Skip to main content

Studying Faculty Salary Equity: A Review of Theoretical and Methodological Approaches

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research ((HATR,volume 18))

Abstract

Over the past three decades, numerous studies have been published that examine salary equity among the nation’s college and university faculty. Many more studies have been conducted by individual campuses for internal use only. The vast majority of this research focuses on sex differences in faculty salaries, with a smaller amount of attention to racial/ ethnic group differences.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ashraf, J. (1994). Differences in returns to education: An analysis by race. American Journal of Economics and Sociology 53(3): 281–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Astin, H.S., Antonio, A.L.,, Cress, CM., and Astin, A.W. (1997). Race and ethnicity in the American professorate, 1995-96. Los Angeles: Higher Education Research Institute, UCLA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Astin, H.S., and Bayer, A.E. (1972). Sex discrimination in academe. Educational Record 53: 101–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balzer, W., Boudreau, N., Hutchinson, P., Ryan, A.M., Thorsteinson, T., Sullivan, J., Yonker, R., and Snavely, D. (1996). Critical modeling principles when testing for gender equity in faculty salary. Research in Higher Education 37(6): 633–658.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banks, W.M. (1984). Afro-American scholars in the university: Roles and conflicts. American Behavioral Scientist 27(3): 325–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbezat, D.A. (1988). Gender differences in the academic reward system. In D.W. Breneman, and T.I.K. Youn (eds.), Academiclabor markets and careers (pp. 138-164). New York: Palmer Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbezat, D.A. (1989). The effect of collective bargaining on salaries in higher education. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 42(3): 443–455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, G.V., Alexander, R.A., Anesgart, M.N., and Doverspike, D. (1986). Frequently encountered problems in the application of regression analysis to the investigation of sex discrimination in salaries. Public Personnel Management 15(2): 143–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, G.V., and Doverspike, D. (1989). Fundamental errors and erroneous beliefs in using regression analysis as a test for sex discrimination. Law and Psychology Review 13(1): 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, G.V., and Sansonetti, D.M. (1988). Issues concerning the use of regression analysis in salary discrimination cases. Personnel Psychology 41: 503–516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayer, A.E., and Folger, J. (1966). Some correlates of a citation measure of productivity in science. Sociology of Education 39(4): 381–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, G.S. (1962). Investment in human capital: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Political Economy 70 Supplement (5): 9–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, W., and Goodman, R. (1991). The semilogarithmic earnings equation and its use in assessing salary discrimination in academe. Economics of Education Review 10(4): 323–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, R.R. (1992). Career mobility: does gender Matter? Thought and Action 8(1): 39–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellas, M.L. (1993). Faculty salaries: Still a cost of being female? Social Science Quarterly 74(1): 62–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellas, M.L. (1994). Comparable worth in academia: The effects on faculty salaries of the sex composition and labor-market conditions of academic disciplines. American Sociological Review 59: 807–821.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellas, M.L. (1997). Disciplinary differences in faculty salaries: Does gender bias play a role? Journal of Higher Education 68(3): 299–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellas, M.L., and Toutkoushian, R.K. (1999). Faculty time allocations and research productivity: Gender, race, and family effects. Review of Higher Education 22(4): 367–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentley, R.J., and Blackburn, R.T. (1992). Two decades of gains for female faculty. Teachers College Record 93(4): 699–708.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bereman, N.A., and Scott, J.A. (1991). Using the compa-ratio to detect gender bias in faculty salaries. Journal of Higher Education 62(5): 556–569.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biglan, A. (1973). Characteristics of subject matter in different academic areas. Journal of Applied Psychology 57(3): 195–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birnbaum, M.E. (1979). Procedures for detection and correction of salary inequities. In T.R. Pezzullo, and B.E. Brittingham (eds.), Salary Equity: Detecting Sex Bias in Salaries Among College and University Professors (pp. 121–144). Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn, R.T., and Lawrence, J.H. (1995). Faculty at work: Motivation, expectation, satisfaction. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn, R., Wenzel, S., and Bieber, J.P. (1994). Minority vs. majority faculty publication performance: A research note. Review of Higher Education 17(3): 271–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell, J.E. (1988). Faculty issues: The impact on minorities. Review of Higher Education 11(4): 417–434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boudreu, N., Sullivan, J., Balzer, W., Ryan, A.M., Yonker, R., Thorsteinson, T., and Hutchinson, P. (1997). Should faculty rank be included as a predictor variable in studies of gender equity in faculty salaries? Research in Higher Education 38: 297–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, H.R., and Schuster, J.H. (1986). American professors: A national resource imperiled. New York: Oxford University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Braskamp, L.A., Muffo, J.A., and Langston, I.W. (1978). Determining salary equity. Journal of Higher Education 49(3): 231–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, W.P., and Nelson, R.P. (1989). Markets in hierarchies: Organizational and market influences on gender inequality on a state pay system. American journal of Sociology 95(3): 616–658.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brittingham, B.E., Pezzullo, T.R., Ramsay, G.A., Long, J.V., and Ageloff, R.M. (1979). A multiple regression model for predicting men’s and women’s salaries in higher education. In T.R. Pezzullo, and B.E. Brittingham (eds.), Salary Equity: Detecting Sex Bias in Salaries Among College and University Professors (pp. 93–118). Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broder, I.E. (1993). Professional achievements and gender differences among academic economists. Economic Inquiry 31: 116–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronstein, P., Rothblum, E.D., and Solomon, S.E. (1993). Ivy halls and glass walls: Barriers to academic careers for women and ethnic minorities. In J. Gainen, and R. Boice (eds.), Building a Diverse Faculty (Vol. 53, pp. 17–31). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, B.R. (1987). The Academic Life: Small Worlds, Different Worlds. Princeton, NJ: The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cotton, J. (1988). On the decomposition of wage differentials. Review of Economics and Statistics 70(2): 236–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, M., and Astin, A.W. (1977). Sex differentials in faculty salaries. Research in Higher Education, 289–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creamer, E.G. (1998). Assessing faculty publication productivity: issues of equity. (ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report, Vol. 26, No. 2). Washington, DC: George Washington University: Graduate School of Education and. Human Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danielson, J.L., and Smith, R. (1981). The application of regression analysis to equality and merit in personnel decisions. Public Personnel Management Journal 10: 126–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, L.J. (2000). The economy of desire in academe. Chronicle of Higher Education November 10: B7–B9.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Young, A.J. (1989). Economics and American education: A historical and critical overview o] the impact of economic theories on schooling in the United States. White Plains, NY: Longman Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, Jr., A.M. (1986). What is a citation worth? Journal of Human Resources 21(2): 200–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dillon, K.E., and Marsh, H.W. (1981). Faculty earnings compared with those of nonacademic professions. Journal of Higher Education 52(6): 615–623.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreijmanis, J. (1991). Higher education and employment: is professional employment a right? Higher Education Review 23(3): 7–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elmore, C.J., and Blackburn, R.T. (1983). Black and white faculty in white research universities. Journal of Higher Education 54(1): 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • England, P. (1982). The failure of human capital theory to explain occupational sex segregation. Journal of Human Resources 17: 358–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • England, P., Farkas, G., Kilbourne, B.S., and Dou, T. (1988). Explaining occupational sex segregation and wages: Findings from a model with fixed effects. American Sociological Review 53(August): 544–558.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ethnington, C.A. (1996). A hierarchical linear modeling approach to studying college effects. John C. Smart (ed.), Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research (Vol. 12, pp. 165–194). New York: Agathon Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairweather, J.S. (1993). Academic values and faculty rewards. Review of Higher Education 17(1): 43–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairweather, J.S. (1995). Myths and realities of academic labor markets. Economics of Education Review 14(2): 179–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairweather, J.S. (1996). Faculty work and public trust: Restoring the value of teaching and public service in American academic life. Boston: Alln and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferber, M.A. (1974). Professors, performance, and rewards. Industrial Relations 13: 69–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferber, M.A., and Green, C.A. (1982). Traditional or reverse sex discrimination? A case study of a large public university. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 35(4): 550–564.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferber, M.A., and Kordick, B. (1978). Sex differentials in the earnings of Ph.Ds. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 31(2): 227–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferber, M.A,, Loeb, J.W., and Lowry, H.M. (1978). The economic status of women faculty: A reappraisal. Journal of Human Resources 13(3): 385–401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkelstein, M.J. (1984). The status of academic women: An assessment of five competing explanations. Review of Higher Education 7(3): 223–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkelstein, M.J., Seal, R.K., and Schuster, J.H. (1998). The new academic generation: A profession in transformation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, B.D., Motowidlo, S., and. Werner, S. (1993). Effects of gender and other factors on rank of law professors in colleges of business: Evidence of a glass ceiling. Journal of Business Ethics 12: 771–778.

    Google Scholar 

  • Formby, J.P., Gunther, W.D., and Sakano, R. (1993). Entry level salaries of academic economists: does gender or age matter? Economic Inquiry 31: 128–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J. (1997). Applied regression, analysis, linear models, and related methods. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M.F. (1981a). Sex segregation in salary structure in academia. Sociology of Work and Occupations 8(1): 39–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M.F. (1981b). Sex, salary, and achievement: Reward-dualism in academia. Sociology of Education 54(April): 71–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M.F. (1985a). Location, sex typing, and salary among academics. Work and Occupations 12(2): 186–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M.F. (1985b). Publication, performance, and reward in science and scholarship. J. C. Smart (ed.), Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research (pp. 255–282). New York: Agathon Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Glassick, C.E., Huber, M.T., and Maeroff, G.I. (1997). Scholarship assessed: Evaluation of the professoriate. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Mejia, L.R., and Balkin, D.B. (1992). Determinants of faculty pay: An agency theory-perspective. Academy of Management Journal 35(5): 921–955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, N.M., Morton, T.E., and Braden, I.C. (1974). Faculty salaries: Is there discrimination by sex, race, and discipline? American Economic Review 64(3): 419–427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gouldner, A.W. (1957). Cosmopolitans and locals: Toward an analysis of latent social roles — I. Administrative Science Quarterly 2(December): 281-306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, M.W. (1985a). The halls of ivy and the halls of justice: Resisting sex discrimination against faculty women. Academe 71(5): 31–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, M.W. (1935b). Legal perspectives on sex equity in faculty employment. Journal of Social Issues 41(4): 121–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, D.H. (1982). An application of the Equal Pay Act to higher education. Journal of College and University Law 8(2): 203–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregario, D.I., Lewis, L.S., and Wanner, R.A. (1982). Assessing merit and need: Distributive justice and salary attainment in academia. Social Science Quarterly 63(3): 492–505.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagedorn, L.S. (1996). Wage equity and female faculty job satisfaction: The role of wage differentials in a job satisfaction causal model. Research in Higher Education 37(5): 569–598.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagedorn, L.S. (1998). Implications to postsecondary faculty of alternative calculation methods of gender-based wage differentials. Research in Higher Education 39(2): 143–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamermersh, D.S. (1988). Salaries: Disciplinary differences and rank injustices. Academc May-June: 20–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamermesh, D.S., Johnson, G.E., and Weisbrod, B.A. (1982). Scholarship, citations, and salaries: Economic rewards in economics. Southern Economic Journal 49: 472–481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, W.L. (1988). Merit pay in higher education. In D.W. Breneman, and T.I.K. Youn (eds.), Academic Labor Markets and Careers (pp. 114–137). New York: Palmer Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Harper, E.P., Baldwin, R.G., Gansneder, B.G., and Chronister, J.L. (2001). Full-time women faculty off the tenure track: Profile and practice. Review of Higher Education 24(3): 237–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hearn, J.C. (1999). Pay and performance in the university: An examination of faculty salaries. Review of Higher Education 22(4): 391–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, BT., and Leppel, K. (1982). Sex discrimination in faculty salaries: F.vidence from a historically black women’s university. American Economic Review 72(4): 829–835.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, E.P. (1981). Faculty salaries: is there discrimination by sex, race, and discipline? Additional evidence. American Economic Review 33(66): 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes-Rovner, M., Alexander, E., O’Kelly, B., Rome, W, Wu, S.M., Lovell, K., and Altano, M. (1994). Compensation equity between men and women in academic medicine: Methods and implications. Academic Medicine 69(2): 131–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holtmann, A.G., and Bayer, A.E. (1970). Determinants of professional income among recent recipients of natural science doctorates. Journal of Business 43(4): 410–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huitin, M., and Szulkin, R. (1999). Wages and unequal access to organizational power: An empirical test of gender discrimination. Administrative Science Quarterly 44: 453–472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, C.B., Riggs, M.L., and Downey, R.G. (1987). Fun with numbers: Alternative models for predicting salary levels. Research in Higher Education 27(4): 249–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, G.E., and Stafford, P.P. (1974). The earnings and. promotion of women faculty. American Economic Review 64(6): 888–903.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, G.E., and Stafford, F.P. (1979). Pecuniary rewards to men and women faculty. In D.R. Lewis, and W.E. Becker (eds.), Academic Rewards in Higher Education (pp. 231-243). Cambridge: Ballinger Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jusenius, C.L.,, and Scheffler, R.M. (1981). Earnings differentials among academic economists: Empirical evidence on race and sex. Journal of Economics and Business 32(2): 88–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahane, L.I1. (2001). Regression Basics. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalleberg, A.I.., and Sorenson, A.B. (1979). The sociology of labor markets. Annual Review of Sociology 5: 351–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasten, K.L. (1984). Tenure and merit pay as rewards for research, teaching, and service at a research university. Journal of Higher Education 55(4): 500–514.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, D.A. (1973). Faculty salaries, promotions, and productivity at a large university. American Economic Review 63(3): 469–477.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, C. (1950). Labor markets: Their character and consequences. American Economic Review 40(2): 278–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch, J.V., and Chizmar, J.F. (1973). The influence of teaching and other factors upon absolute salaries and salary increments at Illinois State University. Journal of Economic Education 5(1): 27–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch, J.V., and Chizmar, J.F. (1976). Sex discrimination and affirmative action in faculty salaries. Exonomic Inquiry 14: 16–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Konrad, A.M., and Pfeffer, J. (1990). Do you get what you deserve? Factors affecting the relationship between productivity and pay. Administrative Science Quarterly 35: 258–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langton, N., and Pfeffer, J. (1994). Paying the professor: Sources of salary variation in academic labor markets. American Sociological Review 59: 236–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanier, P.A., and Tanner, J.R. (1999). A report on gender and gender-related issues in the accounting professoriate. Journal of Education for Business 75(2): 76–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lassiter, Jr., R.L. (1983). The development and use of a faculty salary model for a higher education system. Research in Higher Education 18(3): 333–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, B.A., Leslie, D.W., and Olswang, S.G. (1987). Implications of comparable worth for academe. Journal of Higher Education 58(6): 609–628.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, V.E., and Smith, J.B. (1990). Gender equity in teachers’salaries: A multilevel approach. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 12(1): 57–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, L.S. (1998). Scaling the Ivory Tower: Merit and. its limits in academic, careers (2nd edn.). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindley, J.T., Fish, M., and Jackson, J. (1992). Gender differences in salaries: An application to academe. Southern Economic Journal 59(October): 24–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loeb, J.W., Ferber, M.A., and Lowry, H.M. (1978). The effectiveness of affirmative action for women. Journal of Higher Education 49(3): 218–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomperis, A.M. (1990). Are women changing the nature of the academic profession? Journal of Higher Education 61(6): 643–677.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, J.V. (1979). The idiosyncratic deteminers of salary differences. In T.R. Pezzullo, and B.E. Brittingham (eds.), Salary Equity: Detecting Sex Bias in Salaries among College and University Professors (pp. 145–154). Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magnusen, K.O. (1987). Faculty evaluation, performance, and pay: Application and issues. Journal of Higher Education 58(5): 516–529.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, H.W., and Dillon, K.E. (1980). Academic productivity and faculty supplemental income. Journal of Higher Education 51(5): 546–555.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, H., and Perrucci, C.C. (1982). The structure of academic fields and rewards in academia. Sociology and Social Research 66(2): 127–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, T.W., and Berry, K.J. (1969). The teaching-research dilemma: its sources in the university setting. Journal of Higher Education 40(9): 691–703.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marwell, G., Rosenfeld, R., and Spilerman, S. (1979). Geographic constraints on women’s career in academia. Science 205(21): 1225–1231.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKeachie, W.J. (1979). Perspectives from psychology: Financial incentives are ineffective for faculty. In D.R. Lewis, and W.E. Becker (eds.), Academic Rewards in Higher Education (pp. 3–20). Cambridge: Ballinger Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, G.W., Zirkes, M.B., and. Mahan, B.T. (1983). Multicollinearity and testing questions of sex equity. Research in Higher Education 19(3): 277–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, R.I. (1987). Evaluating faculty for promotion and tenure. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohanty, D.Q., Dodder, R.D., and. Karman, T.A. (1986). Faculty salary analyses by region, rank, and discipline from 1977-78 to 1983-84. Research in Higher Education 24(3): 304–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, K.M., and Amey, M.J. (1993). Making sense of the dollars: The costs and uses of faculty compensation (ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report, No. 5). Washington, DC: George Washington University, School of Education and Human Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, W.L., and Pfeiler, J. (1980). The relationship between departmental power and faculty careers on two campuses: The case for structural effects on faculty salaries. Research in Higher Education 13(4): 291–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muffo, J.A., Braskamp, L., and Langston, Jr., I.W. (1979). Equal pay for equal qualifications? A model for determining race or sex discrimination in salaries. In T.R. Pezzullo, and B.E. Brittingham (eds.), Salary Equity: Detecting Sex Bias in Salaries among College and University Professors (pp. 69–77). Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Education Statistics. (2001). Digest of Education Statistics: 2000. (NCES 2001-034). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nettles, M.T., Perna, L.W., and Bradburn, E.M. (2000). Salary, promotion, and tenure status of minority and women faculty in U.S. colleges and universities (NCES 2000-173). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumark, D. (1988). Employers’discriminatory behavior and the estimation of wage discrimination. Journal of Human Resources 23(3): 279–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oaxaca, R. (1973). Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets. International Economic Review 14(3): 693–709.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perna, L.W. (2002). Sex and race differences in supplemental earnings of college and university faculty. Research in Higher Education 43, 31–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perna, L.W. (2001). Sex differences in faculty salaries: A cohort analysis. Review of Higher Education 24(3): 283–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perseil, C.H. (1983). Gender, rewards and research in education. Psychology of Women Quarterly 8(1): 33–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pezzullo, T.R., and Brittingham, B.E. (1979). The assessment of salary equity: A methodology, alternatives, and a dilemma. In T.R. Pezzullo, and B.E. Brittingham (eds.), Salary Equity: Detecting Sex Bias in Salaries among College and University Processors (pp. 3–11). Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, J., and Davis-Blake, A. (1987). The effect of the proportion of women on salaries: The case of college administrators. Administrative Science Quarterly 32: 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, J., and Langten, N. (1988). Wage inequality and the organization of work: The case of academic departments. Administrative Science Quarterly 33: 588–606.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, J., and Ross, J. (1990). Gender-based wage differences: The effects of organizational context. Work and Occupations 17(1): 55–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ragan, Jr., J.F., Warren, J.T., and Eratsberg, B. (1999). How similar are pay structures in ’ similar’ departments of economics. Economics of Education Review 18: 347–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsay, G.A. (1979). A generalized multiple regression model for predicting college faculty salaries and estimating sex bias. In T.R. Pezzullo, and B.E. Brittingham (eds.), Salary Equity: Detecting Sex Bias in Salaries among College and University Professors (pp. 37–53). Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ransom, M.R., and Megdal, S.B. (1993). Sex differences in the academic labor market in the affirmative action era. Economics of Education Review 12(1): 21–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raymond, R.D., Sesnowitz, M.L., and Williams, D.R. (1988). Does sex still matter? New evidence from the 1980s. Economic Inquiry 26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rickman, B.D. (1984). Faculty salaries at a small university: does sex matter? Quarterly journal of Business and Economics 23(2): 47–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riggs, M.L., Dowrey, R.G., Mclntyre, P., and Hoyt, D.P. (1986). Using discriminant analysis to predict faculty rank. Research in Higher Education 25: 365–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roey, S., and Rak, R.R. (1998). Fall staff in postsecondary institutions: 1995. (NCES 98-228). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfeld, R.A., and Jones, J.A. (1987). Patterns and effects of geographic mobility for academic women and men. Journal of Higher Education 58(5): 493–515.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salthouse, T.A., McKeachie, W.J., and Lin, Y.G. (1978). An experimental investigation of factors affecting university promotion decisions: A brief report. Journal of Higher Education 49(2): 177–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schau, CG., and Heyward, V.H. (1987). Salary equity: Similarities and differences in outcomes from two common prediction models, American Educational Research Journal 24(2): 271–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, A. (1998). Recruiting academic stars: New tactics in an old game. Chronicle of Higher Education May 29: A12–A14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, T.W. (1961). Investment in human capital. American Economic Review 51(1): 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, W.A., and Rosenthal, W.H. (1982). The role of institutional researcher in a sex discrimination suit. Research in Higher Education 16(1): 3–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smart, J.C. (1990). A causal model of faculty turnover intentions. Research in Higher Education 31(5): 405–424.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smart, J.C, (1991). Gender equity in academic rank and salary. Review of Higher Education 14(4): 511–526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smart, J.C, and McLaughlin, G.W. (1978). Reward structures of academic disciplines. Research in Higher Education 8: 39–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, J.K., Hyer, P.B., and McLaughlin, G.W. (1994). Faculty salary equity: Issues and options. Research in Higher Education 35(1): 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorenson, E. (1989). Measuring the effect of occupational sex and race composition on earnings. Chapter 2 in R.T. Michael, H.I. Hartmann, and B. O’Farrell (eds.), Pay Equity: Empirical Inquiries. Washington, DC: National Academy Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, K.D., Dalton, M.M., Dino, G.A., and Wilkinson, S.P. (1996). The development of salary goal modeling: from regression analysis to a value-based prescriptive approach. Journal of Higher Education 67(5): 555–576.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strober, M.H., and Quester, A.O. (1977). The earnings and promotion of women faculty-Comment. American Economic Review 67(2): 207–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swartzman, L.C., Seligman, C, and McClelland, W.J. (1992). Detecting gender discrimination in university salaries: A case study. Canadian journal of Higher Education 22(1): 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szafran, R.F. (1984). Universities and women faculty: Why some organizations discriminate more than others. New York: Praeger Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tack, M.W., and Patitu, C. L. (1992). Faculty job satisfaction: Women and minorities in Peril. (ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report, No. 4.) Washington, DC: George Washington University, School of Education and Human Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thoreson, R.W., Kardash, C.M., Leuthold, D.A., and Morrow, K.A. (1990). Gender differences in the academic career. Research in Higher Education 31(2): 193–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tierney, W.G., and Bensimon, E.M. (1996). Promotion and tenure: Community and socialization in academe. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolbert, P.S. (1986). Organizations and inequality: Sources of earnings differences between male and female faculty. Sociology of Education 59(4): 227–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toutkoushian, R.K. (1994a). Issues in choosing a strategy for achieving salary equity. Research in Higher Education 35(4): 415–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toutkoushian, R.K. (1994b). Using citations to measure sex discrimination in faculty salaries. Review of Higher Education 18(1): 61–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toutkoushian, R.K. (1998a). Racial and marital status differences in faculty pay. Journal of Higher Education 69(5): 513–541.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toutkoushian, R.K. (1998b). Sex matters less for younger faculty: Evidence of disaggregate pay disparities from the 1988 and 1993 NCES surveys. Economics of Education Review 17(1): 55–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toutkoushian, R.K. (1999). The status of academic women in the 1990s: No longer outsiders, not yet equals. Quarterly Review of Economics 39: 679–698.

    Google Scholar 

  • Traynham, E.G., and Green, G. (1977). Affirmative action programs and salary discrimination: A case study. Negro Education Review 28(1): 36–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuckman, E.H. (1979). Salary differences among university faculty and their implications for the future. In T.R. Pezzullo, and B.E. Brittingham (eds.), Salary Equity: Detecting Sex Bias in Salaries among College and University Professors (pp. 19–36). Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuckman, B.H., and Tuckman, H.P. (1976). The structure of salaries at American universities. Journal of Higher Education 17(1): 51–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuckman, H.P. (1979). The academic reward structure in American higher education. In D.R. Lewis, and W.E. Becker (eds.), Academic Rewards in Higher Education (pp. 165–190). Cambridge: Ballinger Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuckman, H.P., and Hagemann, R.P. (1976). An analysis of the reward structure in two disciplines. Journal of Higher Education 47(4): 447–464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verdugo, R.R., and Schneider, J.M. (1994). Gender inequality in female-dominated occupation: The earnings of male and female teachers. Economics of Education Review 13(3): 251–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, A.L. (1995). Demographic factors affecting faculty salary. Educational and Psychological Measurement 55(5): 728–735.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiler, W.C. (1984). Time effects in earnings of faculty members. Economics of Education Review 3(3): 223–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiler, W.C. (1990). Integrating rank differences into a model of male-female faculty salary discrimination. Quarterly Review of Economics and Business 30(1): 3–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Youn, T.I.K. (1988). Studies of academic markets and careers: An historical review. In D.W. Breneman, and T.I.K. Youn (eds.), Academic Labor Markets and Careers (pp. 8–27). New York: Falmer Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Youn, T.T.K. (1992). The sociology of academic careers and academic labor markets. Research in Lahor Markets 13: 10–130.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Perna, L.W. (2003). Studying Faculty Salary Equity: A Review of Theoretical and Methodological Approaches. In: Smart, J.C. (eds) Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research. Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research, vol 18. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0137-3_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0137-3_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-1232-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0137-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics