Abstract
Five characteristic samples of crystalline rocks of the Black Forest basement, three gneisses from the Kinzig Valley and two granites (Triberg & Bärhalde) from the Variscan basement of the Central Black Forest have been experimentally reacted with water in a batch reactor under a series of different experimental conditions in order to better understand the composition and evolution of groundwater in the crystalline basement.
Experiments with fine-grained powders (< 10μm) showed a high mobility of chloride: gneiss contains up to 48 mg dissolvable chloride per kg rock, granite up to 300 mg Cl / kg rock. The salinity of leachates is proportional to the amount of preserved fluid inclusions which is higher in Qtz-rich granites than in feldspathic gneisses with little Qtz. Experiments with CO2-saturated water did not distinctively increase Cl, although TDS increased by a factor of 6. In coarsely crushed gneiss and granite (grain size > 1 mm) 5 and 8 mg Cl was extractable per kg rock, respectively. Average measured Cl/Br ratio was about 100 (on a ppm basis), a value typical of primary high-T fluids trapped in fluid inclusions. The Cl/Br-ratios of leachates from granite and gneiss were very similar and independent of temperature.
In both, granite and gneiss, more Mg than Ca is extractable. However, Ca + Mg is higher by an order of magnitude in gneiss leachates. Leachates from both rocks are strongly alkali dominated and K > Na under most experimental conditions. Sulfate and nitrate are low (5 mg/l) compared with Cl which is typically higher by a factor of 30 in granite. Experiments at 50°C resulted in higher TDS and bulk reaction rate. Na/Ca ratio increased from 4 at 25°C to 13 at 50°C. Ion exchange on the fine rock powder and reaction products (clays) is important and increases K+(Na) relative to Ca+(Mg) in the water.
The origin of the solutes is related to alteration of biotite and secondary chlorite (K, Mg), alteration of plagioclase (Ca, Na) and opened fluid inclusions (Na, Cl). The dominate primary anion is chloride which resides in fluid inclusions and in halite on grain boundaries (in contrast to HCO3 which is atmospheric). The composition of the leachates is clearly related to the composition and nature of the minerals present in the rocks. The amount of water extractable solutes is very different for granites and gneisses, which reflects the petrographic and mineral compositional differences between the two rock types. These results correspond well with the observation of two different types of deep groundwater in the Black Forest basement.
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Bucher, K., Stober, I. (2002). Water-rock reaction experiments with Black Forest gneiss and granite. In: Stober, I., Bucher, K. (eds) Water-Rock Interaction. Water Science and Technology Library, vol 40. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0438-1_3
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