Abstract
In the past decade, Artificial Intelligence (AI) had a grand paradigm shift from its domain of symbolic to non-symbolic and numeric computation. Prior to the mid-eighties, symbolic logic was used as the unique tool in the development of algorithms for the classical AI problems like reasoning, planning, and machine learning. The incompleteness of the traditional AI was shortly realized, but unfortunately no handy solutions were readily available at the time. In the nineties the monumental developments in fuzzy logic, artificial neural nets, genetic algorithms and probabilistic reasoning models motivated the researchers around the world to explore the possibilities of building more humanlike machines using these new tools. Consequently, a large number of intelligent systems that can complement the behavior of the traditional symbol-processing machines were built by employing these tools. This chapter provides a brief overview on the fundamental AI tools and their synergism, which together is informally known as computational intelligence.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Patterson, D.W. (1990), Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 107–119.
Pearl, J. (1986), “Fusion, propagation and structuring in belief networks,” Artificial Intelligence, vol. 29, pp. 241–288.
Pearl, J. (1987), “Distributed revision of composite beliefs,” Artificial Intelligence, vol. 33, pp. 173–213.
Peng, Y. and Reggia, J.A. (1987), “A probabilistic causal model for diagnostic problem solving,” IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, SMC- 17, no. 3, pp. 395–408, May-June.
Shafer, G. (1976), A Mathematical Theory of Evidence, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Shafer, G. and Logan, R. (1987), “Implementing Dempster’s rule for hierarchical evidence,” Artificial Intelligence, vol. 33, pp. 271–298.
Shenoy, P.P. and Shafer, G. (1986), “Propagating belief functions with local computations,” IEEE Expert, pp. 43–52, Fall.
Shoham, Y. (1994), Artificial Intelligence Techniques in PROLOG, Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, pp. 183–185.
Shortliffe, E.H. (1976), Computer Based Medical Consultations: MYCIN, American Elsevier, New York.
Shortliffe, E.H. and Buchanan, B.G. (1975), “A model of inexact reasoning,” Mathematical Biosciences, vol. 23, pp. 351–379.
Bezdek, J.C. (1973), Fuzzy Mathematics in Pattern Classification, Ph.D. thesis, Applied Mathematics Center, Cornell University, Ithaca.
Ross, T.J. (1995), Fuzzy Logic with Engineering Applications, McGraw-Hill.
Zadeh, L.A. (1965), “Fuzzy sets,” Information and Control, vol. 8, pp. 338–353.
Zadeh, L.A. (1973), “Outline of a new approach to the analysis of complex systems and decision processes,” IEEE Trans. Systems, Man and Cybernetics, vol. 3, pp. 28–45.
Zimmerman, H.J. (1996), Fuzzy Set Theory and Its Applications, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 131–162.
Klir, G.J. and Yuan, B. (1995), Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Logic: Theory and Applications, Prentice--Hall, NJ.
Anderson, J.A. (1972), “A simple neural network generating an associative memory,” Mathematical Biosciences, vol. 14, pp. 14–220.
Carpenter, G.A. and Grossberg, S. (1987), “A massively parallel architecture for a self-organizing neural pattern recognition machine,” Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing, vol. 37, pp. 54–115.
Carpenter, G.A. and Grossberg, S. (1987), “ART2: Self-organization of stable category recognitioncodes for analog input patterns,” Applied Optics, vol. 23, pp. 4919–4930, December.
Fu, L.M. (1994), Neural Networks in Computer Intelligence, McGraw-Hill, NewYork.
Hertz, J., Krogn, A., and Palmer, G.R. (1990), Introduction to the Theory of Neural Computation, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
Hopfield, J. (1982), “Neural nets and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities,” Proc. of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 79, pp. 2554–2558.
Hopfield, J.J. (1984), “Neural networks with graded response have collective computational properties like those of two state neurons,” Proc. of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 81, pp. 3088–3092, May.
Kohonen, T. (1989), Self-organization and Associative Memory, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Kohonen, T., Barna, G., and Chrisley, R., “Statistical pattern recognition using neural networks: Benchmarking studies,” IEEE Conf. on Neural Networks, San Diego, vol. 1, pp. 61–68.
Konar, A. (1994), Uncertainty Management in Expert Systems Using Fuzzy Petri Nets, Ph.D. thesis, Jadavpur University.
Konar, A. and Pal, S. (1999), “Modeling cognition with fuzzy neural nets,” in Leondes, C.T. (Ed.), Neural Network Systems: Techniques and Applications, Academic Press, New York.
Kosko, B. (1987), “Adaptive bi-directional associative memories,” Applied Optics, vol. 26, pp. 4947–4960.
Kosko, B. (1988), `Bi-directional associative memories,“ IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, vol. SMC-18, pp. 49–60, January.
Kosko, B. (1991), Neural Networks and Fuzzy Systems: a Dynamical Systems Approach to Machine Intelligence, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Luo, F.L and Unbehauen, R. (1997), Applied Neural Networks for Signal Processing, Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 1–31.
Mitchell, M.M. (1997), Machine Learning, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 81–127.
Paul, B., Konar, A., and Mandai, A.K. (1999), “Fuzzy ADALINEs for gray image recognition,” Neurocomputing, vol. 24, pp. 207–223.
Pedrycz, W. (1996), Fuzzy Sets Engineering, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 73–106.
Rumelhart, D.E. and McClelland, J.L. (1986), Parallel Distributed Processing: Exploring in the Microstructure of Cognition, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Rumelhart, D.E., Hinton, G.E. and Williams, R.J. (1986), “Learning representations by back-propagation errors,” Nature, vol. 323, pp. 533–536.
Haykin, S. (1999), Neural Networks: a Comprehensive Foundation, Prentice-Hall, NJ.
Schalkoff, R.J. (1997), Artificial Neural Networks, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 146–188.
Tank, D.W. and Hopfield, J.J. (1986), “Simple neural optimization networks: An A/D converter, signal decision circuit and a linear programming circuit,” IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems, vol. 33, pp. 533–541.
Teodorescu, H.N., Kandel, A. and Jain, L.C., Eds. (1999), Fuzzy and Neuro-Fuzzy Systems in Medicine, CRC Press, London.
Wasserrman, P.D. (1989), Neural Computing: Theory and Practice, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 49–85.
Widrow, B. (1962), “Generalization and information storage in networks of ADALINE neurons,” in Yovits, M.C., Jacobi, G.T., and Goldstein, G.D. (Eds.), Self-Organizing Systems, pp. 435–461.
Widrow, B. and Hoff, M,E. (1960), “Adaptive switching circuits,” 1960 IRE WESCON Convention Record, Part 4, pp. 96–104, NY.
Williams, R.J. (1988), “On the use of back-propagation in associative reinforcement learning,” IEEE Int. Conf. on Neural Networks, NY, vol. 1, pp. 263–270.
Williams, R.J. and Peng, J. (1989), “Reinforcement learning algorithm as function optimization,” Proc. of Int. Joint Conf. on Neural Networks, NY, vol. II, pp. 89–95.
Altshuler, E.E. and Linden, D.S. (1997), “Wire¡ªantenna designs using genetic algorithms,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazines, vol. 39, no. 2, April.
Bender, E.A. (1996), Mathematical Methods in Artificial Intelligence, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, pp. 589–593.
Chakraborty, U.K., Deb, K., and Chakraborty, M. (1996), “Analysis of selection algorithms: a Markov chain approach,” Evolutionary Computation, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 133–167.
Chakraborty, U.K. and Muehlenbein, H. (1997), “Linkage equilibrium and genetic algorithms,” Proc. 4 th EEE Int. Conf. On Evolutionary Computation, Indianapolis, pp. 25–29.
Chakraborty, U.K. and Dastidar, D.G. (1993), “Using reliability analysis to estimate the number of generations to convergence in genetic algorithm,” Information Processing Letters, vol. 46, pp. 199–209.
Davis, T.E. and Principa, J.C. (1993), “A Markov chain framework for the simple genetic algorithm,” Evolutionary Computation, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 269–288.
De Jong, K.A. (1975), An Analysis of Behavior of a Class of Genetic Adaptive Systems, Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan.
Fogel, D.B. (1995), Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ.
Filho, J.L.R. and Treleven, P.C. (1994), Genetic Algorithm Programming Environment, IEEE Computer Society Press, pp. 28–43, June.
Goldberg, D.E. (1989), Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
Gupta, B. (1999), “Bandwidth enhancement of microstrip antenna through optimal feed using GA,” Seminar on Seekers and Aerospace Sensors, Hyderabad, India.
Holland, J.H. (1975), Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
Koza, J.R. (1992), Genetic Programming: on the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection, MIT Press.
McDonell, J.R. (1998), “Control,” in Back, T., Fogel, D.B., and Michalewicz, Z. (Eds.), Handbook of Evolutionary Computation, IOP and Oxford University Press, New York.
Mitchell, M. (1996), An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Muehlenbein, H. and Chakraborty, U.K. (1997), “Gene pool recombination genetic algorithm and the onemax function,” Journal of Computing and Information Technology, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 167–182.
Michalewicz, Z. (1992), Genetic Algorithms + Data Structures = Evolution Programs, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Srinivas, M. and Patnaik, L.M. (1996), “Genetic search: analysis using fitness moments,” IEEE Trans. on Knowledge and Data Engg., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 120–133.
Vose, M.D. and Liepins, G.E. (1991), “Punctuated equilibrium in genetic search,” Complex Systems, vol. 5, pp. 31–44.
Vose, M.D. (1999), Genetic Algorithms, MIT Press.
Antoniou, G. (1997), Nonmonotonic Reasoning, MIT Press.
Quinlan, J.R., “Induction of decision trees,” Machine Learning, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 81–106.
Russel, S. and Norvig, P. (1995), Artificial Intelligence: a Modern Approach, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 598–644.
Winston, P. (1970), Learning Structural Descriptions from Examples, Ph.D. Dissertation, MIT Technical Report AI-TR-231.
Jain, L.C. (Ed.) (1999), Intelligent Biometric Techniques in Fingerprint and Face Recognition, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Jain, L.C. and De Silva, C.W. (Eds.) (1998), Intelligent Adaptive Control: Industrial Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Jain, L.C. and Martin, N.M. (Eds.) (1998), Fusion of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Sets and Genetic Algorithms: Industry Applications, CRC Press.
Jain, L.C. and Lazzerini, B. (Eds.) (1999), Knowledge-Based Intelligent Techniques in Character Recognition, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Pal, S.K. and Mitra, S. (1999), Neuro-Fuzzy Pattern Recognition: Methods in Soft Computing, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Konar, A. (1999), Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing: Behavioral and Cognitive Modeling of the Human Brain, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Biswas, B., Konar, A., and Mukherjee, A.K., “Image matching with fuzzy moment descriptors,” Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. (To appear).
Sil, J. and Konar, A., “Reasoning with probabilistic predicate/ transition nets,” LASTED J. of Modeling and Simulations. (To appear).
Konar, A. and Mandai, A.K. (1996), “Uncertainty management in expert systems using fuzzy petri nets,” IEEE Trans. on Knowledge and Data Engineering, vol. 8, no. 1.
Saha, P. and Konar, A., “A heuristic approach to computing inverse fuzzy relation,” J. of Approximate Reasoning. (To appear).
Jamshidi, M., Titli, A., Zadeh, L., and Boverie, S., Eds. (1997), Applications of Fuzzy Logic: Towards High Machine Intelligence Quotient Systems, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Konar, A., Jain, L.C. (2001). An Introduction to Computational Intelligence Paradigms. In: Jain, L., De Wilde, P. (eds) Practical Applications of Computational Intelligence Techniques. International Series in Intelligent Technologies, vol 16. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0678-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0678-1_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-3868-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0678-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive