Abstract
The general principles of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) will be presented and their application to image interpretation will be discussed. The particular problems that may arise from the three dimensional nature and from the complexity of the tunneling system in the case of supported carbon nanotubes will be considered. An overview of the milestones of STM and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) experiments performed on carbon nanotubes will be given, with particular emphasis on the questions related with atomic resolution imaging, the influence of the two tunneling gaps (tip/nanotube; nanotube/support) and point contacts during imaging. Experimental STS results on multiwall carbon nanotubes and rafts of nanotubes will be discussed and compared to computer simulations based on wave packet dynamics.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Dresselhaus, M. S., Dresselhaus, G., Ecklund P. C. (1996) Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes, Academic Press, San Diego.
Dresselhaus, M. S., Electronic Properties of Nanotubes, This Volume.
Mintmire, J. W., Dunlap, B. I., and White, C. T. (1992) Are Fullerene Tubules Metalic?, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 631–634.
Binnig, G. and Rohrer, H. (1982) Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Heiv. Phys. Acta 55, 726–735.
Wiesendanger, R. (1994) Scanning Probe Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Tersoff J. and Hamann D. R. (1985) Theory of the scanning tunneling microscope, Phys, Rev. B 31, 805–813.
Ge, M. and Sattler, K. (1993) Vapor Condenstaion Generation and STM Analysis of Fullerene Tubes, Science 260, 515–518.
Jxhie, J., Sattler, K., Ge, M., Verkateswaran, N. Giant and supergiant lattices on graphite, Phys Rev. B 47, 15835–15841.
Olk, Ch. H., Heremans, J. P. (1994) Scanning tunneling spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes, J. Mater. Res. 9, 259–262.
Biró, L. P., Gyulai. J., Lambin, Ph., B.Nagy, J., Lazraescu, S., Márk, G. I., Fonseca, A., Surján, P., R., Szekeres, Zs., Thiry, P. A., Lucas, A. A. (1998) Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) imaging of carbon nanotubes, Carbon 36, 689–696.
Márk, G. I., Biró, L. P., Gyulai, J. (1998) Simulation of STM images of three-dimensional surfaces and comparison with experimental data: Carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B 58, 12645–12648.
Ref. [5], pp. 30–34.
Biró, L. P., Lazarescu, S., Lambin, Ph., Thiry, P. A., Fonseca, A., B.Nagy, J., Lucas, A. A., (1997) Scanning tunneling microscope investigation of carbon nanotubes produced by catalytic decomposition of acetylene, Phys. Rev. B 56, 12490–12498.
Biró, L. P., B.Nagy, J., Lambin, Ph., Lazarescu, S., Fonseca, A., Thiry, P. A., Lucas, A. A., (1998) Scanning tunneling microscopy of carbon nanoyubes. Beyond the image, in H. Kuzmany, J. Fink, M. Mehring and S. Roth (eds.), Molecular Nanostructures, World Scientific, Singapore pp. 419–422.
Agrait, N., Rodrigo, J. G., and Vieira, S., (1992) On the transition from tunneling regime to point contact: graphite, Ultramicroscopy 42–44, 177–183.
Hassanien, A., Tokumoto, M., Kumazawa, Y., Kataura, H., Maniwa, Y., Suzuki, S., and Achiba, Y., (1998) Atomic structure and electronic properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes probed by scanning tunneling microscope at room temperature, Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 3839–3841.
Biró, L. P., Thiry, P. A., Lambin, Ph., Journet, C., Bernier, P., and A. A. Lucas, (1998) Influence of tunneling voltage on the imaging of carbon nanotube rafts by scanning tunneling microscopy, Appl. Phys. Leu. 73, 3680–3682.
Wildöer, J. W., Venema, L. C., Rinzler, G. R., Smalley, R. E., Dekker, C. (1998) Electronic structure of atomically resolved carbon nanotubes, Nature 391, 59–62
Odom, T. W., Huang, J-L., Kim. Ph., Lieber, Ch. M., (1998) Atomic structure and electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes, Nature 391, 62–64.
Carroll, D. L., Redlich, P., Ajayan, P. M., Charlier, J. C., Blasé, X., De Vita, A., and Car, R, (1997) Electronic structure and localized states at carbon nanotube tips, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 2811–2814.
Márk, G. I., Biró, L. P., Gyulai, J., Thiry, P. A., Lambin, Ph. (1999) The use of computer simulation to investigate tip shape and point contact effects during scanning tunneling microscopy of supported nanostructures, in H. Kuzmany, J. Fink, M. Mehring and S. Roth (eds.), Electronic Properties of Novel Materials — Science and Technology of Molecular Nanostructures, American Institute of Physics, Melville, pp.323–327.
Márk, G. I., Biró, L. P., Gyulai, J., Thiry, P. A., Lucas, A. A., and Lambin, Ph. (2000) Simulation of scanning tunneling spectroscopy of supported carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B 62, (in press).
Meunier, V., and Lambin, Ph. (1998) Tight-binding computation of the STM image of carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5588–5591.
Lambin, Ph., Interpretation of the STM Images of Carbon Nanotubes, This Volume.
Olk, C. H., Heremans, J., Dresselahaus, M. S., Speck, J. S., Nicholls, J. T. (1990) Scanning tunneling microscopy of a stage-1 CuC112 graphite intercalation compound, Phys. Rev. B 42, 7524–7529.
Charlier, J.-C., and Lambin, Ph. (1998) Electronic structure of carbon nanotubes with chiral symmetry, Phys. Rev. B 57, R15037 — R15039.
Biró, L. P., Ehlich, R., Tellgmann, R., Gromov, A., Krawez, N., Tschaplyguine, M., Pohl, M.-M., Véretsy, Z., Horváth, Z. E., Campbell, E. E. B. (1999) Growth of carbon nanotubes by fullerene decomposition in the presence of transition metals, Chem. Phys. Lett. 306, 155 - 162.
Biró, L. P., Ehlich, R., (submitted to Appl. Phys. Lett.) Room temperature growth of single and multi wall carbon nanotubes by [60]fullerene decomposition in the presence of transition metals.
Lambin, Ph., Charlier, J.-C., Michenaud, J.-P., (1994) Electronic structure of coaxial carbon tubules in H. Kuzmany, J. Fink, M. Mehring, S. Roth (eds.), Progress in Fullerene Research, World Scientific, Singapore, pp. 131–134.
Venema, L. C., Wildöer, J. W. G., Temminck Tuinstra, H. L. J., Dekker, C., Rinzler, A. G., Smalley, R., E., (1997) Length control of individual carbon nanotubes by nanostructuring with a scanning tunneling microscope, Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 2629–2631
Nagy, P., Ehlich, R., Biró, L. P., Gyulai, J., (2000) Y-branching of single walled carbon nanotubes, Appl. Phys. A 70.481–483
Biró. L. P., Lazarescu, S. D., Thiry, P. A., Fonseca, A., B.Nagy, J., Lucas, A. A., Lambin Ph. (2000) Scanning tunneling microscopy observation of tightly wound, single-wall coiled carbon nanotubes, Europhys. Lett. 50, 494–500
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Biró, L.P., Márk, G.I. (2001). STM Investigation of Carbon Nanotubes. In: Biró, L.P., Bernardo, C.A., Tibbetts, G.G., Lambin, P. (eds) Carbon Filaments and Nanotubes: Common Origins, Differing Applications?. NATO Science Series, vol 372. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0777-1_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0777-1_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-6908-0
Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0777-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive