Abstract
The major transitions in human evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, from protozoans to metazoans, from the first animals to bilaterians and finally from a primitive chordate to vertebrates were all accompanied by increases in genome complexity. Rare fusion of divergent genomes rather than continuous single gene duplications could explain these jumps in evolution. The origin of eukaryotes was proposed to be due to a symbiosis of Archaea and Bacteria. Symbiosis is clearly seen as the source for mitochondria. A fundamental difference of higher eukaryotes is the cycle from haploidy to diploidy, a well-regulated genome duplication. Of course, self-fertilization exists, but the potential of sex increases with the difference of the haploid stages, such as the sperm and the egg. What should be the advantage of having two identical copies of a gene? Still, genes duplicate all the time and even genomes duplicate rather often. In plants, polyploidy is well recognized, but seems to be abundant in fungi and even in animals, too. However, hybridization, rather than autopolyploidy, seems to be the potential mechanism for creating something new. The problem with chimaeric, symbiotic or reticulate evolution events is that they blur phylogenetic lineages. Unrecognized paralogous genes or random loss of one of the paralogs in different lineages can lead to false conclusions. Horizontal genome transfer, genome fusion or hybridization might be only truly innovative combined with rare geological transitions such as change to an oxygen atmosphere, snowball Earth events or the Cambrian explosion, but correlates well with the major transitions in evolution.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aguinaldo, A.M., Turbeville, J.M., Linford, L.S., Rivera, M.C., Garey, J.R., Raff, R.A. and Lake, J.A. (1997) Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods and other moulting animals. Nature, 387, 489–493.
The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative. (2000) Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature, 408, 796–815.
Baldauf, S.L., Roger, A.J., Wenk-Siefert, I. and Doolittle, W.F. (2000) A kingdom-level phylogeny of eukaryotes based on combined protein data. Science, 290, 972–977.
Bancroft, I. (2001) Duplicate and diverge: the evolution of plant genome microstructure. Trends Genet., 17, 89–93.
Brooke, N.M., Garcia-Fernandez, J. and Holland, P.W. (1998) The ParaHox gene cluster is an evolutionary sister of the Hox gene cluster. Nature, 392, 920–922.
Eisen, J.A. (2000) Assessing evolutionary relationships among microbes from whole-genome analysis. Curr. Opin. Microbiol, 3, 475–480.
Ferrier, D.E. and Holland, P.W. (2001) Ancient origin of the Hox gene cluster. Nature Rev. Genet., 2, 33–38.
Gibson, T.J. and Spring, J. (2000) Evidence in favour of ancient octaploidy in the vertebrate genome. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 28, 259–264.
Holland, P.W., Garcia-Fernandez, J., Williams, N.A. and Sidow, A. (1994) Gene duplications and the origins of vertebrate development. Development, Suppl. 1994, 125–133.
Horiike, T., Hamada, K., Kanaya, S. and Shinozawa, T. (2001) Origin of eukaryotic cell nuclei by symbiosis of Archaea in Bacteria is revealed by homology-hit analysis. Nature Cell Biol., 3, 210–214.
Hughes, A.L. (1999) Phylogenies of developmentally important proteins do not support the hypothesis of two rounds of genome duplication early in vertebrate history. J. Mol. Evol., 48, 565–576.
Hyde, W.T., Crowley, T.J., Baum, S.K. and Peltier, W.R. (2000) Neoproterozoic’ snowball Earth’ simulations with a coupled climate/ice-sheet model. Nature, 405, 425–429.
International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. (2001) Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature, 409, 860–921.
Kroiher, M., Miller, M.A. and Steele, R.E. (2001) Deceiving appearances: signaling by ‘dead’ and ‘fractured’ receptor proteintyrosine kinases. BioEssays, 23, 69–76.
Lake, J.A. (1988) Origin of the eukaryotic nucleus determined by rate-invariant analysis of rRNA sequences. Nature, 331, 184–186.
Llorente, B., et al. (2000) Genomic exploration of the hemiascomycetous yeasts: 20. Evolution of gene redundancy compared to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett., 487, 122–133.
Lundin, L.G. (1993) Evolution of the vertebrate genome as reflected in paralogous chromosomal regions in man and the house mouse. Genomics, 16, 1–19.
Lundin, L.G. (1999) Gene duplications in early metazoan evolution. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol., 10, 523–530.
Lynch, M. and Conery, J.S. (2000) The evolutionary fate and consequences of duplicate genes. Science, 290, 1151–1155.
Margulis, L. (1970) Origin of Eukaryotic Cells, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
Martin, A. (2001) Is tetralogy true? Lack of support for the ‘one-to-four rule’. Mol. Biol. Evol., 18, 89–93.
Ohno, S. (1970) Evolution by Gene Duplication, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
Pebusque, M.J., Coulier, F., Birnbaum, D. and Pontarotti, P. (1998) Ancient large-scale genome duplications: phylogenetic and linkage analyses shed light on chordate genome evolution. Mol. Biol. Evol., 15, 1145–1159.
Philippe, H., Germot, A. and Moreira, D. (2000) The new phylogeny of eukaryotes. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 10, 596–601.
Rubin, G.M., et al. (2000) Comparative genomics of the eukaryotes. Science, 287, 2204–2215.
Rubin, G.M. (2001) The draft sequences. Comparing species. Nature, 409, 820–821.
Ruddle, F.H., Bentley, K.L., Murtha, M.T. and Risch, N. (1994) Gene loss and gain in the evolution of the vertebrates. Development, Suppl. 1994, 155–161.
Simmen, M.W., Leitgeb, S., Clark, V.H., Jones, S.J. and Bird, A. (1998) Gene number in an invertebrate chordate, Ciona intestinalis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 4437–4440.
Skrabanek, L. and Wolfe, K.H. (1998) Eukaryote genome duplication — where’s the evidence? Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 8, 694–700.
Spring, J. (1997) Vertebrate evolution by interspecific hybridisation — are we polyploid? FEBS Lett., 400, 2–8.
Spring, J., Yanze, N., Middel, A.M., Stierwald, M., Groger, H. and Schmid, V (2000) The mesoderm specification factor twist in the life cycle of jellyfish. Dev. Biol., 228, 363–375.
Szathmary, E. and Maynard Smith, J. (1995) The major evolutionary transitions. Nature, 374, 227–232.
Venter, J.C., et al. (2001) The sequence of the human genome. Science, 291, 1304–1351.
Wang, Y. and Gu, X. (2000) Evolutionary patterns of gene families generated in the early stage of vertebrates. J. Mol. Evol., 51, 88–96.
Wolfe, K.H., Shields, D.C. (1997) Molecular evidence for an ancient duplication of the entire yeast genome. Nature, 387, 708–713.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Spring, J. (2003). Major transitions in evolution by genome fusions: from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, metazoans, bilaterians and vertebrates. In: Meyer, A., Van de Peer, Y. (eds) Genome Evolution. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0263-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0263-9_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-3957-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0263-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive