Skip to main content

Abstract

Up to the seventeenth century, the unaided eye was the only receiver that humanity could use to observe the Universe. Evolution was able to adapt this “instrument” to be sensitive to the light of the star we happen to be orbiting, the Sun. The invention of the telescope amplified the sensitivity of the eye and its angular resolution, letting humanity discover, less than a century ago, that other galaxies exist, far beyond the Milky way, and that these galaxies are moving apart: the Universe expands. However, all we could discover using the eye and its extension, the optical telescope, regarded a tiny, very tiny, part of the entire electromagnetic spectrum. As soon as technology enabled us to open new windows, we discovered other phenomena, other objects, and could push our knowledge farther out in space and time.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aloy, M.A., Ibanez, J.M., Martì, J.M., Gomez, J.-L. and Muller, E.(1999). High-resolution three-dimensional simulations of relativisticbjets. Astrophysical Journal, 523, L125–L128.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Begelman, M.C., Blandford, R.D. and Rees, M.J. (1984). Theory of extragalactic radio sources. Reviews of Modern Physics, 56, 255–351.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Blandford, R.D. and Payne, D.G. (1982). Hydromagnetic flows from accretion discs and the production of radio jets. MonthlyNotices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 199, 883–903.

    ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Blandford, R.D. and Königl, A. (1979). Relativistic jets as compact radio sources. Astrophysical Journal, 232, 34–48.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Blandford, R.D. and Levinson, A. (1995). Pair cascades in extragalacticjets. 1: Gamma rays. Astrophysical Journal, 441, 79–95.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Blandford, R.D. and Rees, M.J. (1974). A ‘twin-exhaust’ model for double radio sources. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 169,395–415.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Blandford, R.D. and Rees, M.J. (1978). Some comments on radiation mechanisms in Lacertids. In A.M. Wolfe (ed), Pittsburgh Conference of BL Lac objects, Pittsburgh University Press, PA, pp. 328–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blandford, R.D. and Znajek, R.L. (1977). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 176, 465–481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumenthal, G.R. and Gould, R.J. (1970). Bremsstrahlung, synchrotron radiation, and Compton scattering of high-energy electrons traversing dilute gases. Reviews of Modern Physics, 42, 237.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bodo, G. (1997). Non-linear instabilities in supersonic jets. In S. Massaglia and G. Bodo (eds), Astrophysical Jets: Open Problems, Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam, pp.161–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Catanese, M. and Weekes, T.C. (1999). Very high energy gamma-ray astronomy. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific,1193–1222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Celotti, A. and Fabian, A.C. (1993). The kinetic power and luminosity of parsecscale radio jets -An argument for heavy jets. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 264, 228–236.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Celotti, A. and Blandford, R.D. (2001). On the formation of jets. In L. Kaper, E.P.J. van den Heuvel, P.A. Woudt (eds), Black Holes in Binaries and Galactic Nuclei, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 206.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Celotti, A. and Ghisellini, G. (2002). In preparation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dermer, C.D. and Schlickeiser, R. (1993). Model for the high-energy emission from blazars. Astrophysical Journal, 416, 458–484.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dondi, L. and Ghisellini, G. (1995). Gamma-ray-loud blazars and beaming. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 273,583–595.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fossati, G., Maraschi, L., Celotti, A., Comastri, A. and Ghisellini, G.(1998). A unifying view of the spectral energy distributions of blazars.Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 299, 433–448.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fossati, G., Celotti, A., Ghisellini, G. and Maraschi, L. (1997). Unifying models for X-ray-selected and radio-selected BL Lac objects. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,289, 136–150.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaidos, J.A. et al. (1996). Very rapid and energetic bursts of TeVphotons from the active galaxy Markarian 421. Nature, 383,319–388.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghisellini, G., Celotti, A., Fossati, G., Maraschi, L. and Maraschi, L. (1998). A theoretical unifying scheme for gamma-ray bright blazars. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,301, 451–468.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghisellini, G. and Madau, P. (1996). On the origin of the gamma-rayemission in blazars. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 280,67–76.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghisellini, G., Maraschi, L. and Treves, A. (1985). Inhomogeneous synchrotron-self-Compton models and the problem of relativistic beaming of BL Lac objects. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 146, 204–212.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghisellini, G., Padovani, P., Celotti, A. and Maraschi, L. (1993).Relativistic bulk motion in active galactic nuclei. Astrophysical Journal, 407,65–82.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Giacconi, R., Gursky, H., Paolini, F. and Rossi, B. (1962). Evidence for X-rays from sources outside the Solar System. Physical Review Letters, 9, 439–443.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Giommi, P. and Padovani, P. (1994). BL-lacertae reunification.Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 268,L51–L54.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ginzburg, V.L. and Syrovatskii, S.I. (1965). Cosmicmagnetobrems-strahlung (synchrotron radiation). Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 3, 297.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Haardt, F. and Maraschi, L. (1991). A two-phase model for the X-rayemission from Seyfert galaxies. Astrophysical Journal, 380,L51–L54.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyle, F.S.R., Burbidge, G.R. and Sargent, W.L.W. (1966). On the nature of the quasi-stellar sources. Nature, 209, 751–753.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jauncey, D.L., Kedziora-Chudczer, L.L., Macquart, J.P., Lovell, J.E.J., Perley, R.A., Nicolson, G.D., Rayner, D.P., Reynolds, J.E., Tzioumis, A.K., Wieringa, M.H., Bignall, H.E. (2000). Galaxies and their Constituents at the Highest Angular Resolution. International Astronomical Union. Symposium 205, Manchester, England, August 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, T.W., O’Dell, S.L. and Stein, W.A. (1974a). Physics of compact nonthermal sources. Theory of radiation processes. Astrophysical Journal, 188, 353–368.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, T.W., O’Dell, S.L. and Stein, W.A. (1974b). Physics of compact nonthermal sources. H. Determination of physical parameters. Astrophysical Journal, 192, 261–278.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kedziora-Chudczer, L., Jauncey, D.L., Wieringa, M.H., Walker, M.A., Nicolson, G.D., Reynolds, J.E. and Tzioumis, A.K. (1997). PKS 0405–385: The smallest radio quasar? Astrophysical Journal,490, L9–L12.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Königl, A. (1981). Relativistic jets as X-ray and gamma-ray sources. Astrophysical Journal, 243, 700–709.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lynden-Bell, D. (1969). Galactic nuclei as collapsed old quasars.Nature, 223, 690.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mannheim, K. (1993). The proton blazar. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 269, 67–76.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Maraschi, L., Celotti, A., Fossati, G., Ghisellini, G., Tagliaferri, G., Pian, E., Treves, A., Raiteri, C., Villata, M., Bassani, L., Cappi, M., Chiappetti, L., Comastri, A., Frontera, F., Giarrusso, S., Grandi, P., Molendi, S.,Palumbo, G., Perola, C., Salvati, M., Tanzi, E.G. and Urry, C.M. (1998). Bepposax observations of 3c 279. In L. Scarsi, H. Bradt, P. Giommi and F. Fiore (eds), The Active X-ray Sky: Results from BeppoSAX and RXTE, Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 453 [reprinted from Nuclear Physics B, 69(1–3)].

    Google Scholar 

  • Maraschi, L., Ghisellini, G. and Celotti, A. (1992). A jet model for the gamma-ray emitting blazar 3C 279. Astrophysical Journal, 397, L5–L9.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Maraschi, L., Ghisellini, G., Tanzi, E.G. and Treves, A. (1986). Spectral properties of blazars. II. An X-ray observed sample. Astrophysical Journal, 310, 325–333.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Maraschi, L. and Rovetti, F. (1994). A unified relativistic beaming model for BL Lacertae objects and flat spectrum radio quasars. Astrophysical Journal, 436, 79–88.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Marscher, A.P. (1980). Relativistic jets and the continuum emission in QSOs. Astrophysical Journal, 235, 386–391.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J.S. and Hawley, S.A. (1977). The spectrum and redshift of BL Lacertae. Astrophysical Journal, 212, L47.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Narayan, R. and Yi, I. (1994). Advection-dominated accretion: A self-similar solution. Astrophysical Journal, 428, L13–L16.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Dell, S.L. (1981). Radiation force on a relativistic plasma and the Eddington limit. Astrophysical Journal, 243, L147–L149.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Oke, J.B. and Gunn, J.E. (1974). The distance of BL Lacertae.Astrophysical Journal, 189, L5.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Padovani, P., Ghisellini, G., Fabian, A.C. and Celotti, A. (1993). Radio-loud AGN and the extragalactic gamma-ray background. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 260, L21–L24.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Padovani, P. and Giommi, P. (1995). The connection between X-ray-and radio-selected BL Lacertae objects. Astrophysical Journal, 444, 567–581.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Perlman, E.S., Stocke, J.T., Schachter, J.F., Elvis, M., Ellingson, E.,Urry,C.M., Potter, M., Impey, C.D. and Kolchinsky, P. (1996). The Einstein Slew Survey sample of BL Lacertae objects. Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 104, 251.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Phinney S. (1987). How fast can a blob go? In J.A. Zensus and T.J. Pearson (eds), Superluminal Radio Sources, Cambridge University Press, pp. 301–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pian, E., Vacanti, G., Tagliaferri, G., Ghisellini, G., Maraschi, L., Treves, A.,Urry, M., Fiore, F., Giommi, P., Palazzi, E., Chiappetti, L. and Sambruna,R.M. (1998). BeppoSAX observations of unprecedented synchrotron activity in the BL Lacertae object Markarian 501. Astrophysical Journal,492, L17–L20.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rawlings, S.G. and Saunders, R.D.E. (1991). Evidence for a common central-engine mechanism in all extragalactic radio sources. Nature,349,138–140.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rees, M.J. (1966). Appearance of relativistically expanding radio sources.Nature, 211, 468–470.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rees, M.J. (1967). Studies in radio source structure-III. Inverse Compton radiation from radio sources. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 137, 429–444.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rees, M.J. (1978). The M87 jet -Internal shocks in a plasma beam.Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 184, 61P–65P.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rees, M.J., Phinney, E.S., Begelman, M.C. and Blandford, R.D. (1982).Ion-supported tori and the origin of radio jets. Nature, 295, 17–21.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, S.P. (1982). Theoretical studies of compact radio sources. I-Synchrotron radiation from relativistic flows. Astrophysical Journal,256, 13–37.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Salpeter, E.E. (1964). Accretion of interstellar matter by massive objects.Astrophysical Journal, 140, 796–800.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, D.P., van Gorkom, J.H., Schmidt, M. and Gunn, J.E. (1992).Radio properties of optically selected high-redshift quasars. I -VLA observations of 22 quasars at 6 CM. Astronomical Journal, 103,1451–1456.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Shakura, N.I. and Sunyaev, R.A. (1973). Black holes in binary systems. Observational appearance. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 24,337–355.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sikora, M., Begelman, M.C. and Rees, M.J. (1994). Comptonization of diffuse ambient radiation by a relativistic jet: The source of gamma rays from blazars? Astrophysical Journal, 421, 153–162.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stecker, F.W. and De Jager, O.C. (1993). New upper limits on intergalactic infrared radiation from high-energy astrophysics. Astrophysical Journal,415, L7l.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stecker, F.W., Salamon, M.H. and Malkan, M.A. (1993). The high-energy diffuse cosmic gamma-ray background radiation from blazars. Astrophysical Journal, 410,L71–L74.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, D., Spinrad, H., Eisenhardt, P., Bunker, A.J., Dawson, S., Stanford, S.A. and Elston, E. (2000). Discovery of a color-selected quasar at Z =5.50. Astrophysical Journal, 533, L75–L78.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stickel, M., Fried, J.W., Kühr, H., Padovani, P. and Urry, C.M. (1991). The complete sample of 1 Jansky BL Lacertae objects. I -Summary properties. Astrophysical Journal, 374, 431–439.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Svensson, R. (1987). Non-thermal pair production in compact X-ray sources -First-order Compton cascades is soft radiation fields. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 227, 403–451.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich, M.-H., Maraschi, L. and Urry, C.M. (1997). Variability of active galactic nuclei. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 35, 445–502.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Urry, C.M. and Padovani, P. (1995). Unified schemes for radio-loud active galactic nuclei. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 107, 803–845.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Urry, C.M. and Shafer, R.A. (1984). Luminosity enhancement in relativistic jets and altered luminosity functions for beamed objects. Astrophysical Journal, 280, 569–573.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vermeulen, R.C. and Cohen, M.H. (1994). Superluminal motion statistics and cosmology. Astrophysical Journal, 430, 467–494.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, S.J. and Witzel, A. (1994). Intraday variability in quasars and BL Lac objects. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 33, 163–198.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wardle, J.F.C. (1977). Upper limits on the Faraday rotation in variable radio sources. Nature, 269, 563–566.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wardle, J.F.C., Homan, D.C., Ojha, R. and Roberts, D.H. (1998). Electron-positron jets associated with the quasar 3C 279. Nature, 395, 457–461.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wehrle, A.E., Pian, E., Urry, C.M., Maraschi, L., McHardy, I.M., Lawson, A.J., Ghisellini, G., Hartman, R.C., Madejski, G.M., Makino, F., Marscher, A.P., Wagner, S.J., Webb, J.R., Aldering, G.S., Aller, M.F., Aller, H.D., Backman, D.E., Balonek, T.J., Boltwood, P., Bonnell, J., Caplinger, J., Celotti, A., Collmar, W., Dalton, J., Drucker, A., Falomo, R., Fichtel, C.E., Freudling, W., Gear, W.K., Gonzalez-Perez, N., Hall, P., Inoue, H., Johnson, W.N., Kazanas, D., Kidger, M.R., Kii, T., Kollgaard, R.I., Kondo, Y., Kurfess, J., Lin, Y.C., McCollum, B., McNaron-Brown, K., Nagase, F., Nair, A.D., Penton, S., Pesce, J.E., Pohl, M., Raiteri, C.M., Renda, M., Robson, E.I., Sambruna, R.M., Schirmer, A.F., Shrader, C., Sikora, M., Sillanpaeae, A., Smith, P.S., Stevens, J.A., Stocke, J., Takalo, L.O., Teraesranta, H., Thompson, D.J., Thompson, R., Tornikoski, M., Tosti, G., Treves, A., Turcotte, P., Unwin, S.C., Valtaoja, E., Villata, M., Xu, W., Yamashita, A. and Zook, A. (1998). Multiwavelength observations of a draatic high-energy flare in the blazar 3C 279. Astrophysical Journal,497, 178–187.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitney, A.R., Shapiro, I.I., Robertson, D.S., Knight, C.A., Clark, T.A., Goldstein, R.M., Marandino, G.E. and Vandenberg, N.R. (1971). Quasars revisited: Rapid time variations observed via very-long-baseline interferometry. Science, 173, 225.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolter, A., Gioia, I.M., Maccacaro, T., Morris, S.L. and Stocke, J.T. (1991). The number count distribution for X-ray-selected BL Lacertae objects and constraints on the luminosity function. Astrophysical Journal, 369, 314–319.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeldovich, Ya.B. (1964). Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, 157, 67.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ghisellini, G. (2001). Blazars. In: Bleeker, J.A.M., Geiss, J., Huber, M.C.E. (eds) The Century of Space Science. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0320-9_24

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0320-9_24

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-7196-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0320-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics