Abstract
The events of 1848–49 forced men not only to rethink their politics but also to confront more systematically a newer set of problems such as pauperism, crime, emigration, and the other consequences of urbanization, industrialization, and population growth. The “social questions,” which had already begun to agitate Germans during the 1840’s, received closer scrutiny from many writers after the upheavals at mid-century, even though the intellectuals who felt that these problems actually outweighed political ones in importance still remained in a minority.1
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References
On the history of the phrase “die soziale Frage,” a direct translation from the French “la question sociale,” see Otto Ladendorf, Historisches Schlagwörterbuch (Strassburg and Berlin, 1906), 291.
Theodore S. Hamerow, Restoration, Revolution, Reaction (Princeton, 1958), 207–210, 241–242, and The Social Foundations of German Unification, 1858–1871: Ideas and Institutions (Princeton, 1969), 12–13, 20, 25, 27, 29, 41–43, 50, 54, 57, 78–83.
On arguments for free enterprise during the Vormärz, see Donald G. Rohr, The Origins of Social Liberalism in Germany (Chicago and London, 1963), 78–101; for similar sentiments during the 1860’s, see Hamerow, The Social Foundations of German Unification, 95–106, 167–172.
G. Landau, “Die materiellen Zustände der untern Classen in Deutschland sonst und jetzt,” in Germania, II, 625, 627; Biedermann, Frauen-Brevier, 347–348.
On Welcker and Biedermann before 1848, see Rohr, 112–116, 147–154; for the 1850’s, see Biedermann, Frauen-Brevier, 334 ff., 352–354. See Hans Rosenberg, Grosse Depression und Bismarckzeit (Berlin, 1967), 81, 127, on the effect of economic improvement on social protest in the 1850’s.
See the following studies on this current of German social thought: Hamerow, The Social Foundations of German Unification, 1858–1871: Ideas and Institutions 117–132, 200–221; William O. Shanahan, German Protestants Face the Social Question (Notre Dame, 1954), 239–301; Karl Valerius Herberger, Die Stellung der preussischen Konservativen zur sozialen Frage, 1848–62 (Meissen, 1914).
Riehl, Die bürgerliche Gesellschaft, 5, 273. Many highly appreciative pieces have been written about Riehl, but there is still no satisfactory full-scale treatment. There are interesting analyses of his ideas in Eckart Pankoke, Sociale Bewegung — Sociale Frage — Sociale Politik: Grundfragen der deutschen “Socialwissenschaft” im 19. Jahrhundert (Stuttgart, 1970), 61–66, 115–119.
Fritz Wöhler, Joseph Edmund Jörg and die sozialpolitische Richtung im deutschen Katholizismus (Leipzig, 1929), 83; Wagener, “Vorwort,” 2.
Franz Josef Stegmann, Von der ständischen Reform zur staatlichen Sozialpolitik: Der Beitrag der Historisch-politischen Blätter zur Lösung der sozialen Frage (Munich and Vienna, 1965), 51–52, 127–129.
On Wagener, see the following: Wolfgang Saile, Hermann Wagener und sein Verhältniss zu Bismarck: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des konservativen Sozialismus (Tübingen, 1958), 44–52, 63; Shanahan, 272–280, 362 ff.; Herberger, passim. For the reference to competition, see Wagener, 9. See the following unsigned articles in the early volumes of Wagener’s Neues Conversations-Lexikon on the various estates of society: “Ackerbau,” “Adel,” and “Adels-Theorie und Adels-Reform,” in Vol. I (1859), 242–260, 321–373, 377–385; “Arbeit, Arbeitszeit,” in Vol. II (1859), 478488; “Bauer” and “Bauernstand,” in Vol. III (1860), 367–372, 383–388; “Bourgeoisie” and “Bürger, Bürgerstand, Bürgerthum,” in Vol. IV (1860), 358–366, 672–675.
Ingwer Paulsen, Viktor Aimé Huber als Sozialpolitiker (2nd ed., Berlin, 1956), 61.
Huber, review of Riehl, 74–75. Huber’s criticisms of credit co-operatives were implicit, in that he never showed much interest in them. For his criticisms of production co-operatives, see his Ausgewählte Schriften, 824 ff. See Schulze-Delitzsch’s Assoziationsbuch für deutsche Handwerker and Arbeiter (Leipzig, 1853) for a good summary of his ideas. See Huber, “Die cooperative Association in Deutschland,” 78–83, for criticism of working-class militancy.
For biographical background, see Werner Schmidt, Lorenz von Stein (Eckenförde, 1956). For Stein’s ideas, see Heinz Nitzschke, Die Geschichtsphilosophie Lorenz von Steins (Munich and Berlin, 1932), and Pankoke, 75–99, 126–134.
Ibid. cxiii-cxvii; Heinrich Künne, Lorenz von Stein und die arbeitende Klasse (Münster, 1926), 40.
See the discussion of Frantz, Die Staatskrankheit, in Eugen Stamm, Konstantin Frantz’ Schriften und Leben, 1817–1856 (Heidelberg, 1907), 239–249; on Wagener, see Saile, 44–52.
Richard W. Reichard, Crippled from Birth: German Social Democracy, 18441870 (Ames, Iowa, 1969), 99–119.
See G. D. H. Cole, A History of Socialist Thought, II (London, 1954), 14–31, for a comparative treatment of Rodbertus and Mario. Rodbertus and Lassalle are treated in Charles Gide and Charles Rist, A History of Economic Doctrines, trans. R. Richards (2nd English ed., London, 1948), 416–437.
Ibid., 6–8, 3, 72, 74–75, 79; Rodbertus, Zur Beleuchtung der socialen Frage, I (Berlin, 1875; a reprint, unchanged except for pagination, of the second and third of the Sociale Briefe), 54. On Rodbertus’ pre-1848 writings, see H[einrich] Dietzel, Karl Rodbertus, I (Jena, 1886), 5 ff., 20–21.
Rodbertus, Sociale Briefe, I, 6–7, 81, 43–46; F. Thorwart, Hermann SchulzeDelitzsch (Berlin, 1913), 78–80.
Mario, Programm, 1–5; W. Ed. Biermann, Karl Georg Winkelblech (Karl Mario), I (Leipzig, 1909), 113–115.
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© 1974 Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands
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Lees, A. (1974). Conflicting Answers to the Social Questions. In: Revolution and Reflection. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-2065-7_5
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