Abstract
A collation of Medieval commentaries on the Cleansing finds that they divide into three categories. The first is the “Gregorian” group. Men closely associated with Gregory VII and identified with the Reform had an interest in the Cleansing of the Temple that was intense, and their accounts are the fullest. It is with them that we find direct personal connections with the Matilda Gospels.
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References
St. Ambrose, Sermo contra Auxentium, PL, Vol. 16, cols. 1055–1057;
also N.A. Weber, A History of Simony in the Christian Church from the Beginning to the Death of Charlemagne (814), Baltimore, 1909, pp. 56–57.
St. Jerome, Commentary on Mark, PL, Vol. 30, col. 644; CC, Vol. 78, pt. II, pp. 491–495, Commentary on Matthew, PL, Vol. 26, cols. 155–157, CC, Vol. 77, pt. I, section 7, pp. 186–188, Commentary on Matthew, PL, Vol. 29, cols. 601–602; Commentary on John, PL, Vol. 29, cols. 690–691.
St. Augustine, Tract X on John, PL, Vol. 35, cols. 1468–70, CC, Vol. 36, pt. 8, pp. 102–104
N.A. Weber, A History of Simony in the Christian Church from the Beginning to the Death of Charlemagne (814), Baltimore, 1909, p. 60.
St. Leo the Great, Sermon XIV, PL, Vol. 54, col. 507.
Gelasius the First, Epistle IX, PL, Vol. 59, col. 53.
St. Gregory the Great, HomilylV, PL, Vol. 76, col. 1091, Homily XVIII PL, Vol. 76, col. 1145.
Bede, Homily XLII, PL, Vol. 94, cols. 371–362.
Paul the Deacon, Homily LXXIV, PL, Vol. 95, cols. 1219–1222.
Pascasius Radbertus, Commentary on Matthew, PL, Vol. 120, cols. 707–710.
St. Remi of Auxerre, Commentary on Matthew, unpublished but cited by Humbert, PL, Vol. 143, col. 1046.
Atto of Vercelli, De Pressuribus Eccl., PL, Vol. 134, cols. 71–72.
Lambert of Hersfeld, Annals, MGH SS, Vol. V, pp. 221, 254; PL, Vol. 146, cols. 1173, 1232.
Guibert antipope Clement III, Decretals, Libelli, Vol. I, pp. 625–626.
Bernard of St. Blasien, Apologetics, Libelli, Vol. II, p. 67, PL, Vol. 148, col. 1115.
Herrand of Halberstadt, De Causa Heinrici Regis, Libelli, Vol. II, p. 291.
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Sigebert of Gembloux, Epistola ad Leodiensis, Libelli, Vol. Ié p. 456.
Anselm of Laon, Commentary on Matthew, PL, Vol. 162, col. 1427.
Placidius of Nonantola, Liber in Honore Ecclesiae, Libelli, Vol. II, pp. 604, 630–631
PL, Vol. 163, cols. 651–679.
Gerhoh of Reichersberg, Ex Libro de novitatibus huius temporis, Libelli, Vol. III, pp. 288–304.
In addition, Donizo, although not fully employing the figure, alludes to it. Cf. RR.ILSS., Vol. V, pt. 2, p. 62.
Cf. Jean Leclercq, “Simoniaca heresis”, Studi, Vol. I, 1947, pp. 525–530.
Jeffrey Russell, Dissent and Reform in the Early Middle Ages, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1965, o. 17.
For the relation of Gregory VII to Gregory the Great cf. Wilhelm Wéhr, Studien zu Gregor VII-Kirchenreform und Weltpolitik, Munich and Freising, 1930, pp. 85–104. On p. 98 he observes that Gregory VII takes the figure of the Cleansing from Gregory the Great. Cf. also Pacaut, op. cit., p. 94.
The basic source for the life of Peter Damian is the Vita Sancti Petri Damiani of John of Lodi (d. 1105), PL, Vol. 144, cols. 113–116
cf. also Bib1SS, Vol. 10, 1968, cols. 554–574
AASS, Feb. 23 (Vol. 6, pp. 412–433), Mirbt, pp. 7–8
Dictionnaire de théologie catholique, Vol. IV, cols. 40–54.
Also Joseph Kleinermanns, Der heilige Petrus Damiani, Ménch, Bischof, Cardinal, Kirchenvater, Steyl, 1882
Leopold Kéhn, Petrus Damiani und seine Anschauungen éber Staat und Kirche, Karlsruhe, 1913
Hans von Schubert, “Petrus Damiani als Kirchenpolitiker,” Festgabe von Sachgenossen und Freunden Karl Méller zum siebzigsten Geburtstag dargebracht, Tébingen, 1922, pp. 83–102
Owen J. Blum, St. Peter Damian: his Teaching on the Spiritual Life, Washington, D.C., 1947
Owen J. Blum “The Monitor of the Popes, St. Peter Damian,” Studi, Vol. II, 1948, pp. 459–476
Fridolin Dressler, “Petrus Damiani: Leben und Werk,” Studia Anselmiana, Vol. 34, Rome, 1954
J. Gonsette, Pierre Damian et la culture profane, Louvain-Paris, 1956
John Joseph Ryan, Saint Peter Damiani and his Canonical Sources, A Preliminary Study of the Antecedents of the Gregorian Reform, Toronto, 1956
Jean Leclercq, “Saint Pierre Damien ermite et homme d’église”, Uomini e Dottrini, No. 8, Rome, 1960
Studi su San Pier Damiano in onore del Cardinale Amleto Giovanni Cicognani, Faenza, 1961.
Augustin Fliche, op. cit., Vol. I, Paris, 1924, p. 42.
Later Damian wrote a warm letter encouraging the Patarine priests Rodolfo and Vitale to prosecute energetically the reforming work they had already begun. PL, 144, cols. 367–369.
Cf. also Cinzio Violante, “I laicinel movimento Patarino,” I laici nella società christiana dei secoli XI e XII, Atti della terza Settimana internazionale di studi, Pubblicazioni dell’ Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Contributi, Serie III, Varia 5, Miscellanea del Centro di Studi Medioevali, V, Milan, 1968, p. 605.
The primary sources for the embassy to Milan are Bonizo, Liber ad amicum VI, PL, Vol. 150, cols. 803–856
Libelli, Vol. I, pp. 568–620
Damiani, Opuscula, V, in RR.II.SS. Vol. IV, pp. 25 et seqq., Meyer, Vol. 1, pp. 127–131.
Hereafter the edition cited will be Libelli. For secondary accounts see Fliche, op. cit., Vol. I, pp. 40–43; Storia, pp. 149–152
Johannes Haller, Das PapsttuméIdee and Wirklichkeit, Vol. 2, Esslingen-am-Necker, 1950, pp. 328–330
Whitney, op. cit., pp. 147–50.
For the relation between Damian and the Patarines see Piero Zerbi, “Monasteri e riforma a Milano dalla fine del sec. X agli inizi del sec. XII.” Aevum—rassegna di scienze storiche linguistiche e filologiche, Vol. 24, 1950, p. 175
Giovanni Miccoli, “Per la Storia della Pataria milanese”, Bullettino dell’ Istituto storico italiano per il Medio Evo e Archivio Moratoriano, No. 70, 1958, pp. 73–75, 80–82
Meyer, Vol. I pp. 441–442.
The text for the Vita Romualdi is in PL, Vol. 144, col. 953
et seqq. Also MGH SS, Vol. IV, pp. 846–854
AASS, Vol. V (7 Feb.), cols. 106–142.
Dressler, op. cit., p. 85. Von Schubert is at pains to establish the debt of Damian to Cluny. See von Schubert, op. cit., pp. 85–89.
Ryan, op. cit., p. 15; Blum, Teaching, pp. 19–20
Carlo Violante, La Societé milanese del secolo XI, Milan, 1953, pp. 45–56, 66.
Fliche, op. cit., Vol. I, pp. 183–184
Meyer, Vol. I. pp. 317–319.
Blum, Monitor, p. 459.
For the relations between Damian and Gregory see Blum, Monitor, p. 472; Schubert, op. cit., p. 100; Dressler, op. cit., pp. 111–118, 122, 155–162
also Yves M.-J. Congar, “Der Platz des Papsttums in der Kirchenfrömmigkeit der Reformer des 11. Jahrhunderts”, Sentire Ecclesiam—das Bewusstsein von der Kirche als gestaltende Kraft der Frömmigkeit, herausgegeben von Jean Daniélou und Herbert Vorgrimler, Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1961, pp. 203–204
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Cf. Louis Saltet, La Réordination-étude sur le sacrement de l’ordre, Paris, 1907, pp. 190–204.
Dresdner, “Kultur-und Sittengeschichte der italienischen Geistlichkeit im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert”, Breslau, 1890, p. 36
E. Hirsch, “Die Auffassung der simonistischen und schismatischen Weihen im elften Jahrhundert, besonders bei Kardinal Deusdedit”, Archiv für Kirchenrecht, 1907, Vol. XXXVII, p. 25.
A Fragmentary Life of Humbert is contained in Lanfranc of Canterbury’s Adversus Berengarium, PL, Vol. 150, cols. 409–412.
Cf. also Humbert’s Noticia Historica, PL, vol. 143, cols. 913–929.
For secondary sources: Dictionnaire de théologie catholique, Vol. VII, pp. 310–314
H. Halfmann, “Kardinal Humbert-sein Leben und seine Werke…”Göttingen, 1883
Augustin Fliche, “Le Cardinal Humbert de Moyenmoutier, étude sur les origines de la réforme grégorienne”, Revue historique, Vol. 119, 1915, pp. 64 et seqq:
Walter Ullmann, “Cardinal Humbert and the Ecclesia Romana”, Studi, Vol. IV, 1952, pp. 111–127
J.T. Gilchrist, “Cardinal Humbert of Silva-Candida (d. 1061),” Annuale mediaevale, Vol. 3, 1962
Gilchrist, “Humbert of Silva-Candida and the Political Concept of Ecclesia in the Eleventh Century Reform Movement”, The Journal of Religious History, Vol. 2, no. 1, 1962, pp. 13–28.
Congar, op. cit., pp. 203–204
Cf. also Anton Michel, “Die folgenschweren Ideen des Kardinals Humbert und ihr Einfluss auf Gregor VII”, Studi, Vol. I, 1947, p. 83.
Cf. J.T. Gilchrist, “Canon Law Aspects of the Eleventh Century Gregorian Reform Programme”, The Journal of Ecclesiastical History, Vol. 13, 1962, pp. 21–38.
Jules Gay, Les Papes du XIe Siécle et la chrétienté, Paris, 1926. 39 Ullman, op. cit., p. 118.
For the Lotharingians see Gerd Tellenbach, Church, State, and Christian Society at the Time of the Investiture Contest, Oxford, 1940, pp. 101–106.
Humbert’s imputed authorship of the Sententiae (The 74 Titles) is accepted by Michel and Haller, but is challenged by Gilchrist. Cf. Anton Michel, “Die Sentenzen des Kardinals Humbert, das erste Rechtsbuch der pépstlichen Reform,” Schriften d. Reichsinst. f dt. Geschichtskunde, Vol. VII, Leipzig, 1943, pp. 136, et seqq
Michel, “Pseudo-Isidor, Die Sentenzen Humberts und Burckard von Worms im Investiturstreit,” Studi, Vol. III, 1948, pp. 149–161
Joannes Haller, “Pseudoisidors erste Auftreten im Deutschen Investiturstreit”, Studi, Vol. Ié 1948, pp. 91–101
Gilchrist, Political Concept, pp. 13–28
Also Meyer, Vol. I, pp. 104–117.
K. Hampe and J. Baethgen, Deutsche Kaisergeschichte in der Zeit der Sailer and Staufer, Heidelberg, 1961, p. 36.
There is a Vita (misattributed to one Bardo) written in 1087, PL, Vol. 148, cols. 905–940 and MGH SS, Vol. XII, pp. 1–35. Also a brief Vita in MGH SS, Vol. XX, pp. 692–694
Vita Metrica by Rangerio, Third successor to Anselm in Lucca (1097–1112) in MGH SS, Vol. XXX, pt. 2, pp. 1152–1307.
Cf. also AASS, (18 March), Vol. 8, pp. 646–661
BibISS, Vol. II, 1963, Cols. 26–38; DizBIT, Vol. III, 1961, pp. 399–407.
For recent studies cf. Renato Montanari, La “Collectio canonum” de S. Anselmo di Lucca e la riforma gregoriana, Mantua, 1941; Alfonso Stickler, “Il potere coattivo materiale della chiesa nella riforma gregoriana secondo Anselmo di Lucca”, Studi, Vol. 2, 1947, pp. 235–285
G.B. Borino, “Il Monacato e l’investitura di Anselmo, Vescovo di Lucca,” Studi, Vol. V. 1956, pp. 361–374.
Also Mirbt, pp. 38–40, 400
For the authorship of the Vita Anselmi cf. P. Guidi, “Il primicerio luccese Bardo non é l’autore della Vita s. Anselmi episcopi Luccensis”, Miscellanea Luccese in Onore di Salvatore Bongi, Lucca, 1931, pp. 11–29
Guidi, Della patria di Rangerio autore d;11a “Vita Metrica” di S. Anselmo vescovo di Lucca,“ Studi, Vol. I, 147, pp. 263–280.
For the expulsion of Anselm from Lucca cf. Bernhard Schmeidler and Gerhard Schwartz, “Kleine Studien zu den Viten des Bischofs Anselm und zur Geschichte des Investitur streits in Lucca”, Gesellschaft für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde, Neues Archiv, Vol. XLIII, 1922
Erich Kittel, “Der Kampf urn die Reform des Domkapitels in Lucca im 11. Jahrhundert”, Festschrift Albert Brackmann, Weimar, 1931, pp. 207–247
Hans Erich Feiner, “Kirchenreform und Niederkirchenwesen,” Studi, Vol. II, 1947, 1947, pp. 505–524
Martino Giusti, “Le canoniche della citté e diocesi di Lucca al tempo della Riforma gregoriana, Studi, Vol. III, 1948, pp. 324–325, 332–333
also Meyer, Vol. III, pp. 382, 400–405.
RR.II.SS., Vol. V, part 2, p. 65. Cf. also Edith Pésztor, “Motivi dell’ ecclesiologia di Anselmo di Lucca in margine a un sermone inedito”, Bullettino dell’ Istituto storico italiano per il Medio Evo e Archivio Muratoriano, Vol. 77, 1965, pp. 86–87.
A similar literary figure is used by Anselm to describe Matilda as the Queen of Sheba. Cf. his Liber contra Wibertum, Libelli, Vol. I, p. 527. Cf. also Donizo, op. cit., RR.II.SS., Vol. V, pt. 2, p. 62.
For the Collectio Canonum cf. F. Thaner (ed.), Anselmi episcopi Lucensis collectio canonum una cum collectione minore, 2 vols, Innsbruck, 1906, 1915; PL, Vol. 149, cols. 485–534
also Augustin Fliche, “La valeur historique de la collection canonique d’Anselme de Lucques”, Miscellanea historica in honorem Alberti De Meyer, Louvain-Bruxelles, 1946, pp. 348–357.
Paul Fournier and Gabriel Le Bras, Histoire des Collections canoniques en Occident depuis les fausses décrétales jusqu’au décret de Gratien, Paris, 1932, Vol. II, p. 36; also Montanari, op. cit., p. vi.
Angelo Mai, Spicilegium Romanum, Rome. 1841, Vol. VI, p. 312. Cf. also PL, Vol. 149, col. 486.
Cf. Alfonso Stickler, “Il Potere Coattivo…”, StudiVol. II, 1947, pp. 235–285.
Cf. Andrea’s Vita Sancti Arialdi, MGH SS, Vol. XXX, Part II, p. 1050; PL, Vol. 143, cols. 1437–1482 also
Giovanni Miccoli, “Per la storia della Pataria milanese”, Bullettino dell’ Istituto storico italiano per il Medio Evo e Archivio Muratoriano, No. 70, 1958, pp. 43–124.
For Anselm’s Book XIII providing a basis for the Crusades cf. Stickler, op. cit., pp. 281–285
P. Fournier and G. Le Bras, op. cit., Vol. II, Paris, 1932, p. 37
C. Erdmann, “Die Entstehungd es Kreuzzugsgedankens”, Forschungen zur Kirchen-and Geistesgeschichte, Vol. 6, Stuttgart, 1935, pp. 223–229
For preparing the Communes cf. Storia, p. 132
Gioacchino Volpe, Movimenti religiosi e sette ereticali nella societé medievale italiana secoli XI-XIV, Florence, 1922, pp. 87–88.
In the following chapter the Cleansing will be related to the Patarines of Milan. It is appropriate here to mention that J.P. Whitney attributes the founding of the Italian Communes to the Patarine Erembald. Cf. The Cambridge Medieval History, col. V, p. 47.
A biography of Bruno was written by Peter the Deacon in 1140. It appears in the Chronicon Cassinense, Book IV, chapters 31–41. Cf. MGH SS, Vol. CII, pp. 776–783 and PLVol. 173, cols. 855–870 Cf. also PL, Vol. 164, cols. 97–138 AASS(18 July), Vol. XXXI, pp. 471–488 BibISS, Vol. III, 1963, cols. 578–580.
The basic modern work is Bernhard Gigalski, Bruno, Bischof von Segoi, Abt von Monte-Cassino (1049é1123). Sein Leben und seine Schriften, Ein BEitrag zur Kirchengeschichte im Zeitalter des Investiturstreites und zur theologischen Literaturgeschichte des Mitelalters, Munich, 1898.
F. Capuano, l’Ecclesiologia di Bruno Astense, Naples, 1942
Reginald Grégoire, Bruno de Segni exégéte médiéval et théologien monastique, Spoleto, 1965.
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Rough, R.H. (1973). Medieval Commentaries on the Cleansing. In: The Reformist of Illuminations in the Gospels of Matilda, Countess of Tuscany. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1983-5_5
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