Abstract
Stellar models predict that as a small mass star evolves up the RGB, the outer convective envelope expands inward and penetrates into the CN-cycle processed interior regions (first dredge-up). Approximately, the outer 50% of the star by mass is involved in this mixing that brings to the surface mainly 13C and 14N, while the primordial 12C and fragile, light elements like Li, Be, and B are transported from the surface to the interior. Results for old disk field giants (Shetrone et al. 1993) and metal-poor stars (Sneden et al. 1986) show that the first dredge-up occurs at the predicted luminosities; however, mixing in bright giants is much more extreme than predicted by evolutionary models
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Carretta, E., Gratton, R.G., Sneden, C., Bragaglia, A. (2000). Mixing Along the Red Giant Branch in Metal-Poor Field Stars. In: Matteucci, F., Giovannelli, F. (eds) The Evolution of The Milky Way. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 255. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0938-6_11
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