Abstract
Church reform in the eleventh century was a heroic engagement. Norman Cantor calls it one of the four great “world-revolutions” of Western history.1 The authority of the papacy, the independence of the church, and the very leadership of Medieval society were its mortally contested issues critical both to history and to political theory.2 Gregory VII and Matilda of Tuscany were but two of the vivid personalities among its partisans.
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References
Norman Cantor, Church, Kingship and Lay Investiture in England, Princeton, 1958, p. 6.
For recent evaluations see Gerd Tellenbach, “Die Bedeutung des Reformpapsttums für die Einigung des Abendlandes”, Studi, Vol. I, 1947, pp. 125–149
Yves M.-J. Congar, “Der Platz des Papsttums in der Kirchenfrémmigkeit der Reformer des 11”.
J ahrhunderts, Sentire ecclesiam. Das Bewusstsein von der Kirche als gestaltende Kraft der Frémmigkeit, 1961, pp. 196–217
Brian Tierney, The Crisis of Church and State 1050–1300, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1964.
Cf. Joseph Wilpert, Die römischen Mosaiken und Malereien der kirchlichen Bauten vom IV-XIII Jahrhundert, Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1916, Vol. I, pp. 162
Gerhard Ladner, “I mosaici e gli affreschi ecclesiastiéco-politici nell’ antico palazzo Lateranense”, Rivista di archeologia cristiana, Vol. XII, 1935, pp. 265–292
S. Waetzoldt, Die Kopien des 17. Jahrhunderts nach Mosaiken und Wandmalereien in Rom, Vienna, 1964, p. 39.
Cf. Yvonne Labande-Mailfert, “l’Iconographie des laïcs dans la société religieuse aux XIe et XIIe siècles”, I laici nella ‘Societas Christiana’ dei secoli XI e XII, Pubblicazioni dell’ Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Contributi, serie terza, Varia 5, Milan, 1968, pp. 496–497.
The Donizo Ms. and its illuminations were copied in 1234.
They are now Lucca, Bibl. Governativa, Ms. 2508.
Cf. Mostra storica nazionale della miniatura, Florence, 1954, no. 142.
Allareon F. 79r. For the entire cycle cf. Otto, Bishop of Freising, Chronica sive Historia de Duabus Civitatibus, Editionis quam paraverat Adolfus Hofmeister textum denuo imprimendum curavit Walther Lammers, Berlin, 1960.
For later copies of the illustrations cf. Walther Scheidig, Der Miniaturenzyklus zur Weltchronik Ottos von Freising im Codex Jenensis Bose q. 6, Strassburg, 1928. (In spite of the title it includes no plates of the miniatures of Jena Bose q. 6). Stretching the idea of artistic expression of the Reform just a little, we might mention the 12th century Ms. of Ekkard of Aura, Historia, now Cambridge, Corpus Christi College Ms. 373. F. 83r shows
Henry V., Receiving the orb from Paschal II. Cf. MGH SS, Vol. VI, Pl. II.
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Cambridge, 1912. The 14th century Ms. of the Villani Chronica, now Vat.
Chigicod. L. VIII 296 includes F. 47r the deposition of John XII and the election of Leo VIII, F. 53v Robert Guiscard confirmed as lord of Sicily and Puglia, F. 56r the marriage of Matilda of Tuscany to Guelf of Savoy, and F. 56v Matilda, mounted, leading an escort to meet Guelf, Cf.
Luigi Magnani, La Cronica figurata di Giovanni Villani-ricerche sulla miniatura fiorentina del Trecento, Vatican City, 1936.
Cf. Guglielmo Matthiae, Pittura politica del medioevo romano, Rome, 1964, pp. 41–53.
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Cf. also: Matthiae. Mosaici medioevali delle chiese di Roma, Rome, 1967, pp. 284–287.
Unfortunately a similar effort by Fichtenau suffers from a fundamental error of attribution.
Cf. Heinrich Fichtenau, “Neues zum Problem der italienischen Riesenbibeln”, Mitteilungen des Instituts für österreichische Geschichtsforschung, Vol. 58, 1950, pp. 50–67.
Brieger, op. cit., pp. 162–163.
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Cf. T.L. Preston, The Bronze Doors of the Abbey of Montecassino and St. Paul, Princeton, 1915.
Marcel Pacaut, La Théocratieél’église et le pouvoir au Moyen Age, Paris, 1957, p. 72.
Cf. Pietro Toesca, “Miniature romane dei secoli XI e XII. Bibbie miniate”, Rivista dell’ Istituto archeologico per la storia dell’ arte, Vol. I, 1929, pp. 69–98
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Wilhelm Hühr, “Die Wiedergeburt Montecassinos unter seinem ersten Reformabt Richer von Niederaltaich (d. 1055),” Studi, Vol. III, 1958, pp. 369–450
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Ernst Werner, Die gesellschaftlichen Grundlagen der Klosterreform im 11. Jahrhundert, Berlin, 1955.
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© 1973 Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands
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Rough, R.H. (1973). Art and the Reform of the Eleventh Century. In: The Reformist of Illuminations in the Gospels of Matilda, Countess of Tuscany. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1983-5_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1983-5_2
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