Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Innovations in Science Education and Technology ((ISET,volume 15))

  • 98 Accesses

Abstract

When we examine sex differences in any dimension, we inevitably emphasize and perhaps enlarge them. Instead of finding them diminished—over time, or by intervention—we tend to focus on the differences that remain. We are still short of equality, and so we tend to forget that at least we are a lot closer to it than we were. That may be especially true in the academic sphere, where we have a wealth of data and analyses that continue to confirm gender inequality. But they also confirm that we are closer to equality than we were thirty years ago. This volume has dealt with the specifics of some of the remaining inequalities, as well as with potential remedies, allowing us to take a longer-range view of achievements of the past several decades and of the likely propects for the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Bibliography

  • Abu-Lughod, Lila. 1990. Can there be a feminist ethnography? Women and Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1993. Writing women’s worlds. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Academe. 1988,1998,2000. Academe 74 (March-April 1988); 84 (March-April 1998); 86 (March-April 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  • Aguirre, A., Jr. 1994. Perceptions of the workplace: Focus on minority women faculty. Initiatives 56 (3): 41–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahern, Nancy C, and Elizabeth L. Scott. 1981. Career outcomes in a matched sample of men and women Ph.D.s: An analytical report. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aisenberg, N., and Harrington, M. 1988. Women of academe: Outsiders in the sacred grove. Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allison, Paul D., and J. Scott Long. 1990. Departmental effects on scientific productivity. American Sociological Review 55:469–478.

    Google Scholar 

  • American College of Physicians. 1991. Promotion and tenure of women and minorities on medical school faculties. Ann Intern Med 114:63–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anzaldua, Gloria. 1990. La conciencia de la mestiza: Towards a new consciousness. In Making face, making soul: Creative and critical perspectives by women of color, ed. Gloria Anzaldua. San Francisco: Aunt Lute.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and Cherrie Moraga, eds. 1981. This bridge called my back: Writings by radical women of color. Watertown, Mass.: Persephone.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arenson, Karen W. 1998. A new way to read the law at home, The New York Times, September 20, WK 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aristotle. 1947. Metaphysics. In Introduction to Aristotle, ed. Richard McKeon. New York: The Modern Library.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asad, Talal. 1973. Anthropology and the colonial encounter. London: Ithaca Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Astin, Helen S. 1969. The woman doctorate in America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1992. Academic women 1989-1990. Paper presented at the February 1992 Sustaining Faculty Diversity in the Research University conference, University of Tucson.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1997. The scholarly productivity of academic couples. In Academic couples: Problems and promises, eds. Marianne A. Ferber and Jane W. Loeb. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and Alan E. Bayer. 1973. Sex discrimination in Academe. In Academic women on the move, eds. A. S. Rossi and A. Calderwood. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and Alan E. Bayer. 1979. Pervasive sex differences in the academic reward system: Scholarship, marriage, and what else? In Academic rewards in higher education, eds. Darrell R. Lewis and William E. Becker, Jr. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and C. M. Cress. 1998. A national profile of academic women in research universities. Paper presented at the Women in Research Universities: The Next Quarter Century Conference, Cambridge, Mass.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and Diane E. Davis. 1985; Research productivity across the life and career cycle: Facilitators and barriers for women. In Scholarly writing and publishing: Issues, problems, and solutions, ed. Mary F. Fox. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and Jeffrey F. Milem. 1997. The status of academic couples in U.S. academic institutions. In Academic couples: Problems and promises, eds. Marianne A. Ferber and Jane W. Loeb. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and Linda Sax. 1996. Developing scientific talent in undergraduate women. In The equity equation: Postering the advancement of women in the sciences, mathematics, and engineering, ed. C. Davis, A. Ginorio, C. Hollenshead, B. Lazarus, and P. Rayman. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, et al. 1997. Race and ethnicity in the American professoriate, 1995-96. Los Angeles: Higher Education Research Institute, UCLA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Babco, Eleanor L. 2000. Professional women and minorities. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Professionals in Science and Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, Leslie A. 1995. U.S. women in science and engineering, 1960-1990: Progress toward equity? Journal of Higher Education 66(2): 213–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behar, Ruth, and Deborah Gordon, eds. 1995. Women writing culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellas, Marcia L. 1994. Comparable worth in academia: The effects on faculty salaries of the sex composition and labor market conditions of academic disciplines. American Sociological Review 59: 807–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1997. Disciplinary differences in faculty salaries: Does gender bias play a role? Journal of Higher Education 68 (3): 299–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentley, Richard J., and Robert T. Blackburn. 1992. Two decades of gains for female faculty? Teachers College Record 93:697–709.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, Helen M., and Marianne A. Ferber. 1983. Men and women graduate students: Who succeeds and why? Journal of Higher Education 54: 629–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, Jessie. 1964. Academic women. University Park, Penn.: The Pennsylvania State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bickel, J. 1988. Women in medical education. N Engl J Med 319:1579–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1990. Building a stronger women’s program. Washington, D.C.: Association of American Medical Colleges.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1995. Scenarios for success: Enhancing women physicians’ professional advancement. West J Med 162(2):165–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, A. Galbrarth, and R. Quinnie. 1994. Women in U.S. academic medicine: Statistics. Washington, D.C.: Association of American Medical Colleges.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bielby, Denise D., and William T. Bielby. 1992. I will follow him: Family ties, gender role beliefs, and reluctance to relocate for a better job. American Journal of Sociology 97: 1241–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn, Robert T., Charles E. Behymer, and David E. Hall. 1978. Research note: Correlates of faculty publications. Sociology of Education 51:132–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blau, Francine D. 1977. Equal pay in the office. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, Marianne A. Ferber, and Anne E. Winkler, eds. Forthcoming. The economics of women, men, and work, 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloch, Maurice, and Jean H. Bloch. 1980. Women and the dialectics of nature in eighteenth century French thought. In Nature, culture, gender, ed. Marilyn Strathern and Carol MacCormack. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boice, R 1993. New faculty involvement for women and minorities. Research in Higher Education 34 (3): 291–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bordin, R 1999. Women at Michigan: The “dangerous experiment,” 1870s to the present. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boxer, Marilyn Jacoby. 1998. Remapping the university: The promise of the women’s studies Ph.D. Feminist Studies 24 (Summer): 387–403.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1998. When women ask the questions: Creating women’s studies in America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyer Commission on Educating Undergraduates in the Research University, The. 1998. Reinventing undergraduate education: A blueprint for America’s research universities. New York: State University of New York at Stony Brook.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyer, James L., C. Elton Cahow, Anne McB. Curtis, Peter A. T. Grannum, Joy Hirsch, J. Murdoch Ritchie, Abigail L. Smith, and Merle Waxman. 1988. Report of the task force on women faculty. Yale University School of Medicine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brand, Myles. 1998. Research universities in transition. Paper prepared for Colloquium on Postbaccalaureate Futures, Aspen Institute, November 1-3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briscoe, Ann. 1984. Scientific sexism: The world of chemistry. In Women in the scientific and engineering professions, ed. Violet Haas and Carolyn Perrucci. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, Judith, and Joan Scott, eds. 1992. Feminists theorise the political. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabral, Robert, Marianne A. Ferber, and Carole A. Green. 1981. Men and women in fiduciary institutions: A study of sex differences in career development. Review of Economics and Statistics 63: 573–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carnegie Commission on Higher Education. 1994. A classification of institutions of higher education: A technical report. Berkeley: The Carnegie Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carnegie Council on Policy Studies in Higher Education. 1975. Making affirmative action work in higher education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carnegie Foundation for die Advancement of Teaching. 1990. Women faculty excel as campus citizens. Change 22 (5): 39–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr, P. L., R. H. Friedman, M. A. Moskowitz, L. E. Kazis, and H. G. Weed. 1992. Research, aeademic rank, and compensation of women and men faeulty in academic general internal medicine. J Gen Intern Med. 7 (Jul–Aug):418–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, R. H. Friedman, M. A. Moskowitz, L. E. Kazis, and H. G. Weed. 1993. Comparing the status of women and men in academic medicine. Ann Intern Med 119:908–913.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlain, Mariam K., ed. 1988. Women in academe: Progress and prospects. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, Shirley, and Mary Corcoran. 1986. Perspectives on the professional socialization of women faeulty. Journal of Higher Education 57 (Jan/Feb.): 20–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clemente, Frank. 1973. Early career determinants of research produetivity. American Journal of Sociology 83:409–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clifford, G. J. 1993. Shaking dangerous questions from the crease: Gender and American higher education. In Women in higher education: A feminist perspective, ed. U.S. Glazer, E. M. Bensimon, and B.K. Townsend. W. Needham Heights, Mass.: Ginn Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clifford, James, and George Marcus. 1986. Writing culture: The poetics and politics of ethnography. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coiner, Constance. 1994. Silent parenting in the academy. In Listening to silences: New essays in feminist criticism, ed. Elaine Hedges and Shelley Fisher Fishkin. New York: Oxford University Press, 197–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, Jonathan R. 1979. Fair science. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and Harriet Zuckerman. 1984. The produetivity puzzle: Persistence and change in patterns of publication among men and women seientists. In Advances in motivation and achievement, vol. 2, ed. P. Maehr and M. W. Steinkamp. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and Harriet Zuckerman. 1987. Marriage, motherhood and reresearch performance in science. Scientific American 25:119–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, Patricia Hill. 1986. Learning from the outsider within: The sociological significance of black feminist thought. Social Problems 33: (December): S14–S32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comaroff, Jean, and John Comaroff 1992. Ethnography and the historical imagination, Boulder: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and John Comaroff 1997. Africa observed: Discourses of the imperial imagination. In Perspectives on Africa: A reader in culture, history and representation, ed. Richard Steiner and Christopher Grinker. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Committee on Work and Family. 1989. Recommendations to the department of medicine. Baltimore: University of Maryland School of Medicine

    Google Scholar 

  • Conkey, Margaret. 1993. Making the connections: Feminist theory and archaeologies of gender. In Women in archaeology: A feminist critique, ed. Hilary du Cros and Laurajane Smith. Canberra: Department of Prehistory, Australian National University.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and Janet Spector. 1984. Archaeology and the study of gender. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 7:1 38.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, with Sarah Williams. 1991. Original narratives: The political economy of gender in archaeology. In Gender at the crossroads of knowledge: Feminist anthropology in the post modern era, ed. Micaela di Leonardo. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conley, F. K. 1993. Toward a more perfect world-eliminating sexual discrimination in academic medicine. N Engl J Med 328:351–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornell University. 1974. A commitment to equality: One century later. Report of the Ad Hoc Trustee Committee on the Status of Women, Cornell University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtin, Phillip. 1964. The image of Africa: British ideas and action. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dean’s Office and Dean’s Advisory Committee on Women Faculty. 1993. Survey of faculty quality of work life and gender issues. Davis: University of California School of Medicine.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeAngelis, C. D., and M. E. Johns. 1995. Promotion of women in academic medicine: Shatter the ceilings, polish the floors. JAMA 273: 1056–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • di Leonardo, Micaela, ed. 1991. Gender at the crossroads of knowledge, Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1993. What a difference political economy makes: Feminist anthropology in the postmodern era. Anthropological Quarterly 66 (2): 76–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickens, C. S. 1993. Collaboration in the research and scholarship of feminist women faculty. ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 365 188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elmore, G. C., and M. E. Balmert. 1995. A profile of college and university faculty: Minority and women in advertising, communication, journalism, media studies, public relations, and related fields. Journal of the Association for Communication Administration (2): 66–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enslin, Elizabeth. 1994. Beyond writing: Feminist practice and the limitations of ethnography. Cultural Anthropology 9: 537–568.

    Google Scholar 

  • Etaugh, Claire, and Helen C. Kasley. 1981. Evaluating competence: Effects of sex, marital status and parental status. Psychology of Women Quarterly 6: 196–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Etzkowitz, Henry, Carol Kemelgor, Michael Neuschatz, Brian Uzzi, and Joseph Alonzo. 1994. The paradox of critical mass for women in science. Science 266:51–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evangelauf, Jean. 1994. A new Carnegie classification. The Chronicle of Higher Education XL (April 6).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fedigan, Linda. 1986. The changing role of women in models of human evolution. Annual Review of Anthropology 15:25 66.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1997. Is primatology a feminist science? In Women in human evolution, ed. Lori Hager. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and Laurence Fedigan. 1989. Gender and the study of primates. In Gender and anthropology: Critical review for research and teaching, ed. Sandra Morgen. Washington, D.C.: American Anthropological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferber, Marianne A. 1986. Citations: Are they an objective measure of scholarly merit.? Signs, Journal of Women in Culture and Society 11: 381–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1988. Citations and networking. Gender and Society 2: 82–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and Brigid O’Farrell, eds., in collaboration with LaRue Allen. 1991. Work and family: Policies for a changing work force. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and Jane W. Loeb. 1973. Performance, rewards and perceptions of sex discrimination of male and female faculty members. American Journal of Sociology 78: 995–1002.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and J. W. Loeb, eds. 1997. Academic couples: Problems and promises. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and Jane W. Loeb. 1997. Introduction. In Academic couples: Problems and promises, eds. Marianne A. Ferber and Jane W. Loeb. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and Jane Waldfogel. 1998. The long-term consequences of nontraditional work. Monthly Labor Review 121: 3–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and Joan A. Huber. 1975. Sex of student and instructor: A study of student bias. American Journal of Sociology 80: 949–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and Michelle L. Teiman. 1980. Are women economists at a disadvantage in publishing journal articles? Eastern Economic Journal 6: 89–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, Joan A. Huber, and Glenna Spitze. 1980. Preference for men as bosses and professionals. Social Forces 58: 466–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fidell, L. S. 1970. Empirical verification of sex discrimination in hiring practices in psychology. American Psychologist 25: 1094–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkel, Susan K. 1994. Childbirth, tenure and promotion for women faculty. Review of Higher Education 17 (3): 259–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and Steven G. Olswang. 1995. Child rearing as a career impediment to women assistant professors. Review of Higher Education 19: 123–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finnegan, D. E. 1993. Segmentation in the academic labor market: Hiring cohorts in comprehensive universities. Journal of Higher Education 64 (6): 621–656.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, Mary Frank. 1981. Patterns and determinants of research productivity. Unpublished manuscript. Department of Sociology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1989. Disciplinary fragmentation, peer review, and the publication process. The American Sociologist 20 (Summer): 188–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1989. Women and higher education: Gender differences in the status of students and scholars. In Women: A feminist perspective, ed. Jo Freeman. Mountain View, Cal.: Mayfield Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1991. Gender, environmental milieu, and productivity in science. In The outer circle: Women in the scientific community, edited by H. Zuckerman, J. Cole, and J. Bruer, pp. 188–204. New York: W. W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1996. Women, academia, and careers in science and engineering. In The equity equation: Fostering the advancement of women in the sciences, mathematics, and engineering edited by C. Davis et al., pp. 265–289. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1999. Gender, hierarchy, and science. In Handbook of the sociology of gender, edited by J. S. Chafetz, pp. 441–457. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 2000. Organizational environments and doctoral degrees awarded to women in science and engineering departments. Women’s Studies Quarterly 28 (Spring/Summer): 47–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and Vincent Ferri. 1992. Women, men, and their attributions for success in academe. Social Psychology Quarterly 55 (Summer): 257–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, Nancy. 1989. Unruly practices: Power, discourse and gender in contemporary social theory. Cambridge: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • French, Jeffrey. 1994. A demographic analysis of the membership of the American Society of Primatologists. American Anthropologist 96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fried, Linda P., and Clair A. Francomano. 1990. Questionnaire on faculty development and gender-based obstacles. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, Clair A. Francomano, Susan M. MacDonald, Elizabeth M. Wagner, Emma J. Stokes, Kathryn M. Carbone, Wilma B. Bias, Mary M. Newman, and John D. Stobo. 1996. Career development for women in academic medicine: Multiple interventions in a department of medicine. JAMA 276:898–905.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, Dana E., Cathy Rimsky, and Arlene A. Johnson. 1996. College and university reference guide to work-family programs. New York: CUPA Foundation, Families and Work Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gailey, Christine Ward. 1988. Eleanor Leacock. In Women anthropologists: A biographical dictionary, ed. Ute Gacs et al. New York: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1998. Feminist methods. In Handbook of methods in cultural anthropology, ed. Russell Bernard. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galinsky, Ellen, Dana E. Friedman, and Carol Hernandez. 1991. The corporate reference guide to work-family programs. New York: Families and Work Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gero, Joan. 1991. Genderlithics: Women’s roles in stone tool production. In Engendering archaeology, ed. Joan Gero and Margaret Conkey. Oxford: Blackwell, 163 193.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1993. The social world of prehistoric facts. In Women in archeology: A feminist critique, ed. Hilary du Cros and Laurajane Smith. Canberra: Department of Prehistory, Australian National University, 31–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1995. Excavation bias and the women at home ideology. In Equity issues for women in archeology, ed. Margaret Nelson, Sarah Nelson, and Alison Wylie. Arlington, Va.: American Anthropological Association: Archeological Papers, No. 5:37 42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilman, Sander. 1985. Black bodies, white bodies: Toward an iconography of female sexuality in late nineteenth century art, medicine and literature. Critical Inquiry 12 (1): 204–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberger, Marvin L., Brendan A. Maher, and Pamela Ebert Flattau. 1995. Research-doctorate programs in the United States: Continuity and change. Washington: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldin, Claudia. 1990. Understanding the gender gap. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and Cecilia Rouse. 1997. Orchestrating impartiality: The impact of blind auditions on female musicians. NBER Paper No. 5903.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, Deborah. 1993. The unhappy relationship of feminism and postmodernism in anthropology. Anthropological Quarterly 66 (July): 109–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1999. E-mail note in Feminist fields: Conversations to be continued, compiled by Heather Howard-Bobiwash in Feminist fields: Ethnographic insights, ed. Rae Bridgeman et al. Toronto: Broadview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1999. U.S. feminist ethnography and the denationalizing of “America”: A retrospective on Women writing culture. In Feminist fields: Ethnographic insights, ed. Rae Bridgeman et al. Toronto: Broadview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graves, Philip E., Jarnes R. Marchand, and Randall Thompson. 1982. Economics department rankings: Research incentives, constraints, and efficiency. American Economic Review 72: 1131–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, Paul, and Norman Levitt. 1994. Higher superstition: The academic left and its quarrels with science. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, Norman Levitt, and Martin Lewis, eds. 1996. The flight from science and reasons. New York: The New York Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grosz, B. J., for the FAS Standing Committee on the Status of Women. 1991. Report on women in the sciences at Harvard, part I: Junior faculty and graduate students. Boston: Harvard University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haley-Oliphant, Ann E. 1985. International perspectives on the status and role of women in science. In Women in science: A report from the field, ed. J. B. Kahle. Philadelphia: Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haraway, Donna. 1989. Primate visions: Gender, race and nature in the world of modern science. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and Susan Sperling. 1996. Cited by Helen Longino, in Cognitive and non cognitive values in science: Rethinking the dichotomy. In Feminism, science, and the philosophy of science, ed. Lynn Nelson and Jack Nelson. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding, Sandra. 1986. The science question infeminism. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1991. Whose science? Whose knowledge? Thinking from women’s lives. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargens, Lowell, and J. S. Long. Forthcoming. Demographic inertia and the representation of women and minorities on higher-education faculties. Journal of Higher Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, James C. McCann, and Barbara F. Reskin. 1978. Productivity and reproductivity: Fertility and professional achievement among research scientists. Social Forces 57:154–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, Ann Sutherland. 1970. The second sex in academe. AAUP Bulletin 56 (3): 283–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haven, Elizabeth W., and Dwight H. Horch. 1972. How college students finance their education. New York: College Entrance Examination Board.

    Google Scholar 

  • Healy, Bernadine. 1995. Science 269 (11 August): 773.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heilman, M. E. 1980. The impact of situational factors on personnel decisions concerning women: Varying the sex composition of the applicant pool. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 26: 386–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helmreich, Robert, Janet T. Spence, W. Beane, G. W. Lucker, and K. Matthews. 1980. Making it in academic psychology: Demographic and personality correlates of attainment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39: 896–908.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hensel, N. 1991. Kealizinggender equality in higher education: The need to integrate work/family issues. Washington, D.C.: Association for the Study of Higher Education, ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollenshead, Carol S. 1992. Women at the University of Michigan: A statistical report on the status of women students, faculty and staff on the Ann Arbor campus, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1996. The graduate experience in the sciences and engineering: Rethinking a gendered institution. In The equity equation: Fostering the advancement of women in science, mathematics and engineering, ed. C-S Davis. New York: Jossey-Bass, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1996. Women at the University of Michigan: A statistical report on the status of women students, faculty and staff on the Ann Arbor campus. Volume III. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 2002. Components of successful change. This volume.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, et al. 1999. Faculty work-life study report, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. Center for the Education of Women.

    Google Scholar 

  • hooks, bell. 1984. Feminist theory: From margin to center. Boston: South End Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1988. Talking back: Thinking feminist, thinking black. Boston: South End Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hornig, Lilli S. 1984. Women in science and engineering: Why so few? Technology Review 87 (Nov/Dec): 30–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1997. Academic couples: The view from the administration. In Academic couples: Problems and promises, eds. Marianne A. Ferber and Jane W. Loeb. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 2002. Chapter Two, this volume.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and Ruth B. Ekstrom. 1984. The status of women in the humanities. Report to the National Endowment for the Humanities.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard-Bobiwash, Heather, compiler. 1999. Feminist fields: Conversations to be continued. In Feminist fields: Ethnographic insights, ed. Rae Bridgeman et al. Toronto: Broadview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hrdy, Sarah, and G. Williams. 1983. Behavioral biology and the double standard. 1983. Social Behavior of Female Vertebrates, ed. Samuel Wasser. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurlbert, Jeanne, and Rachel A. Rosenfeld. 1992. Getting a good job: Rank and institutional prestige in academic psychologists’ careers. Sociolqgy of Education 65:188–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Indiana University. 1971. Study of the status of women faculty at Indiana Universityy Bloomington campus. Report of the AAUP Committee on the Status of Women.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, William. 1987. The Ph.D. octopus. In William James: Writings 1902–1910, ed. Bruce Kuklick. New York: Library of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • John, Mary E. 1996. Discrepant dislocations: Feminisms, theory and postcolonial histories, Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnsrud, L. K, and M. Wunsch. 1991. Barriers to success in academic life: Perceptions of faculty women in a colleague pairing program, ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 399 312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, Lyle V., Gardner Lindzey, and Porter E. Coggeshall. 1982. An assessment of research doctorate programs in the United States, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordanova, L. J. 1980. Natural facts: A historical perspective on science and sexuality. In Mature, culture, gender, ed. Carol MacCormack and Marilyn Strathern. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Judd, Ellen. 1999. E-mail note in Feminist fields: Conversations to be continued, compiled by Heather Howard-Bobiwash, in Feminist fields: Ethnographic insights, ed. Rae Bridgeman et al. Toronto: Broadview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanter, Rosabeth. 1977. Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, Caren. 1987. Deterritorializations: The rewriting of home and exile in feminist discourse. Cultural Critique no. 6 (Spring): 187–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaschak, Ellyn. 1979. Sex bias in student evaluations of college professors. Psychology of Women Quarterly 2: 236–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, J., and Rodney T. Hartnett. 1976. Recommendations for training better scholars. In Scholars in the making, edited by J. Katz and R. T. Hartnett, pp. 261–80. Cambridge: Ballinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keesing, Roger M. 1985. Kwaio women speak: The micropolitics of autobiography in a Solomon Island society. American Anthropologist 87: 27–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, Evelyn Fox. 1985. Reflections on Gender and Science. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly-Gadol, Joan. 1977. Did women have a renaissance? In Becoming visible: Women in European history, ed. Renata Bridenthal and Claudia Koonz. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, Donald. 1997. Academic duty. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, Aisha. 1988. Introduction. In Women anthropologists: A biographi cal dictionary, ed. Gacs et al. New York: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koertge, Noretta. 1994. Are feminists alienating women from the sciences? The Chronicle of Higher Education (14 September): A80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolodny, Annette. 1998. Failing the future: A dean looks at higher education in the twenty-first century. Durham and London: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolpin, Van W., and Larry D. Singell, Jr. 1996. The gender composition and scholarly performance of economics departments: A test for employment discrimination. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 49:408–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamphere, Louise. 1989. Feminist anthropology: The legacy of Elsie Clew Parsons, American Ethnologist 16 (August): 518–534.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and Michelle Rosaldo. 1974. Introduction. In Women, culture and society, ed. Lamphere and Rosaldo. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawler, Andrew. 2001. College heads pledge to remove barriers. Science 291 (February): 806.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazreg, Marnia. 1988. Feminism and difference: The perils of writing as a woman on women in Algeria. Feminist Studies 14 (Spring): 81–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Cat, Claude. 1765. Traité de Fexistance du fluide des nerfs.… Berlin, plate 1, p. 35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leacock, Eleanor, and Mona Etienne, eds. 1980. Women and colonization. New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leap, Terry L. 1993. Tenure, discrimination, and the courts. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Stacey J. 1998. The road to college: Hmong American women’s pursuit of higher education. In Minding Women: Reshaping the Educational Realm, ed. Christine A. Woyshner and Holly S. Gelfond. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Educational Review, Reprint Series No. 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lester, Richard A. 1974. Antibias regulation of universities: Faculty problems and their solutions. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, Sharon G., and Paula E. Stephan. 1991. Research productivity over the life cycle: Evidence for academic scientists. American Economic Review 81:114–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, Genevieve. 1984. The man of reason: Male and female in western philosophy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loeb, Jane W. 1997. Programs for academic partners: How well can they work? In Academic couples: Problems and promises, eds. Marianne A. Ferber and Jane W. Loeb. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomperis, A. M. T. 1990. Are women changing the nature of the Academic profession? The Journal of Higher Education 61, 644–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, J. Scott. 1978. Productivity and academic position in the scientific career. American Sociological Review 43:889–908.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1992. Measures of sex differences in scientific productivity. Social Forces 71:159–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1997. Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, ed. 2001. From scarcity to visibility: A study of gender differences in the careers of doctoral scientists and engineers. Report of the panel for the study of gender differences in the career outcomes of science and engineering Ph.D.s. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and Mary F. Fox. 1995. Scientific careers: Universalism and particularism. Annual Review of Sociology 21:45–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, Paul D. Allison, and Robert McGinnis. 1993. Rank advancement in academic careers: Gender differences and the effects of productivity. American Sociological Review 58:703–722.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, Janice. 2001. Gender equity: Promises made. Chemical and Engineering News 79 (February 5): 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Longino, Helen. 1993. Feminist standpoint theory, and the problems of knowledge: Review essay. Signs 19 (1): 201–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacCormack, Carol. 1980. Nature, culture, gender: A critique. In Nature, culture, gender, ed. Carol MacCormack and Marilyn Strathern. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, George, and Michael Fischer. 1986. Anthropology as cultural critique: An experimental moment in the human sciences, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1999. A study on the status of women faculty in science at MIT, Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDowell, John M., and Janet Kiholm Smith. 1992. The effect of gender-sorting on propensity to co-author: Implications for academic promotion. Economic Inquiry 30: 68–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuigan, Dorothy Gies. 1970. A dangerous experiment: 100 years of women at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mcllwee, Judith Samsom, and J. Gregg Robinson. 1992. Women in engineering: Gender, power, and workplace culture, Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikell, Gwendolyn. 1988. Zora Neale Hurston. In women anthropologists: A biographical dictionary, ed. Ute Gacs et al. New York: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minh-ha, Trinh T. 1989. Woman, native, other, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. 1984. Under western eyes: Feminist scholarship and colonial discourse. Boundary 2 (Spring/Fall): 333–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1991. Cartographies of struggle: Third World women and the politics of feminism. In Third World women and the politics of feminism, ed. Chandra Mohanty, Ann Russo, and Lourdes Torres. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, Henrietta. 1988. Feminism and anthropology, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mudimbe, Valentin. 1988. The invention of Africa, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadis, Steve. 2001. Top research imiversities face up to gender bias. Nature 409 (8 February): 653.

    Google Scholar 

  • Narayan, Kirin. 1993. How native is a native anthropologist? American Anthropologist 95: 671–686.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Academy of Sciences, Committee on the Education and Employment of Women in Science and Engineering. 1979. Climbing the academic ladder: Doctoral women scientists in academe. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council. 1977, 1987, 1996. Summitry reports: Doctorate recipients from U,S. universities. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1998. Trends in the early careers of life scientists, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Netries, M. T., and L. W. Perna. 1995. Sex and race differences in faculty salaries, tenure, rank, and productivity: Why, on average, do women, African Americans, and Hispanics have lower salaries, tenure, and rank? ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 391 402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, Louise. 1996. Coming of age, but not in Samoa: Reflections on Margaret Mead’s legacy for western liberal feminism. American Quarterly 48 (2): 233–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • NSF (National Science Foundation). 1920–1995. Survey of Earned Doctorates. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1973–1995. Survey of Doctorate Recipients. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1997. Characteristics of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 2000. Tabulations from data from Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics: Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System Completion Survey; and NSF Survey of Earned Doctorates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nussbaum, Martha C. 1997. Cultivating humanity: A classical defense of reform in liberal education. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary, Cathy. 1997. Counteridentification or coimterhegemony? Transforming feminist standpoint theory. Women and Politics 18 (3): 45–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill, June, and Nachum Sicherman. 1990. Is the gender gap in economics declining? Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, D. 1991. Women and minority faculty job satisfaction: A structural model examining the effect of professional role interests. ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 339 323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, Keith W. 1974. The G.I. Bill, the veterans, and the colleges. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ong, Aihwa. 1986. Colonialism and modernity: Feminist representations of women in non-western societies. Inscriptions 3 and 4: 79–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1995. Women out of China: Traveling tales and traveling theories in postcolonial feminism. In Women writing culture, ed. Ruth Behar and Deborah Gordon. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parson, L. A. 1991. The campus climate for women faculty at a public university. Initiatives 54 (1): 19–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelikan, Jaroslav. 1992. The idea of the university: A reexamination. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perkins, Linda M. 1997. For the good of the race: Married African-American academics: A historical perspective. In Academic couples: Problems and promises, eds. Marianne A. Ferber and Jane W. Loeb. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrucci, Robert, Kathleen O’Flaherty, and Harvey Marshall. 1983. Market conditions, productivity, and promotion among university faculty. Research in Higher Education 19:431–449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polachek, Solomon W. 1978. Sex differences in college major. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 31: 498–508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Provost’s Committee on the Status of Women. 1989. First annual report. Johns Hopkins University. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raabe, Phyllis H. 1997. Work-family policies for faculty: How career and family-friendly is academe? In Academic couples: Problems and promises, eds. Marianne A. Ferber and Jane W. Loeb. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Relman, A. S. 1989. The changing demography of the medical profession. N Engl J Med: 321:1540–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reskin, Barbara F. 1976. Sex differences in status attainment in science: The case of the postdoctoral fellowship. American Sociological Review 41: 597–612.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1978. Scientific productivity, sex, and location in the institution of science. American Journal of Sociology 83:1235–1243.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1998. The realities of affirmative action in employment. Washington, D.C.: American Sociological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, L. J., and J. P. Bean. 1997. Job satisfaction for women faculty members in a predominantly female discipline. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of die American Educational research Association, Chicago, 111. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 406895.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosaldo, Michelle Zimbalist. 1974. Woman, culture, and society: A theoretical overview. In Women, culture and society, ed. Louise Lamphere and Michelle Rosaldo. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfeld, Rachel A., and Jo Ann Jones. 1986. Institutional mobility among academies. Sociology of Education 59:212–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and Jo Ann Jones. 1987. Patterns and effects of geographic mobility for academie women and men. Journal of Higher Education 58. 493–515.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, Andrew, ed. 1996. Science wars. Durham: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossi, A. S., and A. Calderwood, eds. 1973. Academie women on the move, New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossiter, Margaret W. 1982. Women scientists in America: Struggles and strategies to 1940, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1995. Women scientists in America: Before affirmative action 1940–1972, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowell, Thelma. 1984. Introduction: Mothers, infants, and adolescents. In Female primates: Studies by women primatologists, ed. Meredith Small. New York: Alan Liss.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacks Karen. 1974. Engels revisited: Women, the organization of production, and private property. In Women, culture and society, ed. Louise Lamphere and Michelle Rosaldo. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Said, Edward. 1989. Representing the colonized: Anthropology’s interlocuters. Critical Inquiry 20: 205–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanderson, Allen R., et al. 1999. Doctorate recipients from United States universities: Summary report 1998, Chicago: National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandler, B. R. 1986. The campus climate revisited: Chilly for women faculty, administrators, and graduate students, Association of American Colleges, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1991. Women faculty at work in the classroom, or, why it still hurts to be a woman in labor. Communication Education 40 (1): 6–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1992. Success and survival strategies for women faculty members. Association of American Colleges, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandoval, Chela. 1990. Feminism and racism: A report on the 1981 National Women’s Studies Association conference. In Making face, making soul: Creative and critical perspectives by women of color, ed. Gloria Anzaldúa. San Francisco: Aunt Lute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savigliano, Marta. 1995. Tango and the political economy of passion: Exoticism and decolonization, Boulder: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sax, L. J., et al. 1996. The American college teacher: National norms for the 1995–96 HERI faculty survey. Los Angeles: Higher Education Research Institute, UCLA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiebinger, Londa. 1994. Naturels body: Gender in the making of modern science. Boston: Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shauman, Kimberlee A., and Yu Xie. 2002. Explaining sex differences in publication productivity among postsecondary faculty. This volume.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shoben, Elaine W. 1997. From anti-nepotism to programs for partners: Legal issues. In Academie couples: Problems and promises, eds. Marianne A. Ferber and Jane W. Loeb. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shyrock, Henry S., Jacob S. Siegel, and associates. 1973. The methods and materials of demography, vol. 1. Washington, D.C: Department of Commerce.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simeone, A. 1987. Academic women: Working towards equality. South Hadley, Mass.: Bergin and Garvey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smart, John C. 1991. Gender equity in academie rank and salary. Review of Higher Education 14: 511–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Dorothy. 1990, Texts, facts and femininity: Exploring the relations of ruling. London: Routiedge.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1992. Sociology from women’s experience: A reaffirmation. Sociological Theory 10 (Spring).

    Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, Barbara Miller. 1985. In the company of educated women. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonnert, Gerhard. 1990, Careers of Women and Men Postdoctoral Fellows in the Sciences, Paper presented at the American Sociological Association meetings.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and Gerald Holton. 1995. Gender differences in science careers: The Project Access study. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sowell, Thomas. 1975. Affirmative aetion reeonsidered: Was it necessary in academia? Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Special Subcommittee on Education, Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, 93rd Congress, Second Session. 1975. Hearings: Civilrights obligations. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spelman, Elizabeth V. 1988. The Inessential Woman: Problems of Exclusion in Feminist Thought. Boston: Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, Mary L., and Eva F. Bradford. 1982. Status and needs of women scholars, in Handbook for women scholars: Strategies for success, eds. Mary L. Spencer, Monika Kehoe, and Karen Speece. San Francisco: Center for Women Scholars, Americas Behaviorial Research Corp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spivak, Gayatri Chakravarty. 1988. Can the Subaltern speak? In Marxism and the interpretation of culture, ed. Cary Nelson and Larry Grossberg. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stacey, Judith. 1988. Can there be a feminist ethnography? Women’s Studies International Forum 2: 21–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stack, S. 1994. The effects of gender on publishing: The case of sociology. Sociological Focus 27, no. 1 (February): 81–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanford University. 1998. The status of women at Stanford: An update of the 1993 report on the reeruitment and retention of women faculty. Background data for presentation to faculty senate. Palo Alto: Stanford University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stocking, George Jr. 1968, 1982. Race, culture and evolution: Essays in the history of anthropology, Chicago: University of Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoler, Ann. 1989. Rethinking colonial categories: European communities and the boundaries of rule. Comparative Studies in Society and History 31 (January).

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1995. Race and the education of desire: Foucault’s history of sexuality and the colonial order of things, Durham, N.C: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strober, M. H., et al. 1993. Report of the provost’s committee on the recruitment and retention of women faculty. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 366 269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strum, Shirley, and Linda Fedigan. 1999. Theory, method and gender: What changed our views of primate society? In The new physical anthropology (Advances in Human Evolution Series), ed. Shirley C. Strum, Donald G. Lindburg, and David A. Hamburg. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szafran, Robert F. 1984. Universities and women faculty: Why some organizations discriminate more than others, New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tack, M. W., and C. L. Patitu. 1992. Faculty job satisfaction: Women and minorities in peril. ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher Education, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Task Force on Women’s Academie Careers in Medicine. 1991-1995. Annual report to the department of medicine. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tesch, B. J., H. M. Wood, A. L. Heiwig, and A. B. Nattinger. 1995. Promotion of women physicians in academie medicine. JAMA 273:1022–1025.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilly, Chris. 1991. Reasons for the continuing growth of part-time employment. Monthly Labor Review 114: 10–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toutkoushian, Robert K. 1998. Racial and marital status differences in faculty pay. The Journal of Higher Education 69: 513–541.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trow, Martin. 1977. Departments as contexts for teaching and learning. In Academie departments, edited by D. E. McHenry and Associates, pp. 12–33. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. 1993. In the realm of the diamond queen: Marginality in an out-of-the-way place. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuckman, Howard, Susan Coyle, and Yupin Bae. 1990. On time to the doctorate: A study of the increased time to complete doctorates in science and engineering. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Office of Education, National Center for Education Statisties. 1994, 1997. Digest for Education Statisties. Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare.

    Google Scholar 

  • University of California. 1972. Women in the graduate sector of the University of California. Report of an Ad Hoe Committee of the Coordinating Committee on Graduate Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • University of California-Los Angeles. 1972. Report of the chancellor’s advisory eommittee on the status of women at UCLA.

    Google Scholar 

  • University of Michigan. 1994. Draft announeement for a career development fund for women faculty. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • University of Minnesota. 1978. Preliminary report on the status of women faculty on the Twin Cities campus. Report prepared for TC-AAUP Committee W, by Charlotte Striebel.

    Google Scholar 

  • University of Tennessee. 1972. Task force on women. Report of the Task Force.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valian, Virginia. 1998. Why so slow? The advancement of women. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vetter, Betty M., and Eleanor L. Babco. 1997. Professional women and minorities, Washington, D.C: Commission on Professionals in Science and Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Visweswaran, Kamala. 1994. Fictions of feminist ethnography. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wade, Nicholas. 1998. Primordial Cells Fuel Debate on Ethics. The New Tork Times, November 10, F1-2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, Kathryn B., and Linda Grant. 1995. Gender and academie publishing. In Higher education: Handbook of theory and research, vol. 11, ed. A. E. Bayer and J. C. Smart. New York: Agathon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenneris, Christine, and Agnes Wold. 1997. Nepotism and sexism in peer-review. Nature 387: 341–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel, S. A., and C Hollenshead. 1994. Tenured women faculty: Reasons for leaving one research university. ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 375 713.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, M. S. 1995. Women faculty: Frozen in time. Academe 81 (4): 26–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, Marjory. 1974. Chinese women: Old skills in a new context. In Women, culture and society, ed. Louise Lamphere and Michelle Rosaldo. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, Rita, 1991. Women’s labor and pottery production in prehistory. In Engendering Archaeology, ed. Gero and Conkey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wunsch, M. A. 1994. Giving structure to experience: Mentoring strategies for women faculty. Initiatives 56 (1): 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xie, Yu, and Kimberlee A. Shauman. 1998. Sex differences in research productivity: New evidence about an old puzzle. American Sociological Review 63:847–870.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yale University. 1971. A report to the president. Report of the Committee on the Status of Professional Women at Yale.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zernike, Kate. 1999. MIT women win a fight against bias; in rare move, school admits discrimination. The Boston Globe March 21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, Harriet. 1977. Scientific elite. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1987. Persistence and change in the careers of men and women scientists and engineers. In Women: Their under-representation and career differentials in science and engineering, ed. L. S. Dix. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1991. The careers of men and women scientists: A review of current research. In The outer circle: Women in the scientific community, ed. Harriet Zuckerman, Jonathan R. Cole, and John T. Bruer. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and Jonathan R. Cole. 1975. Women in American science. Minerva 13:82–102.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hornig, L.S., Lazarus, B. (2003). Conclusions. In: Hornig, L.S. (eds) Equal Rites, Unequal Outcomes. Innovations in Science Education and Technology, vol 15. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0007-9_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0007-9_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-47351-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0007-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics