici, candidature e contrasti a Milano,” Il Risorgimento, II (2), 1950, 110–127.
See, for instance, Daelli to Cattaneo, Milan, February 12, 1860, Epistolario C.C., III, 265.
See Ferrari to Cattaneo, Milan, March 6, 1860, Carte Cattaneo, VII/26/67.
See R. Caddeo’s notes to Cattaneo’s answer to Daelli, Lugano, March 18, 1860, Epistolario C.C., III, 300–303.
Ibid.
Cattaneo to Daelli, Lugano, March 26, 1860, ibid., 311–312. For a discussion of the election, see R. Caddeo, “La movimentata elezione di Carlo Cattaneo a deputato del V° Collegio di Milano,” Il Risorgimento, III (1), 1951, 42–52.
Cattaneo informed Daelli of his decision on March 26 (see above). The official notice to the President of the Chamber of Deputies was sent on April 12, 1860 (Epistolario C.C., III, 328).
See Scritti e discorsi di Gustavo Modena, 1831–1860, edited by Terenzio Grandi (Rome: Istituto per la Storia del Risorgimento Italiano, 1957), 217.
Cattaneo to Bertani, Lugano, April 21, 1860, Epistolario C.C., III, 335–36.
Same to Giovanni Polli, Lugano, April 2, 1860, ibid., 317–31.
“Savoja e Nizza” (April 1860), Scritti politici, IV, 46–61.
Ibid.
Cattaneo to Temistocle Solera and the Gazzetta di Milano, Lugano, May 12, 1860, Epistolario C.C., III, 347–49.
Bertani to Cattaneo, Genoa, April 30, 1860, Epistolario C.C., III, 567–68.
See Cattaneo’s answer, Lugano, April (?) 1859, ibid., 122–24.
See, for instance, Cattaneo to Bertani, Lugano, June 27, 1860, Carte Cattaneo, II/20/86.
Same to the Marios, Lugano, June 9, 1860, Epistolario C.C., III, 357–58.
See Francesco Crispi, I Mille, edited by Tommaso Palamenghi-Crispi from documents in the family archives (Milan: Treves, 1912).
For interpretations of Garibaldi’s expedition and of its consequences, see Smith, Cavour and Garibaldi. A Study in Political Conflict (Cambridge University Press, 1954)
and Francesco Brancato, La dittatura garibaldina nel Mezzogiorno e in Sicilia (Trapani: Celebes, 1965). For a revisionist interpretation, favorable to the Bourbons, but not uncritical, see Harold Acton, The Last Bourbons of Naples, 1825–1861.
Palermo, June 23, 1860, Carte Cattaneo, VII/27/178.
Cattaneo to Crispi, Lugano, July 18, 1860, Epistolario C.C., III, 371–73.
For Cavour’s policy, see La liberazione del Mezzogiorno e la formazione del Regno d’Italia: Carteggi di Camillo Cavour, edited by the Commissione Editrice per gli Scritti di Cavour (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1949–54, 5 vols.), especially vols. 1–2 (January-July 1860) and vol. 3 (October-November 1860).
See Denis Mack Smith, Modern Sicily (New York: The Viking Press, 1968), 438–39.
Cattaneo to Bertani, Lugano, July 27, 1860, Epistolario C.C., III, 374–75.
Letters of August 15 and 22, 1860, RSCM, Archivio Agostino Bertani, VI/1/50–51.
See Cattaneo’s answer to Garibaldi, Milan, August 25, 1860, Biblioteca dell’Istituto per la Storia del Risorgimento Italiano (Rome), Archivio Adriano Lemmi, Busta 400, Plico 27, No. 1 (hereinafter cited as BISR, Archivio Lemmi, 400/37/1).
See several letters by Daelli (August 1860) in Carte Cattaneo, VII/27.
Cattaneo to his wife, Milan, August 25, 1860, Epistolario C.C., III, 383. Brénier’s second mission to Naples (June 1859-August 1860) is discussed in Harold Acton, The Last Bourbons of Naples, 1825–1861, 388–482. See also the memoirs of Brénier’s British colleague (and rival), Sir Henry George Elliot, Some Revolutions and Other Diplomatic Experiences (New York: Dutton, 1922)
and Documenti francesi sulla caduta del Regno Meridionale, edited by Costanzo Maraldi (Naples: Società Napoletana di storia patria, 1935).
Cattaneo to the Council of State of Canton Ticino, Epistolario C.C., III, 388–90. Request for leave of absence.
Same to his wife, Naples, September 21, ibid., 392.
Macchi to Cattaneo, Genoa, September 15, 1860, Carte Cattaneo, VII/27/214.
Epistolario C.C., III, 397.
Macchi to Cattaneo, Genoa, September 25, 1860, ibid., 572–73.
See, for instance, BISR, Archivio Lemmi, 400/40/4 (September 25, 1860).
See ibid., 400/35/1 (Fall 1860).
Cattaneo to Garibaldi, Naples, September 29, 1860, Epistolario C.C., III, 403–404.
Ibid., 400/35/1 and 2 (Fall 1860).
See the extensive Cattaneo-Lemmi correspondence (1861–1864), ibid., 400/33, 34, 38 and 40.
Epistolario C.C., III, 575–76.
Cattaneo to his wife, Naples, October 5, 1860, Carte Cattaneo, II/20/22.
For Garibaldi’s policy, see D. Mack Smith, Cavour and Garibaldi. For the attempts by liberal-democratic elements to influence the General’s policy, see R. Caddeo, “Carlo Cattaneo e il tentativo federalista del 1860 nel Mezzogiorno,” Il Risorgimento, I (1), 1949, 27–36
Francesco Brancato, “Carlo Cattaneo e l’opposizione democratica in Sicilia e a Napoli nel 1860,” Nuovi Quaderni Meridionali, I (1), 1963, 1–26
and Giuseppe Berti, I democratici e Viniziativa meridionale nel Risorgimento (Milan: Feltrinelli, 1962).
The reasons behind Garibaldi’s decision are summarized in S. B. Clough and Salvatore Saladino, A History of Modem Italy (Columbia University Press, 1968), 122.
See Lemmi to Cattaneo, Naples, November 21 and December 10, 1860, Epistolario C.C., III, 576–79 and 580–82. See also Cattaneo to Lemmi, Lugano, December 16, 1860, ibid., 437–38.
Milan, November 4, 1860, Carte Cattaneo, VII/27/221.
Scritti politici, II, 519–524.
For Cattaneo’s most important political and economic essays after 1860, see Scritti politici, IV, 107–460 and Scritti economici, III, 337–459.
See, for instance, “Nazione armata” (June 1861), originally written for Il Politecnico, Scritti politici, IV, 131–47.
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© 1972 Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands
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Lovett, C.M. (1972). Cattaneo and the Politics of Italian Unification, 1859–1860. In: Carlo Cattaneo and the Politics of the Risorgimento, 1820–1860. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-2373-3_5
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