Abstract
The use of water for agricultural production in water scarcity regions requires innovative research and appropriate transfer of technologies. This paper discusses some of these aspects relative to irrigation demand management. First, some concepts relative to water scarcity are discussed concerning aridity, drought, desertification and water shortage, and respective policies to cope with the respective water stressed regimes. Conceptual approaches on irrigation performances, water use and water savings are reviewed as well as issues on improvement of irrigation methods and respective performances. Main focus is placed on deficit irrigation strategies, including limitations on the applicability of related practices.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alba, I., Rodrigues, P.N., and Pereira, L.S. (2002) Irrigation scheduling simulation for citrus in Sicily to cope with water scarcity. (This issue).
Allen, R.G., Willardson, L.S. and Frederiksen, H.D. (1997) Water use definitions and their use for assessing the impacts of water conservation. In: J.M. de Jager, L.P. Vermes, and R. Ragab (Eds.) Sustainable Irrigation in Areas of Water Scarcity and Drought (Proc. ICID Workshop, Oxford), British Nat. Com. ICID, Oxford, pp. 72–81.
Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D. and Smith, M. (1998) Crop Evapotranspiration. Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements. FAO Irrig. Drain. Pap. 56, FAO, Rome, 300p.
Ayars, J.E., Phene, C.J., Hutmacher, R.B., Davis, K.R., Schoneman, R.A., Vail, S.S. and Mead, R.M. (1999) Subsurface drip irrigation of row crops: a review of 15 years research at the Water Management Research Laboratory. Agric. Water Manag. 42: 1–27.
Bates, J.H.F., Grové, B. and Oosthuizen, I.K. (1997) An economic analysis of irrigation scheduling with limited water supplies. In: J.M. de Jager, L.P. Vermes, and R. Ragab (Eds.) Sustainable Irrigation in Areas of Water Scarcity and Drought (Proc. ICID Workshop, Oxford), British Nat. Com. ICID, Oxford, pp. 6–13.
Bralts, V.F., Edwards, D.M. and Wu, I-Pai (1987) Drip irrigation design and evaluation based on the statistical uniformity concept. In: D. Hillel (Ed.) Advances in Irrigation (vol. 4), Academic Press, Orlando, pp. 67–117.
Bucks, D.A., Sammis, T.W. and Dickey, J.L. (1990) Irrigation for arid areas. In: G.J. Hoffman, T.A. Howell, and K.H. Solomon (Eds.) Management of Farm Irrigation Systems. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI, pp. 499–548.
Burt, C.M., Clemmens, A.J., Strelkoff, T.S., Solomon, K.H., Bliesner, R.D., Hardy, L.A., Howell, T.A. and Eisenhauer, D.E. (1997) Irrigation performance measures: efficiency and uniformity. J. Irrig. Drain. Engng. 123: 423–442.
Castel, J.R. and Buj, A. (1990) Response of Salustiana oranges to high frequency deficit irrigation. Irrig. Sci. 11:121–127.
Clemmens, A.J., El Haddad, Z. and Strelkoff, T.S. (1999) Assessing the potential for modern surface irrigation in Egypt. Transactions of the ASAE. 42(4): 995–1008.
Eastham, J., Gregory, P.J., Williamson, D.R. and Watson, G.D. (1999) The influence of early sowing of wheat and lupin crops on evapotranspiration and evaporation from the soil surface in a Mediterranean climate. Agric. Water Manag. 42: 205–218.
English, M.J. and Raja, S.N. (1996) Perspectives on deficit irrigation. Agric. Water Manag. 32: 71–83.
English, M.J., Musick, J.T. and Murty, V.V.N. (1990) Deficit irrigation. In: G.J. Hoffman, T.A. Howell and K.H. Solomon (Eds.) Management of Farm Irrigation Systems. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI, pp. 631–663.
Fernando, R.M., Pereira, L.S., Liu, Y., Li, Y. and Cai, L. (1998) Reduced demand irrigation scheduling under constraint of the irrigation method. In: L.S. Pereira and J.W. Gowing (Eds.) Water and the Environment: Innovation Issues in Irrigation and Drainage, E & FN Spon, London, pp. 407–414.
Gonzalez-Altozano, P., and Castel, J.R., (2000) Effects of regulated deficit irrigation on “Clementina de Nules” citrus trees growth, yield and fruit quality. In: M.I. Ferreira and H.G. Jones (Eds.) Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops. ISHS, Acta Horticulturae Nr. 537, Leuven, vol. II, pp. 749–758.
Howell, T.A., Yazar, A., Scheneider, A.D., Dusek, D.A. and Copeland, K.S. (1995) Yield and water use efficiency of corn in response to LEPA irrigation. Transactions of the ASAE 38(6): 1737–1747.
Keller, J. and Bliesner, R.D. (1990) Sprinkler and Trickle Irrigation. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
Li, Y. and Calejo, M.J. (1998) Surface irrigation. In: L.S. Pereira, A. Musy, R.J. Liang, M. Hann, (Eds.) Water and Soil Management for Sustainable Agriculture in the North China Plain. ISA, Lisboa: 167–235.
Mantovani, E.C., Villalobos, F.J., Orgaz, F. and Fereres, E. (1995) Modelling the effects of sprinkler irrigation uniformity on crop yield. Agric. Water Manag. 27: 243–257.
Martin, D.L., Stegman, E.C. and Fereres, E. (1990) Irrigation scheduling principles. In: G.J. Hoffman, T.A. Howell and K.H. Solomon (Eds.) Management of Farm Irrigation Systems. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI, pp. 155–203.
Mitchell, P.D., van der Ende, B., Jerie, P.H., and Chalmers, D.J., (1989) Responses of “barlett” pear to withholding irrigation, regulated deficit irrigation and tree spacing. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 114(1): 15–19.
Oweis, T., Pala, M. and Ryan, J. (1998) Stabilizing rainfed wheat yields with supplemental irrigation and nitrogen in a Mediterranean climate. Agronomy Journal 90(5):672–681.
Oweis, T., Hachum, A. and Kijne, J. (1999) Water harvesting and supplemental irrigation for improved water use efficiency in dry areas. SWIM Paper 7, ICARDA and IWMI, Colombo.
Oweis, T., Rodrigues, P.N. and Pereira, L.S. (2002) Simulation of supplemental irrigation strategies for wheat in Near East to cope with water scarcity. (This issue).
Paulo, A.A., Pereira, L.S. and Matias, P.G. (2002) Analysis of local and regional droughts in southern Portugal using the theory of runs and the standardised precipitation index. (This issue).
Pereira, L.S. (1989a) Mitigation of droughts. 1. Agricultural. ICID Bulletin, 38: 1–15.
Pereira, L.S. (1989b) Mitigation of droughts. 2. Irrigation. ICID Bulletin, 38: 16–34.
Pereira, L.S. (1996). Inter-relationships between irrigation scheduling methods and the on-farm irrigation systems. In: M. Smith et al. (Eds.) Irrigation Scheduling: From Theory to Practice. FAO Water Reports 8, ICID and FAO, Rome, pp. 91–104.
Pereira, L.S. (1999) Higher performances through combined improvements in irrigation methods and scheduling: a discussion. Agric. Water Manage. 40(2): 153–169.
Pereira, L.S. and Trout, T.J. (1999) Irrigation Methods. In: H.N. van Lier, L.S. Pereira, and F.R. Steiner (Eds.) CIGR Handbook of Agricultural Engineering, vol. I: Land and Water Engineering, ASAE, St. Joseph, MI, pp. 297–379.
Pereira, L.S., van den Broek, B.J., Kabat, P. and Allen, R.G. (Eds.) (1995) Crop-Water Simulation Models in Practice. Wageningen Press, Wageningen.
Pitts, D., Peterson, K., Gilbert, G. and Fastenau, R. (1996) Field assessment of irrigation system performance. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 12(3): 307–313.
Reca, J., Roldán, J., Alcaide, M., López, R. and Camacho, E. (2001) Optimization model for water allocation in deficit irrigation systems. II. Aplication to the Bémbezar irrigation system. Agric. Water Manag. 48: 267–268.
Rodrigues, P.N, Machado, T., Pereira, L.S., Teixeira, J.L, El Amami, H. and Zairi, A. (2002) Feasibility of deficit irrigation with center-pivot to cope with limited water supply in Alentejo, Portugal. (This issue).
Rossi, G. (2002a) An integrated approach to drought mitigation in Mediterranean regions. (This issue).
Rossi, G. (2002b) Requisites for a drought watch system. (This issue).
Ruiz-Sanchez, M.C., Torrecillas, A., Perez-Pastor, A., and Domingo, R., (2000) Regulated deficit irrigation in Apricot trees. In: M.I. Ferreira and H.G. Jones (Eds.) Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops. ISHS, Acta Horticulturae Nr. 537, Leuven, vol. II, pp. 759–766.
Santos, F.L. (1996) Quality and maximum profit of industrial tomato as affected by distribution uniformity of drip irrigation system. Irrig. Drain. Syst. 10: 281–294.
Scheneider, A.D. and Howell, T.A. (1995) Grain sorghum response to sprinkler irrigation application methods and system capacity. Transactions of the ASAE 38(6): 1693–1697.
Seginer, I. (1987) Spatial water distribution in sprinkler irrigation. In: D. Hillel (Ed.) Advances in Irrigation (vol. 4), Academic Press, Orlando: 119–168.
Shatanawi, M., Al-Zu’bi, Y. and Al-Jayoussi, O. (2002) Irrigation management dynamics in the Jordan valley under drought conditions. (This issue).
Smith, M., Pereira, L.S. Berengena, J., Itier, B., Goussard, J., Ragab, R., Tollefson, L., and Van Hoffwegen, P. (Eds.) (1996) Irrigation Scheduling: From Theory to Practice. FAO Water Report 8, ICID and FAO, Rome.
Sousa, P. L., Dedrick, A. R., Clemmens, A. J. and Pereira L.S. (1995) Effect of furrow elevation differences on level-basin performance. Transactions of the ASAE 38 (1): 153–158.
Tarjuelo, J. M. and de Juan, J.A. (1999) Crop water management. In: H.N. van Lier, L.S. Pereira and F.R. Steiner (Eds.) CIGR Handbook of Agricultural Engineering, vol. I: Land and Water Engineering, ASAE, St. Joseph, MI, pp. 380–429.
Tarjuelo, J. M., de Juan, J. A., Valiente, M. and Garcia, P. (1996) Model for optimal crop patterns within the farm based on crop water production functions and irrigation uniformity. II. A case study of irrigation scheduling in Albacete, Spain. Agric. Water Manag. 31: 145–163.
Unger, P.W., and Howell, T.A., (1999) Agricultural water conservation — A global perspective. In: M.B. Kirkham (Ed.) Water Use in Crop Production. Food Production Press, The Haworth Press, New York, pp. 1:36.
Viljoen, M.P. and de Jager, J.M. (1997) Optimal production strategies and financial compensation for sustainable irrigation farming during drought on the Vaalharts schema in South Africa. In: J.M. de Jager, L.P. Vermes, and R. Ragab (Eds.) Sustainable Irrigation in Areas of Water Scarcity and Drought (Proc. ICID Workshop, Oxford), British Nat. Com. ICID, Oxford, pp. 1–5.
Warrick, A.W. and Yates, S.R. (1987) Crop yield as influenced by irrigation uniformity. In: D. Hillel (Ed.) Advances in Irrigation (vol. 4), Academic Press, Orlando, pp. 169–180.
Zairi, A. El Amami H., Slatni A., Pereira L.S., Rodrigues, P.N., and Machado, T. (2002) Coping with drought: evaluation of deficit irrigation strategies for cereals and field horticultural crops in Central Tunisia. (This issue).
Zand-Parsa, Sh. and Sepaskhah, A.R. (2001) Optimal applied water and nitrogen for corn. Agric. Water Manag. 52(l):73–85.
Zhang, H. and Oweis, T. (1999) Water-yield relations and optimal irrigation scheduling of wheat in the Mediterranean region. Agric. Water Manag. 38: 195–211.
Zhang, H., Oweis, T.Y., Garabet, S. and Pala, M. (1998) Water-use efficiency and transpiration efficiency of wheat under rain-fed conditions and supplemental irrigation in a Mediterranean type environment. Plant and Soil, 201: 295–305.
Zhang, H., Pala, M., Oweis, T. and Harris, H. (2000) Water use and water use efficiency of chickpea and lentil in a Mediterranean environment. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 51: 295–304.
Zirska, L.H., Hall, A.E. and Hoover, R.M. (1985) Irrigation management methods for reducing water use of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) and lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) while maintaininig seed yields at maximum levels. Irrig. Sci. 6: 223–239.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pereira, L.S. (2003). Irrigation Demand Management to Cope with Drought and Water Scarcity. In: Rossi, G., Cancelliere, A., Pereira, L.S., Oweis, T., Shatanawi, M., Zairi, A. (eds) Tools for Drought Mitigation in Mediterranean Regions. Water Science and Technology Library, vol 44. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0129-8_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0129-8_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-3965-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0129-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive