Abstract
To the naked eye the night sky is filled with stars. But outside of a quite narrow slice of the whole electromagnetic spectrum a radically different sky is seen. Over two huge frequency ranges, each about 10 decades broad, utterly different objects dominate the view. Both at the long, radio wavelengths, and at the high X-ray and γ-ray energies, the brightest things in the sky are quasars. Only in the three decades of frequency from the ultraviolet, through the visible band and into the infrared do stars dominate, and in the infrared much of the starlight is seen only indirectly, having been absorbed and re-emitted by dust around the stars. Three decades is much broader than the octave-wide band to which our human eyes are sensitive but, compared with the 20 decades of frequency opened up to astronomy during the space age, it is small.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
General
Kembhavi, A.K. and Narlikar, J.V. (1999). Quasars and Active Galactic Nuclei, Cambridge UniversityPress.
Krolik, J.H. (1999). Active GalacticNuclei, Princeton University Press, NJ.
Peterson, B. (1998). An Introduction to ActiveGalactic Nuclei, Cambridge University Press.
History
Hazard, C. (1979). Introduction to quasars and active galacticnuclei. In C. Hazard and S. Mitton (eds), ActiveGalactic Nuclei, Cambridge University Press., p.1.
Shields, G. (1999). A brief history of active galactic nuclei.Publications of the Astronomical Society of thePacific, 111, 661–678.
Trimble, V. (1988). Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, [possibly: Trimble, V. (1986). Low-luminosity stars. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 27, 38–59.]
Weedman, D.E. (1976). Seyfert galaxies, quasars and redshifts.Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 17, 227–262.
Black hole masses
Ho, L.C. (1998). Supermassive black holes in galactic nuclei: Observational evidence and some astrophysical consequences. In S.K. Chakrabati (ed),Observational Evidence for Black Holes in theUniverse, Kluwer,Dordrecht.
Kormendy, J. and Richstone, D. (1995). Inward bound - The search for supermassive black holes in galactic nuclei. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 33, 581.
Accretion disks
Antonucci, R. (1993). Unified models for active galactic nuclei and quasars. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 31,473–521.
Frank, J., King, A. and Raine D. (1985, 1992). Accretion Power in Astrophysics, Cambridge University Press.
Applied quasarology
Peacock, J.A. (1999). Cosmological Physics, Cambridge University Press.
Tytler, D. (1997). (and other articles) In P. Petitjean and S. Chariot (eds), Structure and Evolution of the Intergalactic Medium from QSO Absorption Line Systems, Editions Frontieres, Paris.
Unified models
Urry, C.M. and Padovani, P. (1995). Unified schemes for radio-loud active galactic nuclei. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific,107,803.
Botany
Lawrence, A. (1987). Classification of active galaxies and the prospect of a unified phenomenology. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 99, 309–334.
References
Antonucci, R.R.J. (1982). Optical polarization position angle versus radio source axis in radio galaxies. Nature, 299,605–606.
Antonucci, R. (1999). Constraints on disks models of the big blue bump from UV/optical/IR observations. In J. Poutanen and R. Svensson (eds), High Energy Processes in Accreting Black Holes, ASP Conference Series 161, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, San Francisco, p. 193.
Antonucci, R. and Miller, J.S. (1985). Spectropolarimetry and the nature of NGC 1068. Astrophysical Journal,297, 621–632.
Antonucci, R., Kinney, A. and Ford, H. (1989). The Lyman edge test of the quasar emission mechanism. Astrophysical Journal, 342,64–82.
Avni, Y. (1978). Parameter estimation for X-ray sources -Positions. Astronomy and Astrophysics,66, 307–309.
Baldwin, J.A. (1977). Luminosity indicators in the spectra of quasi-stellar objects. Astrophysical Journal,214, 679–684.
Bergeron, J., Cristiani, S. and Shaver, PA. (1992). Discovery of Z of about 1 galaxies causing quasar absorption lines. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 257, 417–424.
Blandford, R.D. and Rees, M.J. (1974). A ’twin-exhaust’ model for double radio sources. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,169, 395–415.
Blandford, R.D. and Znajek R.L. (1977). Electromagnetic extraction of energy from Kerr black holes. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 179,433–456.
Blundell, K.M. and Beasley, A.J. (1998). The central engines of radio-quiet quasars. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 299,165–170.
Boldt, E. (1988). In Hewitt, A., Burbidge, G. and Fang, L.Z. (eds),Observational Cosmology, IAU Symposium 124, Reidel, Dordrecht, p. 611.
Boyle, B.J., Shanks, T. and Peterson, B.A. (1988). The evolution of optically selected QSOs. II. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 235, 935–948.
Burbidge, G. (1959). Estimates of the total energy in particles and magnetic field in the non-thermal radio sources. Astrophysical Journal, 129,849–851.
Burbidge, G. and Burbidge, M. (1967). Quasi-Stellar Objects, W.H. Freeman, San Francisco.
Cash, W., Shipley, A., Osterman, S. and Joy, M. (2000). Laboratory detection of X-ray fringes with a grazing-incidence interferometer. Nature, 407, 160–162.
Clavel, J., Boksenberg, A., Bromage, G.E., Elvius, A., Penston, M.V., Perola, G.C., Santos-Lleo, M., Snijders, M.A.J. and Ulrich, M.H. (1990). The ultra-compact broad emission line region in NGC4151. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 246, 668.
Collin-Souffrin, S., Czerny, B., Dumont, A.-M. and Zycki, P.T. (1996). Quasi-spherical accretion of optically thin clouds as a model for the optical/UV/soft X-ray emission of AGN. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 314, 393–413.
Curtis, H.D. (1918). Publications of Lick Observatory, 13, 9 (p. 31).
di Serego Alighieri, S., Fosbury, R.A.E., Tadhunter, C.N. and Quinn P.J. (1989). Polarized light in high-redshift radio galaxies. Nature, 341, 307–309.
Dyson and Lamb (2000). Astrophysics and Space Science, 266, Nos. 1–2.
Elvis, M. (2000). A structure for quasars. Astrophysical Journal, 545, 63–76.
Elvis, M., Maccacaro, T., Wilson, A.S., Ward, M.J., Penston, M.V., Fosbury, R.A.E. and Perola, G.C. (1978). Seyfert galaxies as X-ray sources. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 183, 129–157.
Elvis, M., Wilkes, B.J., McDowell, J.C., Green, R.F., Bechtold, J., Willner, S.P., Oey, M.S., Polomski, E. and Cutri, R. (1994). Atlas of quasar energy distributions. Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 95, 1–68.
Fabian, A.C. and Iwasawa, K. (1999). The mass density in black holes inferred from the X-ray background. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 303, L34–L36.
Fan X. et al. (1999). High-redshift quasars found in sloan digital sky survey commissioning data. Astronomical Journal, 118, 1–13.
Fan X. et al. (2001). Astronomical Journal, 122, 2833–2849.
Ferrarese, L. and Merritt, D. (2000). A fundamental relation between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies. Astrophysical Journal, 539, L9–L12.
Field, G.B. (1972). Intergalactic matter. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 10, 227.
Fichtel, C. (1994). High-energy gamma-ray observations of active galaxies. Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 90, 917–922.
Fiore, F., La Franca, F., Giommi, P., Elvis, M., Matt, G., Comastri, A., Molendi, S. and Gioia, I. (1999). The contribution of faint active galactic nuclei to the hard X-ray background. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 306, L55–L60.
Fruscione, A. (1996). X-ray-selected extreme-ultraviolet galaxies: Scraping the bottom of the “invisible” barrel. Astrophysical Journal, 459, 509–519.
Gebhardt, K., Bender, R., Bower, G., Dressier, A., Faber, S.M., Filippenko, A.V., Green, R., Grillmair, Ho, L.C., Kormendy, J., Layer, T.R., Magorrian, J., Pinkney, J., Richstone, D. and Tremaine, S. (2000). A relationship between nuclear black hole mass and galaxy velocity dispersion. Astrophysical Journal, 539, L13–L16.
Giacconi, R., Rosati, P., Tozzi, P., Nonino, M., Hasinger, G., Norman, C, Bergeron, J., Borgani, S., Gilli, R., Gilmozzi, R. and Zheng, W. (2001).First results from the X-ray and optical survey of the Chandra deep field south. Astrophysical Journal, 551, 624–634.
Giacconi, R. and Gursky, H. (eds) (1974). X-ray Astronomy, Reidel,Dordrecht.
Giallongo, E. and Vagnetti, F. (1992). The evolution of the QSO luminosity function up to Z = 4 - The role of K-correction uncertainties.Astrophysical Journal, 396, 411–415.
Ghisellini, G., Padovani, P., Celotti, A. and Maraschi, L. (1993). Relativistic bulk motion in active galactic nuclei. Astrophysical Journal, 407, 65–82.
Ghisellini, G., Celotti, A., Fossati, G., Maraschi, L. and Comastri, A.,(1998). A unifying theoretical scheme for gamma-ray bright blazars.Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 301, L51.
Green, R.F. (1986). In G. Swarup and V.K. Kapahi (eds), Quasars, IAU Symposium 119, Reidel, Dordrecht, p. 429.
Greenstein, J. and Matthews, T.A. (1963). Redshift of the radio source 3C 48. Astronomical Journal, 68, 279.
Gunn, J.E. and Peterson, B.A. (1965). On the density of neutral hydrogen in intergalactic space. Astrophysical Journal, 142, 1633–1636.
Haardt, F. and Maraschi, L. (1991). A two phase model for the X-ray emission from Seyfert galaxies. Astrophysical Journal, 380, L51–L54.
Hasinger, G., Burg, R., Giacconi, R., Schmidt, M., Truemper, J.,Zamorani, G. (1998). The ROSAT Deep Survey. I. X-ray sources in the Lockman Field. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 329, 482–494.
Hazard, C., Mackay, M.B., and Shimmins, A.J. (1963). Nature, 197, 1037.
Hoyle, F. (1948). A new model for the expanding universe. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 108, 372–382.
Iwasawa, K. and Taniguchi, Y. (1993). The X-ray Baldwin effect.Astrophysical Journal, 413, L15–L18.
Jakobsen, P., Boksenberg, A., Deharveng, J.M., Greenfield, P.,Jedrzejewski, R. and Paresce, F. (1994). Detection of intergalactic ionized helium absorption in a high-redshift quasar. Nature, 370, 35–39.
Jennison, R.C. and Das Gupta, M.K. (1953). Fine structure of the extraterrestrial radio source Cygnus X-l. Nature, 172, 996–997.
Kaastra, J., Mewe, R., Liedahl, D.A., Komossa, S. and Brinkman, A.C.(2000). X-ray absorption lines in the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 5548 discovered with Chandra-LETGS. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 354,L83–L86.
Phinney, S. (1983). A theory of radio sources. PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge.
Phinney S. (1987). How fast can a blob go? In Zensus, J.A. and Pearson, T.J. (eds), Superluminal Radio Sources, Cambridge University Press, pp. 301–305.
Pogge, R.W. (1988). A extended ionizing radiation cone from the nucleus of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068. Astrophysical Journal, 328, 519–522.
Reynolds, S. and Fabian, A.C. (1995). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 273, 1167–1176.
Sagan, C. (1979). Broca’s Brain Reflections on the Romance of Science, Balantine, New York, p. 73.
Sandage, A. (1965). The existence of a major new constituent of the Universe: The quasistellar galaxies. Astrophysical Journal, 141, 1560–1578.
Sanders, D.B., Phinney, G., Neugebauer, G., Soifer, B.T. and Matthews, K. (1989). Continuum energy distributions of quasars. Astrophysical Journal, 347, 29–51.
Schinnerer, E., Eckart, A., Tacconi, L.J., Genzel, R. and Downes, D. (2000). Bars and warps traced by the molecular gas in the seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068. Astrophysical Journal, 533, 850–868.
Schmidt, M. (1963). 3C 273: A star-like object with large red-shift. Nature, 197, 1040.
Schmidt, M. (1967). Space distribution of quasi-stellar radio sources. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 79, 437.
Schmidt, M. (1990). Discovery of quasars. In R. Bertotti, R. Balbinot, S. Bergia and, A. Messina (eds), Modern Cosmology in Retrospect, Cambridge University Press.
Schneider, D.P., van Gorkom, J.H., Schmidt, M. and Gunn, J.E. (1992). Radio properties of optically selected high-redshift quasars I. VLA observations of 22 quasars at 6 cm. Astronomical Journal, 103, 1451–1456.
Setti, G. and Woltjer L. (1989). Active galactic nuclei and the spectrum of the X-ray background. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 224, L21–L23.
Seyfert, C.K. (1943). Nuclear emission in spiral nebulae. Astrophysical Journal, 97, 28–40.
Shakura, N. and Sunyaev, R. (1973). Black holes in binary systems. Observational appearance. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 24, 337–355.
Shields, G.A. (1978). Thermal continuum from accretion disks in quasars. Nature, 272, 706–708.
Smak, J.I. (1982). Accretion in cataclysmic binaries. I - Modified alpha-disks with convection. Acta Astronomica, 32, 199–211.
Smette, A., Shaver, P.A., Foltz, C.B., Chaffee, F.H., Weymann, R.J., Williams, R.E. and Magain, P. (1992). A spectroscopic study of UM 673 A and B - On the size of Lyman-alpha clouds. Astrophysical Journal, 389, 39–62.
Stockton, A. (1973). QSOs - Galaxy associated with 4C37.43. Nature, 246, 25.
Tadhunter, C. and Tsvetanov, Z. (1989). Anisotropic ionizing radiation in NGC 5252. Nature, 341, 422–424.
Tanaka, Y. et al. (1995). Nature, 375, 659.
Terlevich, R. and Melnick, J. (1985). Warmers - The missing link between starburst and Seyfert galaxies. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 213, 841–856.
Turner, T.J. and Pounds, K.A. (1989). The EXOSAT spectral survey of AGN. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 240, 833–880.
Ueda, Y., et al. (1998). Nature, 495, 435.
Urry, C.M. and Padovani, P. (1995). Unified schemes for radio-loud active galactic nuclei. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 107, 803.
Ward, M.J., Wilson, A.S., Penston, M.V., Elvis, M., Maccacaro, T. and Tritton, K.P. (1978). Optical identifications of extragalactic X-ray sources. Astrophysical Journal, 223, 788–797.
Webster, R.L., Francis, P.J., Peterson, B.A., Drinkwater, M.J. and Masci, F.J. (1995). Evidence for a large undetected population of dust-reddened quasars. Nature, 375, 469.
Weedman, D. (1976). Seyfert galaxies, quasars and redshifts. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 17, 227–262.
Wilson, A.S. and Colbert, E.J.M. (1995). The difference between radio-loud and radio-quiet active galaxies. Astrophysical Journal, 438, 62–71.
Wisotzki, L. (2000). The bright end of the QSO luminosity function. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 353, 853–860.
Wolfe, A.M. (1988). Damped Ly-alpha absorption systems. In J.C. Blades, D. Turnshek and C.A. Norman (eds), QSO Absorption Lines: Probing the Universe, Cambridge University Press, pp. 297–317.
Zamorani, G., Henry, J.P., Maccacaro, T., Tananbaum, H., Soltan, A., Avni, Y., Liebert, J., Stocke, J., Strittmatter, P.A., Weymann, R.J., Smith, M.G. and Condon, J.J. (1981). X-ray studies of quasars with the Einstein Observatory. II. Astrophysical Journal, 245, 357–374.
Kaspi, S., Brandt, W.N., Netzer, H., Sambruna, R., Chartas, G.,Garmire, G.P. and Nousek, J.A. (2000). Discovery of narrow X-ray absorption lines from NGC 3783 with the Chandra High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer. Astrophysical Journal, 535, L17–L20.
Keel, W.C. (1980). Inclination effects on the recognition of Seyfert galaxies.Astronomical Journal, 85, 198–203.
Khachikian, E.Ye. and Weedman, D.W. (1974). An atlas of Seyfert galaxies. Astrophysical Journal, 192, 581–589.
Kinney, A. (1992). Lyman edges - Signatures of accretion disks. In S.S. Holt, S.G. Neff and C.M. Urry (eds), Testing the AGN paradigm,Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Topical Astrophysics Conference,University of Maryland, College Park, Oct. 14–16, 1991, AIP Conference Series 254, American Institute of Physics, New York, pp. 139–145.
Korista, K., Alloin, D., Barr, P., Clavel, J., Cohen, R.D., Crenshaw, D.M.,Evans, I.N., Horne, K., Koratkar, A.P., Kriss, G.A., Krolik, J.H., Malkan,M.A., Morris, S.L., Netzer, H., O’Brien, P.T., Peterson, B.M., Reichert,G.A., Rodriguez-Pascual, P.M., Wamsteker, W., Anderson, K.S.J.,Axon, D.J., Benitez, E., Berlind, P., Bertram, R., Blackwell, J.H.,Jr., Bochkarev, N.G., Boisson, C., Carini, M., Carrillo, R., Carone, T.E.,Cheng, F.-Z., Christensen, J.A., Chuvaev, K.K., Dietrich, M., Dokter, J.J.,Doroshenko, V., Dultzin-Hacyan, D., England, M.N., Espey, B.R.,Filippenko, A.V., Gaskell, C.M., Goad, M.R., Ho, L.C., Huchra, J.P.,Jiang, X.J., Kaspi, S., Kollatschny, W., Laor, A., Luminet, J.-P.,MacAlpine, G.M., MacKenty, J.W., Malkov, Yu.F., Maoz, D., Martin, P.G.,Matheson, T., McCollum, B., Merkulova, N., Metik, L., Mignoli, M.,Miller, H.R., Pastoriza, M.G., Pelat, D., Penfold, J., Perez, M., Perola, G.C., Persaud, J.L., Peters, J., Pitts, R., Pogge, R.W., Pronik, I.,Pronik, V.I., Ptak, R.L., Rawley, L., Recondo-Gonzalez, M.C.,Rodriguez-Espinosa, J.M., Romanishin, W., Sadun, A.C., Salamanca, I.,Santos-Lleo, M., Sekiguchi, K., Sergeev, S.G., Shapovalova, A.I.,Shields, J.C., Shrader, C., Shull, J.M., Silbermann, N.A., Sitko, M.L.,Skillman, D.R., Smith, H.A., Smith, S.M., Snijders, M.A.J., Sparke, L.S.,Stirpe, G.M., Stoner, R.E., Sun, W.-H., Thiele, U., Tokarz, S.,Tsvetanov, Z.I., Tumshek, D.A., Veilleux, S., Wagner, R.M., Wagner, S.J.,Wanders, I., Wang, T., Welsh, W.F., Weymann, R.J., White, R.J.,Wilkes, B.J., Wills, B.J., Winge, C., Wu, H. and Zou, Z.L. (1995). Steps toward determination of the size and structure of the broad-line region in active galatic nuclei. 8: An intensive HST, IUE, and ground-based study of NGC 5548. Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 97, 285–330.
Kormendy, J. and Richstone, D. (1995). Inward bound - The search for supermassive black holes in galactic nuclei. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 33, 581–624.
Kwan, J. and Krolik, J.H. (1981). The formation of emission lines in quasars and Seyfert nuclei. Astrophysical Journal, 250, 478–507.
Lawrence, A. (1987). Classification of active galaxies and the prospect of a unified phenomenology. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 99, 309–334.
Lawrence, A., Watson, M.G., Pounds, K.A. and Elvis, M. (1987). Low-frequency divergent X-ray variability in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4051.Nature, 325, 694–696.
Lynden-Bell, D. (1969). Galactic nuclei as collapsed old quasars. Nature,223, 690–694.
Maccacaro, T., Perola, G.C. and Elvis, M. (1982). X-ray observations with the Einstein Observatory of emission-line galaxies. Astrophysical Journal, 257, 47–55.
Magorrian, J., Tremaine, S., Richstone, D., Bender, R., Bower, C,Dressier, A., Faber, S.M., Gebhardt, K., Green, R., Grillmair, C.,Kormendy, J. and Lauer, T. (1998). The demography of massive dark objects in galaxy centers. Astronomical Journal, 115, 2285–2305.
Malkan, M. and Sargent, W.L.W. (1982). The ultraviolet excess of Seyfert 1 galaxies and quasars. Astrophysical Journal, 254, 22–37.
Marscher, A.P., Moore, E.M. and Bania, T.M. (1993). Detection of AU-scale stmcture in molecular clouds. Astrophysical Journal, 419, L101–L104.
Mathur, S., Elvis, M. and Wilkes, B. (1999). Multiple velocity components in the C IV absorption line of NGC 5548. Astrophysical Journal, 519,605–609.
Matthews, T.A. and Sandage, A.R. (1963). Optical identification of 3c 48, 3c 196, and 3c 286 with stellar objects. Astrophysical Journal, 138, 30–56.
Netzer, H., Wamsteker, W., Wills, B.J. and Wills, D. (1985). The ultraviolet spectra of active galaxies with weak optical Fe II lines. Astrophysical Journal, 292, 143–147.
Oke, B. (1963). Absolute energy distribution in the optical spectrum of 3C 213. Nature, 197, 1040–1041.
Osmer, P.S. (1982). Evidence for a decrease in the space density of quasars at Z more than about 3.5. Astrophysical Journal, 253, 28–37.
Perley, R.A., Dreher, J.W. and Cowan, J.J. (1984). The jet and filaments in Cygnus A. Astrophysical Journal, 285, L35–L38.
Peterson, B.M., Balonek, T.J., Barker, E.S., Bechtold, J., Bertram, R.,Bochkarev, N.G., Bolte, M.J., Bond, D., Boroson, T.A., Carini, M.T.,Carone, T.E., Christensen, J.A., Clements, S.D., Cochran, A.L.,Cohen, R.D., Crampton, D., Dietrich, M., Elvis, M., Ferguson, A.,Filippenko, A.V., Fricke, K.J., Gaskell, C.M., Halpem, J.P., Huchra, J.P.,Hutchings, J.B., Kollatschny, W., Koratkar, A.P., Korista, K.T.,Krolik, J.H., Lame, N.J., Laor, A., Leacock, R.J., MacAlpine, G.M.,Malkan, M.A., Maoz, D., Miller, H.R., Morris, S.L., Netzer, H.,Oliveira, C.L.M., Penfold, J., Penston, M.V., Perez, E., Pogge, R.W.,Richmond, M.W., Romanishin, W., Rosenblatt, E.I., Saddlemyer, L.,Sadun, A., Sawyer, S.R., Shields, J.C., Shapovalova, A.I., Smith, A.G.,Smith, H.A., Smith, P.S., Sun, W.-H., Thiele, U., Turner, T.J., Veilleux, S., Wagner, R.M., Weymann, R.J., Wilkes, B.J., Wills, B.J., Wills, D. and Younger, P.F. (1991). Steps toward determination of the size and structure of the broad-line region in active galactic nuclei. II -An intensive study of NGC 5548 at optical wavelengths. Astrophysical Journal, 368, 119–137.
Phinney, S. (1983). A theory of radio sources. PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge.
Phinney S. (1987). How fast can a blob go? In Zensus, J.A. and Pearson, T.J. (eds), Superluminal Radio Sources, Cambridge University Press, pp. 301–305.
Pogge, R.W. (1988). A extended ionizing radiation cone from the nucleus of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068. Astrophysical Journal, 328, 519–522.
Reynolds, S. and Fabian, A.C. (1995). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 273, 1167–1176.
Sagan, C. (1979). Broca’s Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science, Balantine, New York, p. 73.
Sandage, A. (1965). The existence of a major new constituent of the Universe: The quasistellar galaxies. Astrophysical Journal, 141, 1560–1578.
Sanders, D.B., Phinney, G., Neugebauer, G., Soifer, B.T. and Matthews, K. (1989). Continuum energy distributions of quasars. Astrophysical Journal, 347, 29–51.
Schinnerer, E., Eckart, A., Tacconi, L.J., Genzel, R. and Downes, D. (2000). Bars and warps traced by the molecular gas in the seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068. Astrophysical Journal, 533, 850–868.
Schmidt, M. (1963). 3C 273: A star-like object with large red-shift. Nature, 197, 1040.
Schmidt, M. (1967). Space distribution of quasi-stellar radio sources. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 79, 437.
Schmidt, M. (1990). Discovery of quasars. In R. Bertotti, R. Balbinot, S. Bergia and, A. Messina (eds), Modern Cosmology in Retrospect, Cambridge University Press.
Schneider, D.P., van Gorkom, J.H., Schmidt, M. and Gunn, J.E. (1992). Radio properties of optically selected high-redshift quasars I. VLA observations of 22 quasars at 6 cm. Astronomical Journal, 103, 1451–1456.
Setti, G. and Woltjer L. (1989). Active galactic nuclei and the spectrum of the X-ray background. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 224, L21–L23.
Seyfert, C.K. (1943). Nuclear emission in spiral nebulae. Astrophysical Journal, 97, 28–40.
Shakura, N. and Sunyaev, R. (1973). Black holes in binary systems. Observational appearance. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 24, 337–355.
Shields, G.A. (1978). Thermal continuum from accretion disks in quasars. Nature, 272, 706–708.
Smak, J.I. (1982). Accretion in cataclysmic binaries. I - Modified alpha-disks with convection. Acta Astronomica, 32, 199–211.
Smette, A., Shaver, P.A., Foltz, C.B., Chaffee, F.H., Weymann, R.J., Williams, R.E. and Magain, P. (1992). A spectroscopic study of UM 673 A and B - On the size of Lyman-alpha clouds. Astrophysical Journal, 389, 39–62.
Stockton, A. (1973). QSOs - Galaxy associated with 4C37.43. Nature, 246, 25.
Tadhunter, C. and Tsvetanov, Z. (1989). Anisotropic ionizing radiation in NGC 5252. Nature, 341, 422–424.
Tanaka, Y. et al. (1995). Nature, 375, 659.
Terlevich, R. and Melnick, J. (1985). Warmers - The missing link between starburst and Seyfert galaxies. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 213, 841–856.
Turner, T.J. and Pounds, K.A. (1989). The EXOSAT spectral survey of AGN. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 240, 833–880.
Ueda, Y., et al. (1998). Nature, 495, 435.
Urry, C.M. and Padovani, P. (1995). Unified schemes for radio-loud active galactic nuclei. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 107, 803.
Ward, M.J., Wilson, A.S., Penston, M.V., Elvis, M., Maccacaro, T. and Tritton, K.P. (1978). Optical identifications of extragalactic X-ray sources. Astrophysical Journal, 223, 788–797.
Webster, R.L., Francis, P.J., Peterson, B.A., Drinkwater, M.J. and Masci, F.J. (1995). Evidence for a large undetected population of dust-reddened quasars. Nature, 375, 469.
Weedman, D. (1976). Seyfert galaxies, quasars and redshifts. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 17, 227–262.
Wilson, A.S. and Colbert, E.J.M. (1995). The difference between radio-loud and radio-quiet active galaxies. Astrophysical Journal, 438, 62–71.
Wisotzki, L. (2000). The bright end of the QSO luminosity function. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 353, 853–860.
Wolfe, A.M. (1988). Damped Ly-alpha absorption systems. In J.C. Blades, D. Turnshek and C.A. Norman (eds), QSO Absorption Lines: Probing the Universe, Cambridge University Press, pp. 297–317.
Zamorani, G., Henry, J.P., Maccacaro, T., Tananbaum, H., Soltan, A., Avni, Y., Liebert, J., Stocke, J., Strittmatter, P.A., Weymann, R.J., Smith, M.G. and Condon, J.J. (1981). X-ray studies of quasars with the Einstein Observatory. II. Astrophysical Journal, 245, 357–374.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Elvis, M. (2001). Quasars. In: Bleeker, J.A.M., Geiss, J., Huber, M.C.E. (eds) The Century of Space Science. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0320-9_23
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0320-9_23
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-7196-0
Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0320-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive