Abstract
Further to the classical methods that involve different chromosome treatments followed by staining, in situ hybridization of isochores represents a novel approach to chromosomal banding. Isochores are long compositionally homogeneous DNA segments that, in the human genome, belong to five families, two GC-poor families (L1 and L2) representing 30% and 33% of the genome, respectively, and three GC-rich families (H1, H2 and H3) representing 24%, 7.5% and 4–5% of the genome, respectively. Gene concentration increases with increasing GC levels, reaching an up to 20-fold higher level in H3 compared to L1 isochores. In situ hybridization of DNA from different isochore families on metaphase chromosomes allow to distinguish different sets of Giemsa and Reverse bands. In addition, it also provides information on the chromosomal distribution of genes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aïssani B, Bernardi G (1991a). CpG islands: features and distribution in the genome of vertebrates. Gene 106: 173–183.
Aïssani B, Bernardi G (1991b). CpG islands, genes and isochores in the genome of vertebrates. Gene 106: 185–195.
Ambros PF, Sumner AT (1987). Correlation of pachytene chromomeres and metaphase bands of human chromosomes, and distinctive properties of telomeric regions. Cytogenet Cell Genet 44: 223–238.
Bernardi G (1989). The isochore organization of the human genome. Ann Rev Genet 23: 637–661.
Bernardi G (1995). The human genome: organization and evolutionary history. Ann Rev Genet 29: 445–476.
Bernardi G (2000). Isochores and the evolutionary genomics of vertebrates. Gene 241: 3–17.
Bernardi G, Olofsson B, Filipski J, et al. (1985). The mosaic genome of warm-blooded vertebrates. Science 228: 953–958.
Bettecken T, Aïssani B, Müller CR, Bernardi G (1992). Compositional mapping of the human dystrophin gene. Gene 122: 329–335.
Biemont MC, Laurent C, Couturier J, Dutrillaux B (1978). Chronologie de la replication des bandes des chromosomes sexuels dans les lymphocytes de sujets normaux et anormaux. Ann Génét 21: 133–141.
Camargo M, Cervenka J (1982). Patterns of DNA replication of human chromosomes II. Replication map and replication model. Am J Hum Genet 34: 757–780.
Clay O, Cacciò S, Zoubak S, Mouchiroud D, Bernardi G (1996). Human coding and non-coding DNA: compositional correlations. Mol Phylogenet Evol 5: 2–12.
Comings DE (1978). Mechanisms of chromosome banding and implications for chromosome structure. Annu Rev Genet 12: 25–46.
Craig JM, Bickmore WA (1994). The distribution of CpG islands in mammalian chromosomes. Nature Genet 7: 376–382.
Cuny G, Soriano P, Macaya G, Bernardi G (1981). The major components of the mouse and human genomes: preparation, basic properties and compositional heterogeneity. Eur J Biochem 111: 227–233.
Delgado S, Gúrnez M, Bird A, Antequera F (1998). Initiation of DNA replication at CpG islands in mammalian chromosomes. EMBO J 17: 2426–2435.
De Sario A, Geigl EM, Palmieri G, D’Urso M, Bernardi G (1996). A compositional map of human chromosome band Xq28. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 1298–1302.
Drouin R, Lemieux N, Richer C-L (1990). Analysis of DNA replication during S-phase by means of dynamic chromosome banding at high resolution Chromosoma 99: 273–280.
Drouin R, Lemieux N, Richer C-L (1991). Chromosome condensation from prophase to late metaphase:relationship to chromosome bands and their replication time. Cytogenet Cell Genet 57: 91–99.
Drouin R, Holmquist G, Richer CL (1994). High resolution replication bands compared with morphologic G-and R-bands. Adv Hum Genet 22: 47–115.
Dunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, et al. (1999). The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22. Nature 402: 489–495.
Dutrillaux B (1973). Nouveau Systeme de marquage chromosomique: les bandes T. Chromosoma 41: 395–402.
Dutrillaux B, Viegas-Pequinot E (1981). High resolution R-and G-banding on the same preparation. Hum Genet 57: 93–95.
Dutrillaux B, Couturier J, Richer C-L, Viegas-Pequinot E (1976). Sequence of DNA replication in 277 R-and Q-bands of human chromosomes using a BrdU treatment. Chromosoma 58: 51–61.
Federico C, Saccone S, Bernardi G (1998). The gene-richest bands of human chromosomes replicate at the onset of the S-phase. Cytogenet Cell Genet 80: 83–88.
Federico C, Andreozzi, L, Saccone, S, Bernardi, G (2000). Gene density in the Giemsa bands of human chromosomes. Chromosome Res, in press.
Fetni R, Drouin R, Richer C-L, Lemieux N (1996). Complementary replication R-and G-band patterns hinduced by cell blocking at the R-band/G-band transition, a possible regulatory checkpoint within the S phase of the cell cycle. Cytogenet Cell Genet 75: 172–179.
Francke U (1994). Digitized and differentially shaded human chromosome ideograms for genomic applications. Cytogenet Cell Genet 6: 206–219.
Gardiner K, Aissani B, Bernardi G (1990). A compositional map of human chromosome 21. EMBO J 9: 1853–1858.
Hattori M, Fujiyama A, Taylor TD, et al. (2000). The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21. Nature 405: 311.
Jabbari K, Bernardi G (1999). CpG doublets, CpG islands and Alu repeats in long human DNA sequences from different isochore families. Gene 224: 123–128.
Kim MA, Johannsmann R, Grzeschik K-H (1975). Giemsa staining of the sites replicating DNA early in human lymphocyte chromosomes. Cytogenet Cell Genet 15: 363–371.
Korenberg J, Rikowski M (1988). Human molecular organization: Alu, Lines and the molecular structure of metaphase chromosome bands. Cell 53: 391–400.
Mouchiroud D, D’Onofrio G, Aïssani B, Macaya G, Gautier C, Bernardi G (1991). The distribution of genes in the human genome. Gene 100: 181–187.
Pilia G, Little RD, Aïssani B, Bernardi G, Schlessinger D (1993). Isochores and CpG islands in Yac contigs in human Xq26.1-qter. Genomics 17: 456–462.
Saccone S, De Sario A, Delia Valle G, Bernardi G (1992). The highest gene concentrations in the human genome are in T-bands of metaphase chromosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 4913–4917.
Saccone S, De Sario A, Wiegant J, Raap AK, Delia Valle G, Bernardi G (1993). Correlations between iso-chores and chromosomal bands in the human genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 11929–11933.
Saccone S, Cacciò S, Kusuda J, Andreozzi L, Bernardi G (1996). Identification of the gene-richest bands in human chromosomes. Gene 174: 85–94.
Saccone C, Cacciò S, Perani P, Andreozzi L, Rapisarda A, Motta S, Bernardi G (1997). Compositional mapping of mouse chromosomes and identification of the gene-rich regions. Chromosome Res 5: 293–300.
Saccone S, Federico C, Solovei I, Croquette MF, Delia Valle G, Bernardi G (1999). Identification of the gene-richest bands in human prometaphase chromosomes. Chromosome Res 7: 379–386.
Vogel W, Autenrieth M, Mehnert K (1989). Analysis of chromosome replication by a BrdU antibody technique. Chromosoma 98: 335–341
Zoubak S, Clay O, Bernardi G (1996). The gene distribution of the human genome. Gene 174: 95–102.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Saccone, S., Bernardi, G. (2001). Human chromosomal banding by in situ hybridization of isochores. In: Sharma, A.K., Sharma, A. (eds) Chromosome Painting. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0330-8_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0330-8_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-3840-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0330-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive