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Design and Control of Structure of Advanced Carbon Materials for Enhanced Performance pp 43–64Cite as

Characterisation of Carbon Structure

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Part of the book series: NATO Science Series ((NSSE,volume 374))

Abstract

With its central position in the first full row of the Mendeleïev classification (1s2, 22, 2p2), the elemmt carbon exhibits unique bonding possibilities. Cabon can bond to numerous other elements and fonn different bonding with itself (catenation, illustrated in Fig. 1). Bonding in carbon materials controls tiiree major regimes:

  • Solids, with σ-bonds only, fonn 3D-structures which are rigid and isottopic. The allofropic form is diamond and is logically cubic. It has tiie highest atomic density of my solid. Bulk properties are in line: diamond is the hardest material (least deformable), and has tiie highest thermal conductivity as well as tiie highest melting point. It is m insulator with a reported band gap as high as 5.5 eV. In addition, graphite has the shortest bond lengths within the plmes of the graphite.

  • In graphite, the association of σ- and π-bonds fomis in the graphitic majs of atoms results in layered structures with a high degree of misotropy. Graphene structures, that is the smgle graphite plme, is tiie stiffest material in nature, md has the highest elastic modulus. Graphite in-plme exhibits even a higher themal conductivity than diamond. In graphite, the bmd gap is — 0.04 eV. Graphite is a semi-metal Electrical conductivity of graphite (in plane) is approximately that of iron at room temperature.

  • In fullerenes, because of the bending of te graphitic bond a re-hybridisation occurs: tese are te sp2+ε foms, intemediate between sp2 md sp3 [1].

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire des Composites Thermostructuraux, (CNRS - SNECMA - CEA - Université Bordeaux 1), LCTS, 3 Allée la Boétie, 33 600, Pessac, France

    X. Bourrat

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  1. X. Bourrat
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials, School of Process, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Leeds, UK

    B. Rand  & S. P. Appleyard  & 

  2. Chemical Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey

    M. F. Yardim

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© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

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Bourrat, X. (2001). Characterisation of Carbon Structure. In: Rand, B., Appleyard, S.P., Yardim, M.F. (eds) Design and Control of Structure of Advanced Carbon Materials for Enhanced Performance. NATO Science Series, vol 374. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1013-9_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1013-9_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-0003-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-010-1013-9

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