Abstract
Although the Nile is an ancient river (see ch. 1 and 2), the existing hydrologic pattern is no older than 12,500 years and may be as young as 10,000 years. Even during that shorter period there have been drastic changes in the basic nature of the river, and its drainage area was sometimes augmented by overflow from the Lake Rudolf basin through the Pibor and Sobat rivers.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Berry, L. & Whiteman, A. J. 1968. The Nile in the Sudan. Geogr. Jour. 134: 1–37.
Bishop, W. W. 1965. Hominidae and controversy. Geogr. Jour. 131: 254–256.
Bonnefille, R. 1970. Premiers résultats concernant l’analyse pollinique d’échantillons du Pléistocéne de l’Omo (Ethiopie). C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris 270: 2430–2433.
Bonnefille, R. 1972a. Associations Polliniques Actuelles et Quaternaires en Ethiopie. Thèse, Univ. de Paris VI. CNRS A 07229 T. 1, 513 p.
Bonnefille, R. 1972b. Considérations sur la composition d’une microflore pollinique des formations Plio-Pléistocène de la basse vallée de l’Omo (Ethiopie), pp. 22–27. In E. M. van Zinderen Bakker (ed.), Palaeoecology of Africa, V. 7. A. A. Balkema, Cape Town.
Butzer, K. W. 1971. The lower Omo basin: geology, fauna and hominids of Plio-Pleistocene formations. Naturwissenschaften 58: 7–16.
Butzer, K. W., Brown, F. H. & Thurber, D. L. 1969. Horizontal sediments of the lower Omo valley: the Kibish formation. Quaternaria XI: 15–29.
Butzer, K. W., Issac, G. L. Richardson J. L. & Washbourn-Kamau, C. 1972. Radiocarbon dating of East African lake levels. Science 175: 1069–1076.
Clark, J. D. & van Zinderen Bakker, E. M. 1964. Prehistoric culture and Pleistocene vegetation at the Kalambo Falls, Northern Rhodesia. Nature 201: 971–975.
Coetzee, J. A. 1967. Pollen analytical studies in East and Southern Africa, xi + 146 p. In E. M. van Zinderen Bakker (ed.), Palaeoecology of Africa, V. 3. A. A. Balkema, Cape Town.
Cole, G. H. 1965. Recent archaeological work in southern Uganda. Uganda Jour. 29: 149–161.
Cole, G. H. 1967. The later Acheulian and Sangoan of southern Uganda, pp. 484–526. In W. W. Bishop&J. D. Clark (eds.), Background to Evolution in Africa. University of Chicago Press.
Fairbridge, R. W. 1962. New radiocarbon dates of Nile sediments. Nature 196: 108–110.
Fairbridge, R. W. 1963. Nile sedimentation above Wadi Haifa during the last 20,000 years. Kush 11: 96–107.
Glover, J. & Kenworthy, J. M. 1957. Effect of altitude on the temperature and dew point of the air. Rep. E. Afr. Agric. For. Res. Org. 18 p.
Greenwood, P. H. 1964. Explosive speciation in African lakes. Proc. R. Instn. 40: 256–269.
Greenwood, P. H. 1965. The cichlid fish of Lake Nabugabo, Uganda. Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. 12: 315–357.
Greenwood, P. H. 1974. The Cichlid fishes of L. Victoria; East Africa; The biology and evolution of a species flock. Bull. Br. Mus. N. H. Zoology Suppl. 6: 1–134.
Hamilton, A. C. 1972. The interpretation of pollen diagrams from highland Uganda, pp. 45–149. In E. M. van Zinderen Bakker (ed.), Palaeoecology of Africa, V. 7. A. A. Balkema, Cape Town.
Hecky, R. E.&Degens, E. T. 1973. Late Pleistocene-Holocene chemical stratigraphy and paleolimnology of the Rift Valley lakes of Central Africa. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical Report 73–28. 114 p. Unpublished manuscript.
Hedberg, O. 1951. Vegetation belts of the East African mountains. Svensk. Bot. Tidskr. 45: 140–202.
Hedberg, O. 1954. A pollen-analytical reconnaissance in tropical East Africa. Oikos 5: 137–166.
Hurst, H. E. 1952. The Nile. Constable, London. xv + 331 p.
Kendall, R. L. 1969. An ecological history of the Lake Victoria Basin. Ecol. Monogr. 39: 121–176.
Kilham, P. 1971. A hypothesis concerning silica and the freshwater planktonic diatoms. Limnol. Oceanogr. 16: 10–18.
Langbein, W. B. & Schumm, S. A. 1958. Yield of sediment in relation to mean annual precipitation. Amer. Geophys. Union Trans. 39: 1076–1084.
Langdale-Brown, I., Osmaston, H. A.&Wilson, J. G. 1964. The Vegetation of Uganda and Its Bearing on Land Use. The Govt. of Uganda, Entebbe. 159 p.
Livingstone, D. A. 1967. Postglacial vegetation in the Ruwenzori Mountains in equatorial Africa. Ecol. Monogr. 37: 25–52.
Morrison, M. E. S. 1961. Pollen analysis in Uganda. Nature 190: 483–486.
Morrison, M. E. S. 1966. Low-latitude vegetation history with special reference to Africa. Royal Meteorol. Soc. Proc. Int. Symp. on World Climate from 8,000 to 0 B.C. 142–148.
Morrison, M. E. S. 1968. Vegetation and climate in the upland of south-western Uganda during the later Pleistocene period. I. Muchoya Swamp, Kigezi District. J. Ecol. 56: 363–384.
Morrison, M. E. S. & Hamilton, A. C. 1974. Vegetation and climate in the uplands of south-western Uganda during the later Pleistocene period. II. Forest clearance and other vegetational changes in the Rukiga highlands during the past 8,000 years. J. Ecol. 62: 1–32.
Osmaston, H. A. 1958. Pollen Analysis in the Study of the Past Vegetation and Climate of Ruwenzori and Its Neighbourhood. B.Sc. Thesis, Oxford. 39 p.
Osmaston, H. A. 1965. The Past and Present Climate and Vegetation of Ruwenzori and Its Neighbourhood. D. Phil. Thesis, Oxford, n.p.
Saggerson, E. P. 1952. Geology of the Kisumu District, Degree Sheet 41, N.E. Quadrant. Geol. Surv. of Kenya, Report no. 21. 86 p.
Said, R. 1962. The Geology of Egypt. Elsevier, Amsterdam. xvii + 377 p.
Stuiver, M., Deevey, E. S. & Gralensky, L.J. 1960. Yale natural radiocarbon measurements, V. Radiocarbon 2: 49–61.
Temple, P. H. 1964. Evidence of lake-level changes from the northern shoreline of Lake Victoria, Uganda, pp. 31–56. In R. W. & R. M. Prothero (eds.), Geographers and the Tropics: Liverpool Essays. Longmans, London.
van Zinderen Bakker, E. M. 1962. A pollen diagram from equatorial Africa, Cherangani, Kenya. Geol. en Mijnbouw 43: 123–128.
van Zinderen Bakker, E. M. 1964. A pollen diagram from equatorial Africa. Cherangani, Kenya. Geol. en Mijnbouw 43: 123–128.
van Zinderen Bakker, E. M. & Coetzee, J. A. 1972. A re-appraisal of late-Quaternary climatic evidence from tropical Africa, pp. 151–181. In E. M. van Zinderen Bakker (ed.), Palaeoecology of Africa, V. 7. A. A. Balkema, Cape Town.
Williams, M. A. J. & Adamson, D. A. 1974. Late Pleistocene desiccation along the White Nile. Nature 248: 584–586.
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1976 Dr. W. Junk b.v., Publishers, The Hague
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Livingstone, D.A. (1976). The Nile — Palaeolimnology of Headwaters. In: Rzóska, J. (eds) The Nile, Biology of an Ancient River. Monographiae Biologicae, vol 29. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1563-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1563-9_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-1565-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-010-1563-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive