Skip to main content

The Role and Contributions of Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) Imaging in Magnetospheric Substorm Research

  • Chapter
Magnetospheric Imaging — The Image Prime Mission

Abstract

Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) imaging has contributed substantially to substorm research. This technique has allowed significant advances in areas such as observation and quantification of injected particle drift as a function of energy, observation of dynamics in the tail that are directly related to the effects of imposed (growth phase) and induced (expansion phase) electric fields on the plasma, the prompt extraction of oxygen from the ionosphere during substorms, the relationship between storms and substorms, and the timing of substorm ENA signatures. We present discussion of the advantages and shortcomings of the ENA technique for studying space plasmas. Although the technique is in its infancy, it is yielding results that enrich our understanding of the substorm process and its effects.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Akasofu, S.-L: 1964, ‘The development of the auroral substorm’, Planet. Space Sci. 12, 273–282.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Akasofu, S.-L: 1968, ‘Polar and magnetospheric substorms’, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, 1968.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Arnoldy, R.L., and Chan, K.W.: 1969, ‘Particle substorms observed at the geostationary orbit’, J. Geophys. Res. 74, 5019–5028.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, D.N., Pulkkinen, T.I., Hesse, M., and McPherron, R.L.: 1997a, ’A quantitative assessment of energy storage and release in the Earth‘s magnetotail’, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 7159–7168.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, D.N., Klimas, A.J., Vassiliadis, D., Pulkkinen, T.I., and McPherron, R.L.: 1997b, ‘Re-examination of driven and unloading aspects of magnetospheric substorms’, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 7169–7177.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Barabash, S., C:son-Brandt, P., Norberg, O., Lundin, R., Roelof, E.C., Chase, C.J., and Mauk, B.H.: 1997, ‘Energetic neutral atom imaging by the Astrid Satellite’, Adv. Sp. Res. 20, 1055–1060.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Birn, J., Thomsen, M.F., Borovsky, J.E., Reeves, G.D., McComas, D.J., and Belian, R.D.: 1997, ‘Characteristic plasma properties during dispersionless substorm injections at geosynchronous orbit’, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 2309–2324.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Blake, J.B., Fennell, J.F., Friesen, L.M., Johnson, B.M., Kolasinski, W.A., Mabry, D.J., Osborn, J.V., Penzin, S.H., Schnauss, E.R., Spence, H.E., Baker, D.N., Belian, R., Fritz, T.A., Ford, W., Laub-scher, B., Stiglich, R., Baraze, R.A., Hilsenrath, M.F., Imhof, W.L., Kilner, J.R., Mobilia, J., Voss, D.H., Korth, A., Güll, M., Fisher, K., Grande, M., and Hall, D.: 1995, ‘CEPPAD: Comprehensive energetic particle and pitch angle distribution experiment on Polar’, Space Science Reviews 71, 531.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Borovsky, J.E., Thomsen, M.F., Reeves, G.D., Liemohn, M.W., Kozyra, J.U., Clauer, R., Singer, R.H.J., ‘Global Sawtooth Oscillations of the Magnetosphere during Large Storms’, presented at the 2001 AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco CA (unpublished).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burch, J.L.: 2000, ‘IMAGE Mission Overview’, Sp. Sci. Rev. 91, 1.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C:son-Brandt, P., Barabash, S., Roelof, E.C., and Chase, C.J.: 2001a, ‘ENA imaging at low altitudes from the Swedish microsatellite Astrid: Observations at low ( ≤ 10 keV) energies’, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 24663.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C:son-Brandt, P., Barabash, S., Roelof, E.C., and Chase, C.J.: 2001b, ‘ENA imaging at low altitudes from the Swedish microsatellite Astrid: Extraction of the equatorial ion distribution’, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 25731.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C:son-Brandt, P., Demajistre, R., Roelof, E.C., Mitchell, D.G., and Mende, S.: 2002a, TM-AGE/HENA: Global ENA imaging of the plasmasheet and ring current during substorms’, J. Geophys. Res. 107 (A12), DOI 10.1029/2002JA009307.

    Google Scholar 

  • C:son-Brandt, P., Ohtani, S., Mitchell, D.G., Demajistre, R., and Roelof, E.C.: 2002b, ‘ENA observations of a global substorm growth phase dropout in the night side magnetosphere’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29 (20), DOI10.1029/2002GL015057.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, S.: 1962, ‘Earth storms: Retrospect and prospect’, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 6, Suppl. A-I, 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chappell, C.R., Moore, T.E., and Waite, J.H. Jr.: 1987, ‘The ionosphere as a fully adequate source of plasma for the earth’s magnetosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 77, 6104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daglis, I.A., and Axford, W.I.: 1996, ‘Fast ionospheric response to enhanced activity in geospace: Ion feeding of the inner magnetotail’, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 5047–5065.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dungey, J.W.: 1961, ‘Interplanetary magnetic field and the auroral zones’, Phys. Rev. Lett. 6 (47).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, M.G., Reeves, G.D., Spence, H.E., Sheldon, R.B., Jorgensen, A.M., Blake, J.B., and Fennell, J.F.: 1997, ‘First energetic neutral atom images from Polar CEPPAD/IPS’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 1167.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, M.G., Reeves, G.D., Moore, K.R., Spence, H.E., Jorgensen, A.M., Fennell, J.F., Blake, J.B., and Roelof, E.C.: 1999, ‘Energetic neutral atom imaging with the Polar CEPPAD/IPS instrument: Initial forward modeling results’, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 24, 203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, M.G., Friedel, R.H., Skoug, R.M., Reeves, G.D., Jahn, J.-M., Mende, S.B., Immel, T.J., Ingraham, J., Cayton, T.E., and Thomsen, M.F., ‘Simultaneous Multipoint Observations of Stormtime Substorms with the Cluster, Image, Polar, Geosynchronous, and GPS Spacecraft’, Presented at 2002 AGU Spring Meeting, Washington DC (unpublished).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen, A.M., Kepko, L., Henderson, M.G., Spence, H.E., Reeves, G.D., Sigwarth, J.B., and Frank, L.A.: 2000, ‘The association of Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) bursts and magnetospheric substorms’, J. Geophys. Res. 105, 18,753.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korth, H., Thomsen, M.F., Borovsky, J.E., and McComas, D.J.: 1999, ‘Plasma sheet access to geosynchronous orbit’, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 25047–25061.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamide, Y., Baumjohann, W., Daglis, I.A., Gonzalez, W.D., Grnade, M., Joselyn, J.A., McPherron, R.L., Phillips, J.L., Reeves, E.G.D., Rostoker, G., Sharma, A.S., Singer, H.J., Tsurutani, B.T., and Vasyliunas, V.M.: 1998, ‘Current understanding of magnetic storms: Storm/substorm relationships’, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 17705.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kivelson, M.G., and Russell, C.T.: 1995, ‘Introduction to Space Physics’, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, R.E., Lui, A.T.Y., Sibeck, D.G., Takahashi, K., McEntire, R.W., Zanetti, L.J., and Krimigis, S.M.: 1989, ‘On the relationship between energetic particle flux morphology and the change in the magnetic field during substorms’, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 17,105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lui, A.T.Y.: 1991, ‘A synthesis of magnetospheric substorm models’, J. Geophys. Res. 96 (A2), 1849–1856.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mauk, B.H., and Mcllwain, C.E.: 1974, ‘Correlation of Kp with the substorm-injected plasma boundary’, J. Geophys. Res. 79, 3193.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mcllwain, C.E.: 1974, ‘Substorm injection boundaries’, in B.M. McCormac (ed.) Magnetospheric Physics, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., p. 143.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mende, S.B., Frey, H., Mitchell, D., C:son-Brandt, P., and Gerardt: 2002, ‘Global comparison of magnetospheric fluxes and auroral precipitation during a substorm’, Geophys. Res. Lett. June, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, D.G., Jaskulek, S.E., Schlemm, C.E., Keath, E.P., Thompson, R.E., Tossman, B.E., Boldt, J.D., Hayes, J.R., Andres, G.B., Paschalidis, N., Hamilton, D.C., Lundgren, R.A., Tums, E.O., Wilson IV, P., Voss, H.D., Prentice, D., Hsieh, K.C., Curtis, C.C., and Powell, F.R.: 2000, ‘High Energy Neutral Atom (HENA) imager for the Image mission’, Sp. Sci. Rev. 91, 67.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, D.G., Hsieh, K.C., Curtis, C.C., Hamilton, D.C., Voss, H.D., Roelof, E.C., and C:son-Brandt,P.: 2001, ‘Imaging two geomagnetic storms in energetic neutral atoms’, Geophys. Res.Lett. 28, 1151.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, D.G., C:son-Brandt, P., Roelof, E.C., Hamilton, D.C., and Retterer, K.: 2003, ‘Global imaging of 0+ from Image/Hena’, Sp. Sci. Rev. (this volume), in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, T.E., Peterson, W.K., Russell, C.T., Chandler, M.O., Collier, M.R., Collin, H.L., Craven, P.D.,Fitzenreiter, R., Giles, B.L., and Pollock, C.J.: 1999, ‘Ionospheric mass ejection in response to a CME’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 26(15), pp. 2339–2342.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, T.E., Chornay, D.J., Collier, M.R., Herrero, F.A., Johnson, J., Johnson, M.A., Keller, J.W.,Laudadio, J.F., Lobell, J.F., Ogilivie, K.W., Rozmarynowski, P., Fuselier, S.A., Ghielmetti, A.G.,Hertzberg, E., Hamilton, D.C., Lundgren, R., Wilson, P., Walpole, P., Stephen, T.M., Peko, B.L.,Vansyl, B., Wurz, P., Quinn, J.M., and Wilson, G.R.: 2000, ‘The Low Energy Neutral Atom imager for Image’, Space Science Reviews 91, 155.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Odenwald, S.F.: 2001, ‘The 23rd Cycle: learning to live with a stormy star’, Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perez, J.D., Fok, M.-C., and Moore, T.E.: 2000, ‘Deconvolution of energetic neutral atom images of the Earth’s magnetosphere‘, Space Science Reviews 91, 421.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Perez, J.D., Kozlowski, G., C:son-Brandt, P., Mitchell, D.G., Jahn, J.-M., Pollock, C.J., and Zhang,X.X.: 2001, ‘Initial ion equatorial pitch angle distributions from medium and high energy neutral atom images’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 1155.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollock, C.J., Asamura, K., Baldonado, J., Balkey, M.M., Barker, P., Burch, J.L., Korpela, E.J.,Cravens, J., Dirks, G., Fok, M.-C., Funsten, H.O., Grande, M., Gruntman, M., Hanley, J., Jahn,J.-M., Jenkins, M., Lampton, M., Marckwordt, M., McComas, D.J., Mukai, T., Penegor, G.,Pope, S., Ritzau, S., Schattenburg, M.L., Scime, E., Skoug, R., Spurgeon, W., Stecklein, T.,Storms, S., Urdiales, C., Valek, P., Van Beek, J.T.M., Weidner, S.E., Wüest, M., Young, M.K., and Zinsmeyer, C: 2000, ‘Medium Energy Neutral Atom (Mena) imager for the Image mission’,Space Science Reviews 91, 113.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, G.D., and Henderson, M.G.: 2001, ‘The storm-substorm relationship: Ion injections in geosynchronous measurements and composite energetic neutral atom images’, J. Geophys. Res. 106,5833–5844.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, G.D., Henderson, M.G., Skoug, R.M., Thomsen, M.F., Jahn, J.-M., Pollock, C.J., C:son-Brandt,P., Mitchell, D.J., and Mende, S.B., ‘The ENA, Ring Current, and Auroral Response to“Sawtooth Injections” in the October 4–6, 2000 Storm’, presented at the 2001 AGU Fall Meeting,San Francisco CA (unpublished).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, G.D., Henderson, M.G., Skoug, R.M., Thomsen, M.F., Borovsky, J.E., Funsten, H.O., C:son-Brandt,P., Mitchell, D.J., Jahn, J.-M., Pollock, C.J., McComas, D.J., and Mende, S.B.: 2004,‘Image, Polar, and geosynchronous observations of substorm and ring current ion injection’,AGU Monograph on the Storm-Sub storm Relationship, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roelof, E.C.: 1987, ‘Energetic Neutral Atom Image of a Storm Time Ring Current’, Geophys. Res.Lett. 14, 652.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Roelof, E.C., and Skinner, A.J.: 2000, ‘Extraction of ion distributions from magnetospheric ENA and EUV images’, Space Science Reviews 91, 437.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rostoker, G., Akasofu, S.-I., Foster, J., Greenwald, R.A., Kamide, Y., Kawasaki, K., Lui, A.T.Y.,McPherron, R.L., and Russell, C.T.: 1980, ‘Magnetospheric substorms - Definition and signatures’,J. Geophys. Res. 85, 1663–1668.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sauvaud, J.A., Beutier, T., and Delcourt, D.: 1996, ‘On the origin of flux dropouts near geosnehronous orbit during the growth phase of substorms 1: Betatron effects’, J. Geophys. Res. 101 (A9),19911–19919.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Scime, E., Pollock, C.J., Jahn, J.-M., Kline, J., and Smith, A.: 2002, ‘Ion Heating in the Terrestrial Magnetosphere During Substorms and Storm-time: MENA Observations’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 13994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skoug, R.M., Thomsen, M.F., Reeves, G.D., Borovsky, J.E., Henderson, M.G., Funsten, H.O.,Pollock, C.J., McComas, DJ., Jahn, J.-M., C:son-Brandt, P., Mitchell, D.G., Singer, H.J.,and Mende, S.B., ‘Storm-time Sawtooth Flux Variations’, Presented at the 2002 Spring AGU Meeting, Washington DC (unpublished).

    Google Scholar 

  • Twomey, S.: 1977, ‘Introduction to the mathematics of inversion’, in Remote sensing and indirect measurements, Develop. Geomath., Vol. 3, 1st ed. Elsevier Sci., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D.J., Roelof, E.C., and Mitchell, D.G.: 1992, ‘Global Magnetospheric Imaging’, Rev.Geophys. 30, 183.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pollock, C.J. et al. (2003). The Role and Contributions of Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) Imaging in Magnetospheric Substorm Research. In: Burch, J.L. (eds) Magnetospheric Imaging — The Image Prime Mission. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0027-7_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0027-7_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-1646-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0027-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics