Abstract
The field of adhesives is a very wide one, and to cover it completely from all points of view, including the theoretical and the manufacturer’s, would be outside the scope of this volume; hence attention will be directed solely to the adhesives made from starch and dextrin.
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References
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Additional References
Holt, F., Paper Ind., 1935, 17, 482, 760. (General.)
Becher, C., Gel. Leim Klebst., 1934, 2, 113. (General.)
Becher, C., ibid., 1935, 3, 54, 87 and 163. (General.)
Ringinbach, E., BP 465,301, 1937. (Starch pastes.)
Duerou, Recherches et inventions, 1935, 16, 254. (General.)
Mason, C. F., Chem. Industries, 1936, 39, 1971. (General.)
Henkel et Cie, Fr. Pat. 816,967,1937. Equivalent to BP 479,316. (Salts of sulphonic-acid derivatives of starch ethers.)
Henkel et Cie, Fr. Pat. 808,699. Equivalent to BP 478,299. (Salts of cellulose-ether carboxylic acids mixed with starch.)
Deutsche Hydrierwerke AG, Germ. Pat. 653,186, 1937. (Aliphatic sulphuric esters used in starch pastes.)
Mayer, H. T., Gel. Leim Klebst., 1938, 6, 107. (Potato-starch adhesives of the neutral type.)
Kreismann, P., USP 1,667,073, 1928. (Potato starch, clay and aqueous alkali heated until semi-fluid glue obtained.)
Dunham, H. V., USP 1,551,472, 1925. ( Glue. Heats starch with water and alkali- saccharate. )
Coppock, P. D., USP 2,181,782, 1939. (Dextrin rendered non-lumping in water by heating between hot plates under pressure.)
Walsh, J. F. and Morgan, W. L., USP 2,170,271,1939. (Thin-boiling starch by treatment with an amide-hydrochloride.)
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Ohl, F., Kunstdunger u. Leim, 1934, 31, 207; 1938, 35, 309. (Practical suggestions on adhesives for use in cardboard industry.)
Spasskii, N. A., Polygraph Ind. (USSR), 1937 (9), 29; Chem. Zentr., 1938, 1. 3294. (Alkali-starch adhesives described.)
Long, W. R., USP 1,633,840, 1927. (Hydrolysed maize starch mixed with caustic soda and borax to give a glue.)
Edson, E. R. and Mach, G. F., USP 2,192,585,1940. (Envelope gum Dextrin and urea.)
Samec, M., Germ. Pat. 402,644, 18 Feb. 1922. ( J. B. Kerb’s reaction used to obtain glues from starch. )
Wooster, L. C. and Gardiner, E. E., USP 2,489,170, 22 Nov. 1949. (Asphalt having ASTM D5-25 penetration of 250-50 added to starch-urea-formaldehyde resin adhesives to reduce costs without impairing quality.)
Kingerley, R. W., USP 2,487,448, 8 Nov. 1949. ( Raw starch, polyvinyl alcohol and clay mixture heated in water to give adhesive. Remarkable water resistance claimed. )
Singer, P. A., USP 2,175,486. (Adhesives by treating 25-50 per cent starch pastes with diastase and progressively raising the temperature to the boil as the viscosity falls, cooling, adding more malt diastase, holding and then boiling.)
Herman, A. and Knowlton, F. M., Proc. Amer. Soc. Testing Materials, 1942, 42, 956. (Testing the value of starch pastes as adhesives for bottle labelling and paper packaging described.)
Rohm and Haas Co., USP 2,302,309 and 2,302,310. (Partially hydrolysed starch mixed with soluble urea-formaldehyde reaction-product and heated.)
Killinger, J. E., Paper Trade J., 1943, 117 (9), 25. (Reviews starch/urea-formaldehyde resin combinations as adhesives.)
Rohm and Haas Co., BP 543,432-3, 5 Sept. 1940. ( Stabilisation of starch pastes with urea- or thio-urea-formaldehyde compounds. )
Osgood, G. H. and Peterson, R. G., USP 2,141,313, 27 Dec. 1938. ( Raw starch mixed with a partly condensed mixture of an aldehyde and urea, etc. to give a waterproof adhesive. )
Glarum, S. V. and Thomas, J. L., USP 2,400,820, 21 May 1946. ( Starch/urea-formalde¬hyde resin mixtures as adhesives. )
Bauer, H. F., Bauer, J. V. and Hawley, D. M., USP 2,396,937, 19 Mar. 1946. ( Starch adhesives which swell but do not dissolve or fully disperse in hot or cold water made by heating dry-converted starch with aldehyde. )
Datta, R. L. and Bose, N. N., Mfg. Chemist, 1945, 16, 315, 322. (Alkaline starch adhesives discussed.)
Davidson, P. B. and Adams, J. R., USP 2,202,247, 1940. (Envelope glue from dextrin, water and dioxane.)
Dale, R. and Walsh, J. F., USP 2,094,558. (Dextrinising maize containing gluten.)
Hixon, R. M. and Sprague, G. F., Ind. Eng. Chem., 1942, 34, 959. (Waxy starch of maize as a possible substitute for tapioca starch in adhesives discussed.)
Paine, H. S. and Ward, K., USP 2,124,994,26 July 1938; Appl. 20 Mar. 1937. (Adhesives from sweet potatoes by steaming with SO2 and petrol vapour, pressing out water, drying, grinding, sieving, then treating with NaOH or CaCl2.)
Killinger, J. E.,Paper Trade J., 1943,117, TAPPI, 201. (Discusses production of weather¬proof, laminated-fibreboard adhesives, including urea-formaldehyde resins/starch and starch/asphalt combinations.)
Bauer, H. F., USP 2,215,846-7 and 2,215,849,24 Sept. 1940. (Wheat starch conversion product mixed with urea, sodium acetate or other plasticising agent to give a remoistening gum.)
Le Page’s Inc., USP 2,282,364. (Adhesive from starch and dicyandiamine.)
Becker, C., Gel. Leim Klebst., 1942, 10, 27. (Several tables of formulae of approximate composition for variety of starch adhesives.)
Kesler, C. C. and Rankin, D., USP 2,427,562, 16 Sept. 1947. ( Improved cereal starch adhesives by heating starch with water and salt of amphoteric metal or copper in the presence of NaOH and soap. )
Montorsi, E., Pitture e Vernici, 1946,2, 92. (Adhesives by oxidation of cassava starch in alkaline medium in presence of Marseilles soap.)
Soc. Chemical Industry, Adhesion and Adhesives: Fundamentals and practice, London, 1954 (papers read at two symposia, one in London and one in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1952 ).
Hill, E. H. and Sliwinski, V. X., Paper Trade J., TAPPI, 1949, 297. (Water resistance of starch pastes is inversely proportional to degree of conversion. Resin/starch mixtures recommended for water-resistant work.)
Huchette, M. and van der Bruggen, Fr. Pat. 1,561,222,28 Mar. 1969. (Plywood adhesive based on starch and urea formaldehyde resin.)
Mentzer, M. J., S. Afr. Pat. 68/08,574, 18 June 1969. ( Remoistenable adhesive from starch-potato, grain sorghum or waxy maize—and hide glue. )
Billy, J. M., Germ. Offen. 2,020,134, 26 Nov. 1970. ( Starch adhesive compositions for use in producing cardboard and corrugated cardboard. Acetone and urea—HCHO resins added to waterproof. )
Tanitabe, T., Jap. Pat. 70/28,720, 18 Sept. 1970. (Starch modified urea melamine formaldehyde condensate resin adhesives for plywood. 1-10% starch content.)
Hoeger, E. and Scholl, M., Fr. Pat. 1,594,893, 17 July 1970. (Stein Hall process using fermented mash—50% solids—as suspension liquid and 20% starch or phosphated starch in suspension.)
Imoto, S. and Ikari, K., Jap. Pat. 71/16,839, 10 May 1971. (A salt such as NaCl ZnCl2 or sodium acetate added as a viscosity stabiliser to a water resistant adhesive containing starch and polyvinyl alcohol.)
Plath, L., Die Stärke, 1972, 24 (9), 306. (Starch plays important role as cheap filler and modifier of synthetic resin adhesives for wood.)
Knight, W., USP 3,630,774, 28 Dec. 1971. (Starch passed through chambers vibration mill 5 times with steel balls is 50% damaged and gives good adhesive at pH 7-0 waterproofed with urea HCHO resin.)
Wilhelm, D. L., USP 3,532,648, 6 Oct. 1970. ( High amylose starch-based corrugating adhesive. )
Adams, M. F., Raff, R. A. V. and Austin, H. F., Adhes. Age, 1969, 12 (9), 34. (Water resistant plywood adhesive based on whole wheat flour and phenol-urea resin.)
Obetko, D. and Melzor, J., Czech. Pap. Celul, 1969, 24 (10), 283 (in Czech.). (Machine speed can be increased about 10% when using wheat instead of maize starch for gluing corrugated board.)
Anon., Chemical Journ., 1960, 6 (8), 46. (Starch rendered insoluble on drying with urea or melamine HCHO resins or with glyoxals.)
Zijderveld, A. H., Paper Puu., 1970, 52 (12), 831 (in English). (A review of starch adhesives.)
Columbus, P. S. and Mason, R. T., USP 3,692,713, 19 Sept. 1972. (Adhesive for cellulose to plastics, tin or glass. Vinyl acetate terpolymer (50–55% solids) 25–45 parts waxy milo starch or starch derivative 8–20 parts and a water soluble resin salt (60–65% solids) 7–15 parts.)
Hoult, R. and Cairns, R. H., Canad. Pat. 911,629, 3 Oct. 1972. (Rewettable adhesive for pregummed wallpapers, labels or tape. Ca alginate 12, thin boiling potato starch 25, modified maize starch 5 and malto-dextrin 24 DE 10 weight % in H20 at 20% solids.)
Bomball, W., Germ. Offen. 2,321,324,22 Nov. 1973. ( Rewettable adhesive for precoated wallpaper. Contains glyoxal. )
Tanaka, M. and Vagyu, K., USP 3,583,933, 8, June 1971.(Amino plast resin-modified starch paste.)
Dunholter, H. E. and Jones, J. C., USP 3,591,534, 6 July 1971. ( Water-proof adhesive for paper board. Incorporates acetone-formaldehyde or resorcinol-formaldehyde. )
Southgate, J., Germ. Offen. 2,137,053,27 Jan. 1972. (Formula given for bonding porous thermoplastic polyolefins and using high frequency heating under pressure.)
Nakajima, M. and Yamaguchi, A., Jap. Pat. 72/22,440. (Hexamethylenetetramine added to starch glues to improve stability.)
Berghgracht, M., BP 1,252,468, 3 Nov. 1971. (Enzymic starch hydrolisates for adhesives stabilised by addition of 0-1–1–0% NaOCl or 5–15% trichloroacetic acid.)
Tanaka, M., Jap. Pat. 71/18,868, 26 May 1971. ( Starch-modified urea formaldehyde resin as water resistant adhesive for corrugated boards. )
Manson, G., S.Afr. Pat. 69/07,508. (Water dispersible starch ether and finely divided silica. (3-6 ju) gives composition for wallpaper adhesive.)
Scholten’s Research NV, Fr. Pat. 1,559,081, 7 Mar. 1969. (Starch modified with pullulanase has higher affinity for I2 and is a good adhesive.)
Ziegler, R. D. and Adams, M. F., Wash. State Univ., Coll. Eng. Research Div. Bull., 1969, No. 814. (A review of starch adhesives with 153 refs.)
Janes, R. L., Inst. Paper Chem., Lawrence Univ., Appleton, Wis., 1968,206 pp. Available from Univ. Microfilms, Ann. Arbor, Mich., Order No. 69-15,198. (Study of the adhesion of cellulose-starch-cellulose system.)
Yoshzawa, A. and Kitazawa, T., USP 3,770,672,6 Nov. 1973. ( A remoistenable adhesive made from amylase hydrolysed potato starch. High initial strength, good tack and short setting time. )
Orii, T., et al., Jap. Pat. 72/42,608, 27 Oct. 1972. ( Saponified pine resin added to starch, borax and caustic soda adhesive. Bonds polystyrene-treated paper. )
Nakagawa, S., Jap. Pat. 72/45, 938, 20 Nov. 1972.
Tanaka, M. and Kajikawa, A., Jap. Pat. 73/07,256, 3 Mar. 1973. ( Adhesive based on dextrin and urea/formaldehyde resin. )
Obetko, D. and Zackova, M., Pap. Celul., 1970, 25 (10), 311. (Starch adhesives for corrugated cardboard obtained by adding 5% of urea-, acetone- or phenol resorcinol formaldehyde resin to conventional adhesives.)
Pacsu, S. and Florescu, N., Romanian Pat. 54,701, 15 Dec. 1972. ( Describes complex adhesive composition with improved adhesion and stability. )
Fukumori, Jap. Pat. 72/44,015, 7 Nov. 1972. (Corrugated cardboard adhesive from alkali-starch and polylok C-40 NA resin.)
Anheuser-Busch Inc., USP 3,802,897, 9 Apr. 1974. (Water resistant corrugated board starch adhesive of improved properties using one composition containing resorcinol and another containing 5-ethyl-l-AZA-3,7 dioxabicyclo (3.3.0) octane and mixing.)
Moye, C. and Linke, K., Austral. Pat. 446,706, 28 Mar. 1974. ( Pot-life of resorcinol/ starch adhesives improved by addition of a slower reacting phenolic compound, e.g. catechol or xylenols, etc. )
Maj, Z., Przegl. Papier, 1974, 30 (1), 25. (Addition of 7-5-10-0% phenol resorcinol HCHO resin—Kauresin Leim 440 or Casophen—to corrugated board adhesive increases resistance to water.)
Pickon, F., Ger. Offen 2,301,477, 2 May 1974. ( Describes app. for pasting starch for manufacture of corrugated paperboard. )
Masuta, S., et al, Jap. Pat. 74/53,226, 23 May 1974. ( K. alum, chloride, persulphate, chromate or acetate added to aqu. dispersion of the starch sulphate to give heat sensitive adhesive. )
Corn Products Co., Germ. Pat. Appl. 1,800,834,3 Oct. 1968. (Urea HCHO or melamine- HCHO resin added to corrugated cardboard adhesive for waterproofness.)
Imoto, S. and Imori, K., Jap. Pat. 70/20,597, 13 July 1970. ( Na polyacrylate and poly-vinyl) ale. added to Perkins glue to give laminating adhesive. )
Kurita, T. and Shinota, H., Jap. Pat. 70/22,236, 27 July 1970. ( Zn stearate added to Stein Hall type of adhesive for corrugated board for water repellency. )
Billy, J. M., Germ. Offen. 2,020,135, 3 Dec. 1970. ( Starch based adhesive made water repellent by inclusion of resorcinol-HCHO resin. )
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Radley, J.A. (1976). Adhesives from Starch and Dextrin. In: Radley, J.A. (eds) Industrial Uses of Starch and its Derivatives. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1329-1_1
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