Abstract
Under the convergent effects of financial restrictions resulting partly from the rolling-back of the welfare state, rising expectations and social demand, mandates of the new economy and a weakening of its symbolic capital, higher education has been exposed to the influence of strong outside pressures, only paralleled by those of the Napoleonic and Humboldtian reforms in the 19th century.
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Amaral, A., Magalhães, A., Santiago, R. (2003). The Rise of Academic Managerialism in Portugal. In: Amaral, A., Meek, V.L., Larsen, I.M. (eds) The Higher Education Managerial Revolution?. Higher Education Dynamics, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0072-7_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0072-7_7
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